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Endorphinergic Attenuation of Distress by Concomitantly Enhancing Endogenous Opioid Release and Switching Opioid Receptor Signaling from an Excessively Excitatory to a Normal Inhibitory Mode

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第7期3卷 497-508页

作者： Steven Crain stanley.M. Crain Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Yeshiva University New York USA Therapeutic Alliance State College USA

The endogenous opioid system plays a significant role in the modulation of distress in many psychiatric, neurologic, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Many clinical distress symptoms show similarities to the excitatory autonomic withdrawal effects in chronic opioid-dependent animals and humans, as well as to the “quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome” evoked in naive rodents shortly after acute systemic injection of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) inhibitors. These symptoms result from excessive excitatory opioid receptor signaling and increased endorphin release. Pharmacologic analyses of the remarkably plastic bimodal (excitatory/inhibitory) signaling functions of opioid receptors have utilized microelectrode recordings from opioid-sensitive neurons in tissue cultures of mouse sensory ganglia and hot-water tail-flick assays in mice. These studies led to development of specific chemical formulations that switch opioid receptor signaling from an excessively excitatory to a normal inhibitory mode. Critical combinations of cAMP-PDE inhibitors that release endorphins plus specific agents that switch opioid receptors from excitatory Gs-coupled to inhibitory Gi/Go-coupled signaling were shown to attenuate hyperalgesia and distress evoked by diverse chemical stressors in mouse tail-flick assays. Both the “quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome” in naive rodents as well as the excitatory withdrawal effects in chronic, opioid-dependent animals and humans may be manifestations of a common Endorphinergic Distress Syndrome (EDS). We suggest that many distress symptoms are caused by EDS, a dysfunctional imbalance in the endogenous opioid system, consisting of abnormal endorphin levels, together with opioid receptors predominately in their excitatory mode. Therefore, concomitantly enhancing endogenous opioid release and switching excessive excitatory opioid receptor signaling to inhibitory signaling can attenuate these distress symptoms. Trials of a critically formulated oral p

关键词： Endorphins Bimodal Opioid Receptors Distress Opioid Analgesia Hyperalgesia Tolerance Dependence Endorphinergic Distress Disorder

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Normal Variants of the Lower Limbs in Pediatric Orthopedics

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2013年第7期4卷 12-17页

作者： stanley.Jones Sumukh Khandekar Emmanuel Tolessa Department of Orthopedics Al Ahli Hospital Doha State of Qatar.

Normal variants of lower limb development such as in-toeing, out-toeing, flat feet, bow-legs and knock knees are a common cause for parental concern and also a common source of referral to pediatric clinics. A thorough history and clinical examination is usually all that is required to make the diagnosis of a normal variant. They also help to exclude pathological conditions that may present in a similar fashion. Radiological and other investigations are not routinely required in children with normal variants of the lower limb except to exclude pathological conditions. Shoe inserts, orthoses and physical therapy are not to be encouraged as they provide no benefit. In the majority of cases the natural history is one of spontaneous resolution of the deformity. Surgery may, however, be required in a small number of patients greater than eight years in whom severe in or out-toeing is present. Parental education and reassurance is an important part of the treatment and must be re-emphasized.

关键词： Normal Variants Pediatric Orthopedics

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Forecasting Foreign Direct Investment to Zambia: A Time Series Analysis

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Open Journal of Statistics 2017年第1期7卷 122-131页

作者： stanley.Jere Bornwell Kasense Obvious Chilyabanyama Department of Mathematics and Statistics Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia

Three methods are considered in this paper: Simple exponential smoothing (SES), Holt-Winters exponential smoothing (HWES) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). The best fit model was then used to forecast Zambia’s annual net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows from 1970 to 2014. Foreign direct investment is foreign capital investment to Zambia. Throughout the paper the methods are illustrated using Zambia’s annual Net FDI inflows. A comparison of the three methods shows that the ARIMA (1, 1, 5) is the best fit model because it has the minimum error. Forecasting results give a gradual increase in annual net FDI inflows of about 44.36% by 2024. Forecasting results plays a vital role to policy makers. Decision making, coming up with good policies and suitable strategic plans, depends on accurate forecasts. Zambian FDI policy makers can use the results obtained in this study and create suitable strategic plans to promote FDI.

关键词： Foreign Direct Investment Simple Exponential Smoothing Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Forecasting

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Eco-city: From Concept to Implementation-Case Studies in Shanghai Dongtan and Beijing Changxindian

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China City Planning Review 2008年第4期17卷 45-53页

作者： stanley.C. T. Yip Hong Kong Institute of Planners Hong Kong Special Administrative Region College of Urban and Environment Sciences Peking University

1. Concept of eco-city The theoretical foundation of ecocity originates from the concept of sustainable development and the idea of implementing the theories of urban ecology in

关键词： sustainable Eco administration ecology indicators

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Meta-analyses in the wonderl and of neurology

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World Journal of Meta-Analysis 2013年第1期1卷 5-7页

作者： Francesco Brigo stanley.Chidi Igwe Department of Neurological Neuropsychological Morphological and Movement Sciences Section of Clinical Neurology University of Verona 10 37134 Verona Italy Department of Neuro-Psychiatry Federal Teaching Hospital P.M.B 102 Abakaliki 480001 Ebonyi State Nigeria

Meta-analyses are often misused and underused in neurology. This editorial provides some comments on the role of meta-analyses in neurological ***, a huge increase in the number of metaanalyses and systematic reviews has been observed in neurological journals. The major strengths of metaanalyses are the increase of statistical power. However, as for any other investigative tool, meta-analytic research is a research method itself which can produce severe shortcomings. Specifically, the issues of search terms, time periods of published studies, databases used for searching, the definitions of inclusion and exclusion criteria for papers(which greatly affect clinical heterogeneity), publication bias; and the statistical methods used, dramatically influence the results of metaanalyses. The main problem of meta-analyses is that they cannot be expected to overcome the limitations of the studies they include(the so-called "garbage in,garbage out" phenomenon). Furthermore, most systematic reviews in the neurological literature lead to the unsatisfying and clinically frustrating statement "further studies are needed". However it is much more frustrating to see how the gaps in scientific knowledge identified by meta-analyses have not been translated into serious efforts to fill them. Besides their role in evaluating efficacy and tolerability of drugs, meta-analyses may be used to assess diagnostic values of debatable clinical findings, as they represent powerful tools to try to answer questions not posed by individual studies and to settle controversies arising from conflicting claims.

