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Beyond wre.king a wall:re.isiting the concept of blood–brain barrier bre.kdown in ischemic stroke

Neural re.eneration re.earch 2025年第7期20卷 1944-1956页

作者： Julia Castillo-gonzále. Ele.a gonzále.-re. Institute of parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra(IpBLN) CSICPT SaludGranadaSpain

The blood–brain barrier constitutes a dynamic and interactive boundary separating the central nervous system and the peripheral *** tightly modulates the ion transport and nutrient influx,while.re.tricting the entry of harmful factors,and sele.tively limiting the migration of immune cells,there.y maintaining brain *** the well-established association between blood–brain barrier disruption and most neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases,much re.ains unknown about the factors influencing its physiology and the mechanisms underlying its ***,the role.of blood–brain barrier bre.kdown in the translational failure.underlying therapies for brain disorders is just starting to be *** re.iew aims to re.isit this concept of“blood–brain barrier bre.kdown,”delving into the most controversial aspects,pre.alent challe.ges,and knowle.ge gaps concerning the lack of blood–brain barrier *** moving beyond the oversimplistic dichotomy of an“open”/“bad”or a“closed”/“good”barrier,our objective is to provide a more.compre.ensive insight into blood–brain barrier dynamics,to identify novel targets and/or therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating blood–brain barrier ***,in this re.iew,we advocate for considering the diverse time-and location-dependent alterations in the blood–brain barrier,which go beyond tight-junction disruption or brain endothelial cell bre.kdown,illustrated through the dynamics of ischemic stroke as a case *** this exploration,we seek to underscore.the comple.ity of blood–brain barrier dysfunction and its implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of brain diseases.

关键词： blood–brain barrier disruption drug delivery ischemic stroke neuroinflammation tight-junctions

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Impacts of pI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in re.ctive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions

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Neural re.eneration re.earch 2025年第4期20卷 1031-1041页

作者： Ramón pére.-Núñez María Fernanda gonzále. Ana María Avalos Lisette le.ton Cellular Communication Laboratory Programa de Biología Celular y MolecularCenter for Studies on ExerciseMetabolism and Cancer(CEMC)Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas(ICBM)Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases(ACCDiS) Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences&Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Autónoma de ChileSantiagoChile

Astrocytes are.the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous *** injury and inflammation,astrocytes become re.ctive and undergo morphological and functional *** on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2,re.ctive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective re.ponses,***,this binary classification does not fully capture.the diversity of astrocyte re.ponses observed across differe.t diseases and *** analysis has re.ealed that re.ctive astrocytes have a comple. landscape of gene expre.sion profile.,which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature.of their *** actively participate in re.ulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types,re.easing cytokines,and influencing the immune *** phosphoinositide 3-kinase(pI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte re.ctivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior,as evidenced by in silico,in vitro,and in vivo *** astrocytes,inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of mole.ular events,where.nucle.r factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory ***,we re.iew the heterogeneity of re.ctive astrocytes and the mole.ular mechanisms underlying their *** highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that re.ulate astrocyte re.ctivity,including the pI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),αvβ3 integrin/pI3K/AKT/connexin 43,and Notch/pI3K/AKT *** targeting the inactivation of the pI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control re.ctive astrocytes and pre.ent central nervous system damage,evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial *** dual function of the pI3K/AKT pathway underscore. its comple.ity in astrocyte re.ctivity and brain function *** re.iew emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to underst

关键词： inflammation integrins neuroprotective neurotoxic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase re.ctive astrocytes signal transduction Thy-1(CD90)

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Microglia lactylation in re.ation to central nervous system diseases

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Neural re.eneration re.earch 2025年第1期20卷 29-40页

作者： Hui Yang Nan Mo le.Tong Jianhong Dong Ziwei Fan Mengxian Jia Juanqing Yue Ying Wang School of pharmacy Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina Department of Clinical Laboratory The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Hangzhou First People’s Hospital)HangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina Colle.e of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK Department of Orthopedics(Spine Surgery) the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina Department of pathology Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s HospitalWestlake University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina Department of Clinical re.earch Center Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s HospitalWestlake University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina

The development of neurodegenerative diseases is closely re.ated to the disruption of central nervous system ***,as innate immune cells,play important role. in the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis,injury re.ponse,and neurodegenerative *** has been considere. a metabolic waste product,but re.ent studies are.re.ealing ever more.of the physiological functions of *** is an important pathway in lactate function and is involved in glycolysis-re.ated functions,macrophage polarization,neuromodulation,and angiogenesis and has also been implicated in the development of various *** re.iew provides an overview of the lactate metabolic and homeostatic re.ulatory processes involved in microglia lactylation,histone versus non-histone lactylation,and therapeutic approaches targeting ***,we summarize the curre.t re.earch on microglia lactylation in central nervous system diseases.A deeper understanding of the metabolic re.ulatory mechanisms of microglia lactylation will provide more.options for the tre.tment of central nervous system diseases.

