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Biological nutrient removal by internal circulation upflow sludge blanket reactor after landfill leachate pretreatment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第10期25卷 2130-2137页

作者： alkhafaji r.abood Jianguo Bao Zaidun N.Abudi State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences Thi Qar University Al-Mustansiryiah University College of Engineering

The removal of biological nutrient from mature landfill leachate with a high nitrogen load by an internal circulation upflow sludge blanket （ICUSB） reactor was studied. The reactor is a set of anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic （A^2/O） bioreactors, developed on the basis of an expended granular sludge blanket （EGSB）, granular sequencing batch reactor （GSBr） and intermittent cycle extended aeration system （ICEAS）. Leachate was subjected to stripping by agitation process and poly ferric sulfate coagulation as a pretreatment process, in order to reduce both ammonia toxicity to microorganisms and the organic contents. The reactor was operated under three different operating systems, consisting of recycling sludge with air （A^2/O）, recycling sludge without air （low oxygen） and a combination of both （A^2/O and low oxygen）. The lowest effluent nutrient levels were realised by the combined system of A^2/O and low oxygen, which resulted in effluent of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH3-N and biological oxygen demand （BOD5） concentrations of 98.20, 13.50 and 22.50 mg/L. The optimal operating conditions for the efficient removal of biological nutrient using the ICUSB reactor were examined to evaluate the influence of the parameters on its performance. The results showed that average removal efflciencies of COD and NH3- N of 96.49% and 99.39%, respectively were achieved under the condition of a hydraulic retention time of 12 hr, including 4 hr of pumping air into the reactor, with dissolved oxygen at an rate of 4 mg/L and an upflow velocity 2 m/hr. These combined processes were successfully employed and effectively decreased pollutant loading.

关键词： landfill leachate anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (A^2/O) bioreactor biological nutrient removal combined treatment

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Tamper Detection and Localization for Quranic Text Watermarking Scheme Based on Hybrid Technique

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第7期68卷 77-102页

作者： Ali A.r.alkhafaji Nilam Nur Amir Sjarif M.A.Shahidan Nurulhuda Firdaus Mohd Azmi Haslina Md Sarkan Suriayati Chuprat razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics University Teknologi MalaysiaKuala Lumpur54000Malaysia

The text of the Quran is principally dependent on the Arabic ***,improving the security and reliability of the Quran’s text when it is exchanged via internet networks has become one of the most difcult challenges that researchers face ***,the diacritical marks in the Holy Quran which represent Arabic vowels(i,j.s)known as the kashida(or“extended letters”)must be protected from *** cover text of the Quran and its watermarked text are different due to the low values of the Peak Signal to Noise ratio(PSNr),and Normalized Cross-Correlation(NCC);thus,the location for tamper detection accuracy is *** gap addressed in this paper to improve the security of Arabic text in the Holy Quran by using vowels with *** enhance the watermarking scheme of the text of the Quran based on hybrid techniques(XOr and queuing techniques)of the purposed *** methodology propose scheme consists of four phases:The rst phase is *** is followed by the second phase where an embedding process takes place to hide the data after the vowel letters wherein if the secret bit is“1”,it inserts the kashida but does not insert the kashida if the bit is“0”.The third phase is an extraction process and the last phase is to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by using PSNr(for the imperceptibility),and NCC(for the security of the watermarking).Experiments were performed on three datasets of varying lengths under multiple random locations of insertion,reorder and deletion *** experimental results were revealed the improvement of the NCC by 1.76%,PSNr by 9.6%compared to available current schemes.

关键词： Text watermarking tamper detection authentication quranic text exclusive-or operation queuing technique

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Payload Capacity Scheme for Quran Text Watermarking Based on Vowels with Kashida

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第6期67卷 3865-3885页

作者： Ali A.r.alkhafaji Nilam Nur Amir Sjarif M.A Shahidan Nurulhuda Firdaus Mohd Azmi Haslina Md Sarkan Suriayati Chuprat Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf Ehab Nabiel Al-Khanak razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics University Teknologi MalaysiaKuala Lumpur54000Malaysia Al-Nahrain University Al-Nahrain Nanorenewable Energy Research CentreBaghdadIraq Department of Transport and Planning Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences(CiTG)Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands

The most sensitive Arabic text available online is the digital Holy *** sacred Islamic religious book is recited by all Muslims worldwide including non-Arabs as part of their worship ***,it should be protected from any kind of tampering to keep its invaluable meaning *** characteristics of Arabic letters like the vowels(),Kashida(extended letters),and other symbols in the Holy Quran must be secured from *** cover text of the Quran and its watermarked text are different due to the low values of the Peak Signal to Noise ratio(PSNr)and Embedding ratio(Er).A watermarking technique with enhanced attributes must,therefore,be designed for the Quran’s text using Arabic vowels with *** gap addressed by this paper is to improve the security of Arabic text in the Holy Quran by using vowels with *** purpose of this paper is to enhance the Quran text watermarking scheme based on a reversing *** methodology consists of four phases:The first phase is a pre-processing followed by the second phase-the embedding process phase—which will hide the data after the *** is,if the secret bit is“1”,then the kashida is inserted;however,the kashida is not inserted if the bit is“0”.The third phase is the extraction process and the last phase is to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by using PSNr(for the imperceptibility)and Er(for the capacity).The experimental results show that the proposed method of imperceptibility insertion is also optimized with the help of a reversing *** proposed strategy obtains a 90.5%***,the proposed algorithm attained 66.1%which is referred to as imperceptibility.

关键词： Quran text watermarking Arabic text capacity imperceptibility Kashida vowels reversing technique

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PEF Assisted Thermal Sterilization （PEF-ATS） Process-Inactivation of Geobacillus sterothermophilus Spores

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Journal of Food Science and Engineering 2012年第7期2卷 403-410页

作者： Sally r. alkhafaji Mohammed M. Farid Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand

An improvement to existed methods of microbial spore inactivation is presented in this paper. A treatment chamber was designed to hold elevated temperatures （above 100℃） and pressure in the range of （3 atm）. The innovative thermal assisted pulsed electric fields （PEF-ATS） processing was applied to inactivate Geobacillus sterothermophilus ATCC 10149 spores suspended in simulated milk ultrafiltrate （SMUF） of 50% （wt/wt） concentration. G. stearothermophilus spores are extremely resistant to high temperature and are also proven to be resistant to PEF processing in the range of 35 kv/cm. However, the combination of PEF and high temperature treatment conducted in this work shows significant inactivation of the G. stearothermophilus spores. A processing temperature/time of 115 ℃/3.7 sec with an electric field intensity of 45 kv/cm showed 4.1 Iogmicrobial reductions, which are significantly less than usually obtained in thermal treatment alone.

关键词： PEF-ATS spores inactivation G. stearothermophilus spores.

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