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Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of root extracts of Carduus macracanthus

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2017年第11期5卷 486-491页

作者： Mathewos Anza Mesfin Bibiso Bereket alemayehu Engeda Desalegn Department of Chemistry College of Natural and Computational SciencesWolaita Sodo UniversityP.O.Box138Wolaita SodoEthiopia Biomedical Science Division Department of BiologyCollege of Natural and Computational SciencesWolaita Sodo UniversityP.O.Box138WolaitaSodoEthiopia School of Nutrition Food Science and TechnologyCollege of AgricultureHawassa UniversityP.O.Box5HawassaEthiopia

Objective: To investigate phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the root extracts of Carduus macracanthus (C. macracanthus). Methods: Phytochemical screening tests were conducted as per of the standard procedure to identify the classes of compounds present in the root extract of C. macracanthus. Silica gel column chromatographic technique was applied to separate the constituents from chloroform/methanol (1:1) root extracts. Various spectroscopic techniques were applied to determine the structure of the isolated compound. In vtiro antibacterial activities of crude extracts were evaluated via disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration were determined by broth dilution method. Moreover, antioxidant activities of extracts were determined by DPPH assay, the phosphomolybdenum method and total flavonoid contents were determined as per of the standard procedures. Results: Phytochemical screening of root extracts of C. macracanthus revealed the presence alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins and steroids. Silica gel column chromatography separation of root extract using chloroform/methanol (1:1 ratio) yielded a known plant steroid stigmasterol. The result revealed that methanol extract had the greatest DPPH scavenging (IC50= 97.50 ± 4.38 μg/mL) and total antioxidant (1.92 ± 0.24 mg AAE/g of dried extract) activities. Chloroform/methanol (1:1), and methanol extracts showed that growth suppression of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration above 25 mg/mL, and minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 25 mg/mL. Methanol extract showed growth suppression against Escherichia coli at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were compared with a commercially available antibiotic (chloramphenicol) and showed moderate antibacterial activities, with inhibition zones ranging between 18–28 mm. However, the extracts had no antibacterial effect

关键词： Carduus macracanthus Phythochemicals Antioxidant Antibacterial

Impact of Land Cover Change on Water Quality and Stream Flow in Lake Hawassa Watershed of Ethiopia

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Agricultural Sciences 2014年第8期5卷 647-659页

作者： Wolka Kebede Mengistu Tefera Taddese Habitamu Tolera alemayehu Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia

Quantifying the hydrologic response of land use/land cover change (LULCC) is of paramount importance to improve land management. This study was carried out to analyze the effect of LULCC on water quality and quantity. LULCC of the watershed in 1986, 1999 and 2011 was analyzed from Landsat satellite images using supervised classification. Time series and point data were collected from the upper and lower sections of Wedesa, Wesha and Hallo Rivers. Water quality parameters (turbidity, suspended solid (SS), total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, electric conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), ammonia, nitrate and phosphate) were analyzed in the laboratory. A considerable decline in forest and an increase in woodland were observed in the watershed during the indicated periods. Turbidity, SS, TDS and EC were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the lower section of the rivers compared to the upper ones. Ammonia, nitrate and phosphate were higher in the lower section of some rivers compared to the upper ones. In general, water quality in the upper watershed of the three rivers was better than the lower one with respect to considered parameters, which might be related to the observed LULCC. Most water quality parameters varied (P < 0.05) seasonally in both the upper and lower sections of the rivers. Despite the irregular rainfall pattern and increased water consumption from the catchment, the annual discharge of the Tikur-Wuha River to Lake Hawassa shows an increasing trend. We concluded that the discharge is not only related to the upstream LULCC but also to the management of the Cheleleka wetland. However, further investigation is required to determine the dominant factors affecting inflow discharge to Lake Hawassa.