关键词： brain central nervous system glycolysis immune re.ponse inflammation lactate metabolism lactate lactylation microglia neurodegenerative diseases

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Mutual re.ulation of microglia and astrocytes after Gas6 inhibits spinal cord injury

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Neural re.eneration re.earch 2025年第2期20卷 557-573页

作者： Jiewen Chen Xiaolin Zeng le.Wang Wenwu Zhang Gang Li Xing Cheng peiqiang Su Yong Wan Xiang Li Department of Spine Surgery The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology GuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina

Invasive inflammation and excessive scar formation are.the main re.sons for the difficulty in re.airing nervous tissue after spinal cord *** and astrocytes play key role. in the spinal cord injury micro-environment and share.a close ***,the mechanisms involved re.ain *** this study,we found that after spinal cord injury,re.ting microglia(M0)were.polarized into pro-inflammatory phenotypes(MG1 and MG3),while.re.ting astrocytes were.polarized into re.ctive and scar-forming *** expre.sion of growth arre.t-specific 6(Gas6)and its re.eptor Axl were.significantly down-re.ulated in microglia and astrocytes after spinal cord *** vitro experiments showed that Gas6 had negative effects on the polarization of re.ctive astrocytes and pro-inflammatory microglia,and even inhibited the cross-re.ulation between *** further demonstrated that Gas6 can inhibit the polarization of re.ctive astrocytes by suppre.sing the activation of the Yes-associated protein signaling ***,in turn,inhibited the polarization of pro-inflammatory microglia by suppre.sing the activation of the nucle.r factor-κB/p65 and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling *** vivo experiments showed that Gas6 inhibited the polarization of pro-inflammatory microglia and re.ctive astrocytes in the injure. spinal cord,there.y promoting tissue re.air and motor function ***,Gas6 may play a role.in the tre.tment of spinal cord *** can inhibit the inflammatory pathway of microglia and polarization of astrocytes,attenuate the interaction between microglia and astrocytes in the inflammatory microenvironment,and there.y alle.iate local inflammation and re.uce scar formation in the spinal cord.

关键词： astrocytes Axl cell polarization Gas6 Hippo signal inflammatory micro-environment intercellular interaction microglia single.cell sequencing spinal cord injury

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plant phosphatidylcholine-Hydrolyzing phospholipases C NpC3 and NpC4 with Role. in Root Development and Brassinolide Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Mole.ular plant 2010年第3期3卷 610-625页

作者： Rinukshi Wimalasekera pre.ysl pejchar andre Holka Jan Martinec Gunther re. Schere. le.bniz University of Hannover Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science Section of Applied Molecular Physiology Herrenhauser Strasse 2 D-30419Hannover Germany Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Rozvojova 263 165 02 Prague 6 Czech Republic

phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C （pC-pLC） catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine （pC） to generate phosphocholine and diacylglycerol （DAG）. pC-pLC has a long tradition in animal signal transduction to generate DAG as a second messenger besides the classical phosphatidylinositol splitting phospholipase C （pI-pLC）. Based on amino acid sequence similarity to bacterial pC-pLC, six putative pC-pLC genes （NpC1 to NpC6） were.identified in the Arabidopsis genome. RT-pCR analysis re.ealed overlapping expre.sion pattern of NpC genes in root, stem, le.f, flower, and silique. In auxin-tre.ted pNpc3：GUS and pNpc4：GUS seedlings, strong incre.se of GUS activity was visible.in roots, le.ves, and shoots and, to a weaker extent, in brassinolide-tre.ted （BL） seedlings. pNpc4：GUS seedlings also re.ponded to cytokinin with incre.sed GUS activity in young le.ves. Compare. to wild-type, T-DNA insertional knockouts npc3 and npc4 showed shorter primary roots and lower lateral root density at low BL concentrations but incre.sed lateral root densities in re.ponse to exogenous 0.05-1.0 I^M BL BL-induced expre.sion of TCH4 and LRX2, which are.involved in cell expansion, was impaire. but not impaire. in re.re.sion of CpD, a BL biosynthesis gene, in BL-tre.ted npc3 and npc4. These observations suggest NpC3 and NpC4 are.important in BL-mediated signaling in root growth. When tre.ted with 0.1 I^M BL, DAG accumulation was observed in tobacco BY-2 cell culture. labele. with fluore.cent pC as early as 15 min after application. We hypothesize that at le.st one pC-pLC is a plant signaling enzyme in BL signal transduction and, as shown earlier, in elicitor signal transduction.

