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Human Health Cost of Air Pollution in Kazakhstan

Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第8期4卷 869-876页

作者： Ussen Kenessariyev alexander golub Michael Brody Askhat Dosmukhametov Meiram Amrin Aya Erzhanova Dinara Kenessary Department of Environmental Science American University Washington DC USA Department of Public Health Kazakh National Medical University Named after S.D. Asfendiyarov Almaty Department of Public Health Kazakh National Medical University Named after S.D. Asfendiyarov Almaty Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, like other former Soviet Republics, inherited a number of serious environmental problems. Air pollution is one of these serious problems, leading to significant environmental health effects on the population of Kazakhstan. This study provides a baseline analysis of health damages from air pollution, based on readily available information. Mean estimates of mortality risk attributable to air pollution are about 16,000 cases per year with a 95% confidence level of the risk not exceeding 25,500. Even taking into account all the uncertainties related to the collection and processing of primary data, as well as the application of risk analysis methodology, we conclude that air pollution in Kazakhstan constitutes a significant contribution to the environmental burden of diseases. In relative terms, the impact of air pollution on premature mortality in Kazakhstan is notably higher than in Russia and the Ukraine.

关键词： Air Pollution PM Kazakhstan Health Risk Uncertainty

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Risk Assessment Capacity Building Program in Zaporizhzhia Ukraine: Emissions Inventory Construction, Ambient Modeling, and Hazard Results

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第12期4卷 1476-1487页

作者： Jane C. Caldwell Andrei Serdyuk Olena Turos Arina Petrosian Oleg Kartavtsev Simon Avaliani alexander golub Elena Strukova Michael Brody 1Office of the Chief Financial Officer US Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC USA 2American University Washington DC USA. American University Washington DC USA National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development US Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC USA O. M. Marzeiev Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology National Academy of Medical Sciences Kyiv Ukraine Russian Academy of Advanced Medical Studies Center for Risk Assessment Moscow Russia World Bank Washington DC USA

Historically, Ukraine has been a major source of industrial production for the former Soviet Union and the source of pollution associated with an aging industrial infrastructure. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the Ukrainian Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) entered into partnership to develop Ukrainian expertise and capacity in risk assessment so that Ukraine could more effectively use its National and Regional Environmental Protection Funds and set priorities for cleanup and regulation. Ukrainian scientists, local officials, and EPA consultants conducted a pilot study in the heavily industrialized Zaporizhzhia Oblast so that the process, analytical tools, and approach for a risk assessment could be developed for and tailored to Ukrainian needs. As a first step, site-specific information was obtained from multiple sources of air pollution and an emissions inventory of air pollution developed. Efforts by local officials were critical for emissions inventory construction. After refinements were made to the inventory, Ukrainian scientists then performed exposure modeling using this information so that ambient concentrations of pollutants could be estimated. 11 industry types (i.e., enterprises) were identified as a major emission source. Results of the modeling effort demonstrated that emissions estimates of particulate matter (as measured by particles of less than 10 micron diameter or “PM10”) and a number of carcinogens were consistent with those from other cities with high concentrations of metallurgical industries in former Soviet Union countries, and were above safety standards. Hazard information was gathered from international databases for each of the estimated pollutants. Using such data, prioritization and identification of potential health concerns can be made, but most importantly, the expertise and experience gained from the pilot allowed for continued support of risk assessment capacity building in the Ukraine and s

关键词： Air Pollution Exposure Modeling Ukraine Risk Assessment

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