关键词： Discharge Ethiopia Lake Hawassa Water Quality Wetland

Efficiency of locally available filter media on fluoride and phosphate removal for household water treatment system

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2014年第2期12卷 110-115页

作者： Mekonnen Birhane Alebel Abebe Esayas alemayehu Embialle Mengistie School of Environmental Health Science and Technology Jimma University

Since conventional water treatment is not affordable in developing countries,looking for locally available and alternative treatment options is *** of fluoride and phosphate can be achieved by designing appropriate filtration media from different materials such as sand,calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone *** study was designed to determine the removal efficiency of these locally available filter media with respect to detention time and *** filtration apparatuses(tank) were filled separately with stone,gravel with grain size 0.6-4.75 mm and 40 cm deep,sand(ES = 0.15—0.35 mm and UC = 1.5-3),calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone char with grain size 0.25-0.5 *** samples were prepared using glass bottles with fluoride concentrations of 6 and 8 mg/1 and phosphate concentration of 4 mg/*** analysis was carried out before and after filtration to determine the removal efficiency of each *** was found that the highest removal of fluoride was achieved by bone char(89.65%),followed by pumice(82.4%).However,bone char has rather increased the concentration of phosphate by 63.8%.Sand was the most efficient media to remove phosphate,managing to remove by 70%.Therefore,it is an attractive option to use these locally available,environmental friendly and appropriate technologies for efficient removal of both fluorine and phosphate at the household or community water treatment level.

关键词： conventional water treatment methods chemical impurities filter medium detention time reduction potential fluoridated water

Prevalence of bovine hydatidosis in Kombolcha ELFORA abattoir, North Eastern Ethiopia

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2012年第4期2卷 281-286页

作者： Fufa Abunna Sisay Fentaye Bekele Megersa alemayehu Regassa School of Veterinary Medicine Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia School of Veterinary Medicine Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia

A study to determine the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis was conducted in Kombolcha ELFORA abattoir. A total of 400 cattle randomly sampled and examined after slaughter for the presence of hydatid cysts in the organs and viscera of the animals using the standard meat inspection procedures. Positive or suspected samples were taken to the parasitology laboratory at the Kombolcha regional laboratory and cyst identification, fertility and viability tests were performed. The statistical analysis showed that there was no difference (P > 0.05) between the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and sex of animals, P > 0.05. The prevalence of hydatidosis was also found to be significant with the age and origin of the study animals (P < 0.05). Of 191 cysts examined, 154(80.63%) calcified, 1(0.51%) sterile, and 36(18.85%) fertile cysts. From the total fertile cysts, 24(72.22%) were found to be viable. Of 108 cysts recorded in the lung, 74(68.52%) calcified, 1(0.93%) sterile, 21(19.44%) viable and 12(11.11%) were non viable. Furthermore, of 70 cysts recorded in the liver, 67 (95.71%) were found to be calcified and 3(4.29%) viable. A total of 16,068 cattle were slaughtered from 2003 to August 2007 and the overall 1955 (12.17%) prevalence of hydatidosis was recorded. The results of this study showed that hydatidosis pose significant economic problems by causing condemnation of considerable numbers organs, rendering them unfit for market. Therefore, initiation and implementation of control measures is necessary in order to alleviate its economic impact as well as zoonotic risks to the human.