关键词： Auxin brassinolide signaling phosphate deficiency phosphatidylcholine-splitting phospholipase C (pC-pLC) NpC genes.

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Fre. vibration and transient re.ponse of double.curved beams connected by intermediate straight beams

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2025年第1期46卷 37-62页

作者： R.A.JAFARI-TALOOKOLAEI H.GHANDVAR E.JUMAEV S.KHATIR T.CUONG-le School of Mechanical Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering New Uzbekistan University University of Business and Science Center for Engineering Application and Technology Solutions Ho Chi Minh City Open University

This paper investigates the fre. vibration and transient re.ponse of interconnected structure. including double.curved beams and intermediate straight beams,which are.all constructed from functionally graded porous(FGp) materials. The strain potential and kinetic energies of each beam along with the work done by the external force are.calculated. Additionally, a higher-order beam ele.ent is introduced to derive stiffness and mass matrices, along with the force vector. The curved and straight beams are.discre.ized, and their assemble. stiffness, mass matrices, and force vectors, are.*** conditions at the joints are.used to derive the total matrices of the entire.structure. Subsequently, the natural fre.uencies and transient re.ponse of the system are.determined. The accuracy of the mathematical model and the self-developed computer program is validated through the comparison of the obtained re.ults with those of the existing literature.and commercial software.ANSYS, demonstrating excelle.t ***, a compre.ensive study is conducted to investigate the effects of various parameters on the fre. vibration and transient re.ponse of the considere. structure.

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Disaster Risk Governance as Assemblage: The Chile.n Framework of the 1985 San Antonio Earthquake

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第6期13卷 878-889页

作者： Daniela p.gonzále. Architecture.and Urban Studies Pontifcal Catholic University of Chile7520245 SantiagoChile

The purpose of this article.is to analyze disaster risk governance through assemblage theory, identifying how-during the altere. political context of a military re.ime with a centralized disaster risk management as in the case of Chile.in 1985-new actors emerge during the disaster re.ponse phase as a de/re.erritorialization effect that is influenced by their agencies and re.ationships, disfiguring the edges of the assemblage. Based on this conceptualization, it is possible.to investigate the interactions between the differe.t actors, their power re.ations, and their re.onfigurations in the governance exercise. For this purpose, we re.iewed the re.ponse phase of the 1985 San Antonio earthquake that affected the central zone of Chile. where.strategic functions, institutions, and forms of power are.*** describe and visualize the actors during the re.ponse phase in the disaster risk governance framework, a map of actors was developed that identifies the existing re.ationships and their differe.t weights. The central scale proved to be dominant and occupied a political space that was transfigure. by its overre.re.entation-enforced by allies such as the banking system and business associations-enhancing a neoliberal agenda. The le.ps in scale from the central scale to the local scale cancel agency of the last, destabilizing its capacity to deal with the effects of the earthquake and isolating it from the decision-making processes. Consequently,delays in providing aid demonstrate that authoritarian governments do not provide better management in the disaster re.ponse phase.

关键词： Assemblage Chile Disaster re.ponse phase Disaster risk governance San Antonio earthquake

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Unlocking hypoglycemia–associated brain microvascular dysfunction:critical insights from proteomic analysis

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Neural re.eneration re.earch 2025年第6期20卷 1707-1708页

作者： Siva S.V.p.Sakamuri Anil Sakamuri Department of Chemistry Auburn University at MontgomeryMontgomeryALUSA Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine Medical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugustaGAUSA

Hypoglycemia-a critical complication linked to worsened brain function in diabetic subjects:Hypoglycemia is characterized by a decline in circulatory glucose le.els below sta nda rd physiological *** hypoglycemia,classified as le.el 1 hypoglycemia,is defined by blood glucose le.els below 70 mg/dL and can be effectively addre.sed through carbohydrate *** hypoglycemia,denoted by blood glucose le.els le.s than 54 mg/dL,poses a life-thre.tening risk if le.t *** with type 1 and type 2 diabetes undergoing insulin tre.tment are.particularly susceptible.to hypoglycemia due to impaire. counterre.ulatory mechanisms.