关键词： Clinical evaluation Epilepsy Meta-analysis Migraine Neurology

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Mesoscale Impacts on Cold Season PM_(2.5) in the Yukon Flats

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2020年第3期11卷 215-240页

作者： stanley.G.Edwin Nicole Molders Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments Fort YukonUSA Department of Atmospheric Sciences College of Natural Science and MathematicsUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUSA Geophysical Institute University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUSA

Near-surface PM2.5 and meteorological observations were performed in three rural communities in the high latitude Yukon Flats valley at various times during the cold season (October to April). These data were synthesized with data from other meteorological sites, NCEP reanalysis and MAIAC retrieved aerosol optical depths data to analyze the role of mesoscale processes and radiation on air quality. Under weak large-scale forcing mountain-valley circulations develop that are driven by the differences in insolation. During the long dark nights, radiative cooling occurs in the near-surface layer of the mountain slopes of the Brooks, Ogilvie and White Mountains Ranges and at the bottom of the valley. Here surface-based inversions (SBI)—known as roof-top inversions—forms, while the cold air drains from the slopes. A frontal wedge forms when the cold air slides over the relatively colder air in the valley. Drainage of cold air from the Brooks Range governed the circulation and cold air pooling in the valley. Concentrations during times with and without SBI differed significantly (at 95% confidence) at two sites indicating that local emissions were the major contributor. At the site, which is closest to the mountains, concentrations marginally changed in the presence of inversions. At all sites, 24-h mean PM2.5 remained below the National Ambient Air Quality Standard.

关键词： Yukon Flats Air Quality Winter Roof-Top Inversions High Latitudes Mesoscale Circulations Radiative Cooling Cold Air Pooling Aerosols PM_(2.5)

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Application of Greenhouse Gas Inventory to Urban Rural Planning in China

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China City Planning Review 2013年第2期22卷 24-31页

作者： stanley.C. T. YIP Centre of Urban Planning and Design Peking University

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory analysis provides crucial scientific basis to support the preparation of urban-rural planning policies on managing climate change. This article reviews current studies on GHG inventory in China and points out the short fall in translating these inventory data into specific local policies. It examines the issue of setting up the GHG inventory based on the statutory urban-rural planning systems in China. It enables the local government to set up a platform coordinating various city policies and to serve well as the platform for local emission mitigation and removal policies. The urban-rural planning GHG inventory system needs to address the issue of spatial boundary in accounting for local emission sources and origins with respect to the boundaries of planning area, and it must directly relate to the various statutory master plan policy contents and the local municipal government functional structure. Finally it presents a case study of applying the proposed inventory as a planning tool for Jiangyin at the Jiangsu Province.

关键词： climate change low carbon city urban-rural planning greenhouse gas inventory

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Synthesizing Nanoparticles Using Reactions Occurring in Aerosol Phases

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Advances in Nanoparticles 2013年第4期2卷 313-317页

作者： Ho Yeon Yoo stanley.Bruckenstein Department of Chemistry State University New York at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA stanley.Bruckenstein Chemical Consulting and Services LLC Williamsville NY USA stanley.Bruckenstein Chemical Consulting and Services LLC Williamsville NY USA

Our ultimate objective is to form nanoparticles by merging oppositely charged nanodroplets containing different constituents of the nanoparticle and construct a desktop apparatus to do this. These nanodroplets will be in oppositely charged aerosols originating from oppositely charged solutions containing the different component of the nanoparticle. In this paper, as the first stage in establishing the feasibility of this concept, we demonstrate that droplets formed from uncharged solutions will merge and the product of such reactions is the same as when their bulk solutions are mixed. We demonstrate that this is the case for three classes of reactions: the chemiluminescent reaction between Luminol and Potassium Ferricyanide, the pH sensitive fluorescence of Umbelliferone and the precipitation of Silver Chromate by reaction of Silver Nitrate with Potassium Chromate. We present arguments that our future goal using oppositely charged droplets is more efficient synthetically and will produce a narrow distribution of nanoparticle sizes.

关键词： Nanoparticle Synthesis Aerosols Silver Chromate Luminol Umbelliferone

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Hate Springs Eternal

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国际经济合作 2007年第10期 1-1页

作者： stanley.Bing

Some years ago I worked on a merger between my company and another-although, in my opinion, there is no such thing as a merger. There is only a process by which one company gobbles up a competitor. Sometimes it's a big fish downing a little one. On other occasions, a tiny fish with big leverage swallows an entity ten times its size, like a snake eating a boar.

关键词： Hate Springs Eternal 译文

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Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Alaska Residents

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2020年第3期9卷 37-60页

作者： stanley.G. Edwin Nicole Mölders Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments Fort Yukon USA University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics Fairbanks USA University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute Fairbanks USA

To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m-3 which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m-3. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.

关键词： Indoor Air Quality Yukon Flats Alaska Fine Particulate Matter PM2.5 Exposure in Rural Alaska Tribal Air Quality Study

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