关键词： Abattoir Hydatidosis Cattle Prevalence Kombolcha Ethiopia

Maternal and fetal outcomes in term premature rupture of membrane

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2016年第2期7卷 147-152页

作者： Tigist endale Netsanet Fentahun Desta Gemada Mamusha Aman Hussen Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State Health Bureau Hawassa Ethiopia Department of Health Education and Behavioural Sciences College of Public Health and Medical Sciences Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health and Medical Sciences Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Premature rupture of membrane(PROM) is linked to significant maternal prenatal mortalities and morbidity. In Ethiopia, where maternal mortality is still high, the maternal and fetal outcomes in PROM is very important to decrease maternal and child mortality and for better management and prevention of complications. Thus, this study aimed to detect the maternal and fetal outcomes and associated factors in term PROM at Mizan-Aman General Hospital, south-west ***: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted using data available at MizanAman General Hospital during a period of 3 years(January 2011 to December 2013). We examined records of 4 525 women who gave birth in the hospital; out of these women, 185 were diagnosed with term PROM and all of them were included in the study. The data of these women were collected using a checklist based on registration books. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical package. The association between independent and dependent variables was assessed by bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. 95%CI and P value less than 0.05 were considered statistically signifi ***: Of the 4 525 women who gave birth in the hospital, 202 were complicated by term PROM. About 22.2% of the women showed unfavorable maternal outcomes. The most common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality was puerperal sepsis. About 33.5% of neonates experienced unfavorable outcomes. The duration of PROM >12 hours(AOR=5.6, 95%CI 1.3–24.1) latency >24 hours(AOR=2.8, 95%CI 1.7–11.8), residing in rural areas(AOR=4.2, 95%CI 3.96–29.4) and birth weight less than 2 500 g were associated with unfavorable ***: Women residing in rural areas, long latency, and neonates with birth weight less 2 500 g may have unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, optimum obstetric and medical care is essential for the reduction of the devastating complications related to disorders.

关键词： Premature rupture of membrane Maternal outcomes Fetal outcomes

The knowledge level of final year undergraduate health science students and medical interns about cardiopulmonary resuscitation at a university teaching hospital of Northwest Ethiopia

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2014年第1期5卷 29-34页

作者： endale G.Gebremedhn Gebremedhn B.Gebregergs Bernard B.Anderson Department of Anesthesia School of Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Gondar Department of Public Health Bahir Dar College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Department of Surgery School of Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Gondar

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is a life-saving technique which is used after cardiopulmonary arrest. Chance of survival after arrest will increase if it is coupled with sufficient knowledge. Final year undergraduate health science students and interns manage many trauma and critically ill patients in our hospital. Even though all students took CPR training in undergraduate course, we sometimes saw difficulties in the resuscitation of patients after cardiopulmonary arrest by undergraduate health professionals. This study was to assess the level of knowledge of undergraduate health science students and medical interns about cardiopulmonary ***: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 1 to March 30, 2013. All undergraduate health professionals were included. The mean score of knowledge was compared for sex, original residence and department of the participants by using Student's t test and ANOVA with Scheffe's test. P values <0.05 were considered statistically ***: Four hundred sixty-one out of 506 students were included in this study with a response rate of 91.1%. The overall mean knowledge score of final year undergraduate health science students and interns was 11.1(SD=0.2). The mean knowledge scores of nurses, interns, health officer, midwifery, anesthesia and psychiatry nursing students were 9.84(SD=2.5), 13.34(SD=2.8), 9.81(SD=3.0), 8.77(SD=2.6), 13.31(SD=2.7) and 8.43(SD=2.4) ***: The knowledge level of undergraduate health professionals about cardiopulmonary resuscitation was insufficient. Training about CPR for undergraduate health professionals should be emphasized.

关键词： Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Knowledge Undergraduate Health professionals

A coniferyl alcohol derivative from the roots of Zanthoxylum chalybeum

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014年第12期 970-974页

作者： Mathewos Anza Erimias Haile Sisay Tadesse Fikre Mammo Milkyas endale Department of Chemistry College of Natural and Computational SciencesHawassa UniversityP.O.Box 05HawassaEthiopia

Objective:To isolate and characterize chemical constituents of the roots of Zanthoxylumchalybeum(***).Methods:A number of phytochemical tests were applied to identify the class of compounds present in the CH_(2)Cl_(2)/CH_(3)OH(1:1)root *** chromatographic separation technique was applied to separate the constituents of the CH_(2)Cl_(2)/CH_(3)OH(1:1)root extract and various spectroscopic techniques[UV-vis,infrared radiation,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)(^(1)H-NMR,^(13)C NMR,DEPT-135,COSY,gHSQC and gHMBC)]were used to determine the structures of pure ***:Phytochemical screening of the CH_(2)Cl_(2)/CH_(3)OH(1:1)root extract of *** revealed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids,terpenoids,tannins and *** chromatographic separation of the extract yielded a new coniferyl alcohol derivative,2,3-epoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyconiferyl alcohol(1)together with the known alkaloid,dihydrochelerythrine(2).Conclusions:The present work conducted on the CH2Cl2:CH3OH(1:1)root extract of *** identified various class of compounds present in the root *** characterization of two compounds were done using spectroscopic techniques of which a coniferyl alcohol derivative(1)was identified for the first time.