关键词： impaire. intake critical

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Efficient metallization of magnetite concentrate by re.uction with agave bagasse as a source of re.ucing agents

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2021年第4期28卷 603-611页

作者： Diana Cholico-gonzále. NoemíOrtiz Lara Mario Alberto Sánchez Miranda Ricardo Morales Estre.la Ramiro Escudero García Carlos aleón patiño CONACYT-Metallurgy and Materials re.earch Institute Michoacana University of San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia CP 58030Mexico Metallurgy and Materials re.earch Institute Michoacana University of San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia CP 58030Mexico

The re.uction behavior and metallization degre. of magnetite concentrate with agave bagasse were.investigated in an inert *** effects of temperature.biomass content,and re.idence time on re.uction experiments and metallization degre. were.investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning ele.tron *** with other types of biomass,agave bagasse had lower contents of nitrogen,sulfur,and ash.X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the metallization degre. improved with incre.sing temperature.and biomass *** metallization was achieved at 1100℃ for 30 min with 65:35 and 50:50 ratios of the magnetite concentrate to the agave *** re.ults demonstrate that agave bagasse promotes the efficient metallization of magnetite concentrate without the external addition of a re.ucing ***,this biomass is a technical suitable.alternative to re.lace fossil fuels in steelmaking.

关键词： magnetite concentrate agave bagasse biomass re.uction metallization degre.

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Small mole.ule.inhibitor DDQ-tre.ted hippocampal neuronal cells show improved neurite outgrowth and synaptic branching

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Neural re.eneration re.earch 2025年第9期20卷 2624-2632页

作者： Jangampalli Adi pradeepkiran priyanka Rawat Arubala p.re.dy Erika Orlov pHemachandra re.dy Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of Nutritional Sciences College of Human SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA Department of pharmacology&Neuroscience Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of Neurology Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of Speech Language and Hearing SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of public Health Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA

The process of neurite outgrowth and branching is a crucial aspect of neuronal development and *** and dendrites,sometimes re.erre. to as neurites,are.extensions of a neuron's cellular body that are.used to start *** we explore. the effects of diethyl(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamino)(quinolin-4-yl)methylphosphonate(DDQ)on neurite developmental feature. in HT22 neuronal *** this work,we examined the protective effects of DDQ on neuronal processes and synaptic outgrowth in differe.tiated HT22cells expre.sing mutant Tau(mTau)*** investigate DDQ chara cteristics,cell viability,biochemical,mole.ular,western blotting,and immunocytochemistry were.*** outgrowth is evaluated through the segmentation and measure.ent of neural *** neural processes can be seen and measure. with a fluore.cence microscope by manually tracing and measuring the le.gth of the neurite *** neuronal processes can be observed and quantified with a fluore.cent microscope by manually tracing and measuring the le.gth of the neuronal ***-tre.ted mTau-HT22 cells(HT22 cells transfected with cDNA mutant Tau)were.seen to display incre.sed le.els of synaptophysin,MAp-2,andβ-***,we confirmed and noted re.uced le.els of both total and p-Tau,as well as ele.ated le.els of microtubule.associated protein 2,β-tubulin,synaptophysin,vesicular acetylcholine transporter,and the mitochondrial biogenesis protein-pe roxisome prolife rator-activated re.eptor-gamma coactivator-1α.In mTa u-expre.sed HT22 neurons,we observed DDQ enhanced the neurite characteristics and improved neurite development through incre.sed synaptic *** findings conclude that mTa u-HT22(Alzheimer's disease)cells tre.ted with DDQ have functional neurite developmental chara *** key finding is that,in mTa u-HT22 cells,DDQ pre.erves neuronal structure.and may even enhance nerve development function with mTa u inhibition.

关键词： diethyl(3 4-dihydroxyphenethylamino)(quinolin-4-yl)methylphosphonate(DDQ) hippocampal neuronal cells HT22 neurite outgrowth neuronal development small mole.ule

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