关键词： Z.chalybeum Rutaceae Alkaloid Coniferyl alcohol derivative

Assessment of Mercury Concentrations in Water and Fish Tissue Analysis in Kaw Lake, Oklahoma, 2022

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第1期14卷 50-65页

作者： Dejene alemayehu Pratyaydipta Rudra Skyler Mathews Emily Douglas Cody Regnier Kaw Nation Environmental Department Kaw City USA Department of Statistics Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA

The Kaw Nation has been collecting water, sediment, and fish samples from Kaw Lake and upper Arkansas River from 2007 to present to examine the concentrations of Mercury and other heavy metals to protect the health of the tribal members. Kaw Lake is in the North-Central part of Oklahoma. Kaw Lake is a permanent water body constructed in 1976 by the Army of Corps of Engineers. The Lake is consistently fed by the Arkansas River and other tributaries as runoff coming all the way from Colorado through Kansas to Kaw Lake of Oklahoma. The Lake has a surface area of 26.64 square miles (69 km2) and shoreline of 168 miles (270 km) with a total drainage area of 56,345 square miles (145,393 km2) and an average water depth of 8 meters. The water and fish samples were collected from 7 sites of Kaw Lake, once in a month and the fish samples once in a year during summertime, early July to end of July. The fish samples focused on 5 sport, predator, and bottom dwelling species of large consumable size, greater than 200 mm length and 560 grams weight. The five fish sampled were Catfish, White bass, Largemouth and Smallmouth bass, Black and White crappie. The fish and water samples were sent to Accurate Environmental Labs for detailed analysis. Predator species were analyzed as fillet and the bottom dwellings as a whole fish using EPA Method 7471A-M. Mercury from Water and Fish Tissue Samples were analyzed by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. The laboratory analysis indicated that all the Mercury concentration in the fish samples except in Blue Catfish and Spotted Bass fall below the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 0.5 mg/kg.

关键词： Mercury Contamination Fish Tissue Bioaccumulation

Bovine trypanosomosis: A threat to cattle production in Chena district, southwest Ethiopia

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2012年第4期2卷 287-291页

作者： Bizuayehu alemayehu Basaznew Bogale Tewodros Fentahun Mersha Chanie Departement of Basic Veterinary Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Gondar Gondar Ethiopia Departement of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Gondar Gondar Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was carried out in Chena district, Kefa zone, southwest Ethiopia from September 2010 to January 2011. Blood samples were collected from 391 randomly selected local (zebu) breed cattle in three representative peasant associations (PAs). The buffy coat and Giemsa stained thin blood films examination techniques were used for parasite detection and identification. The packed cell volume (PCV) estimation was also conducted. From a total of 391 cattle, 6.9% (n = 27) of the animals were found positive for trypanosome infection. The trypanosome species observed across the study animals were T. congolense (4.89%), T. vivax (1.54%), and T. b. brucei (0.51%) as single infections. The infection rate of T. congolense and T. b. brucei varied significantly (P 0.05) in infection rate was found between male (7.79%) and female (5.62%) animals. The prevalence was 2.24% and 8.29% in young and adult cattle, respectively with significant difference (P < 0.05) between them. The prevalence rate in good, medium and poor body conditioned animals were 7.28%, 0.78% and 13.39%, respectively with a statistical significant difference (P < 0.05) among them. The mean PCV of the infected animals (17.56%) appeared significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the non-infected (25.4%). Even if, the present study indicated a low prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study areas, its impact on production and potential transmission to others should not be neglected.

关键词： Bovine Buffy Coat Chena PCV Prevalence Trypanosomosis