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Astrocytes, reactive astrogliosis, and glial scar formation in traumatic brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 973-989页

作者： María Belén Cieri alberto Javier Ramos Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular IBCN UBA-CONICETFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina

Traumatic brain injury is a global health crisis,causing significant death and disability *** that follows traumatic brain injury has serious consequences for neuronal survival and cognitive impairments,with astrocytes involved in this *** traumatic brain injury,astrocytes rapidly become reactive,and astrogliosis propagates from the injury core to distant brain *** astroglial proteins are downregulated near the traumatic brain injury core,while pro-inflammatory astroglial genes are *** altered gene expression is considered a pathological remodeling of astrocytes that produces serious consequences for neuronal survival and cognitive *** addition,glial scar formed by reactive astrocytes is initially necessary to limit immune cell infiltration,but in the long term impedes axonal reconnection and functional *** therapeutic strategies for traumatic brain injury are focused on preventing acute ***,cannabinoids,progesterone,beta-blockers,and cerebrolysin demonstrate neuroprotective benefits but most of them have not been studied in the context of *** this review,we discuss the cell signaling pathways activated in reactive astrocytes following traumatic brain injury and we discuss some of the potential new strategies aimed to modulate astroglial responses in traumatic brain injury,especially using cell-targeted strategies with miRNAs or lncRNA,viral vectors,and repurposed drugs.

关键词： astrocyte glial scar innate immunity neuroinflammation stab injury Toll-like receptors

Theranostics:纳米热疗法或可软化肿瘤,提高癌症靶向疗法的治疗效率

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现代生物医学进展 2017年第3期17卷 I0003-I0003页

作者： Iris Marangon Amanda A. K. Silva Thomas Guilbert Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi Carmen Marchiol Sharuja Natkhunarajah Foucault Chamming’s Cécilia Ménard-Moyon alberto bianco Jean-Luc Gennisson Gilles Renault Florence Gazeau Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) CNRS-UMR 7057 Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 France Plateforme Imagerie Institut Cochin Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104-Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris 22 rue Méchain 75014 Paris France PARCC Inserm U970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC / Université Paris-Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité 56 rue Leblanc 75015 Paris France University of Strasbourg CNRS Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg France Institut Langevin CNRS-UMR 7587 1 place Jussieu 75205 Paris France.✉ Corresponding author: Florence GAZEAU rf.toredid-sirap-vinu@uaezag.ecnerolf. Tel: +33 (0)1 57 27 62 03 Fax: +33 (0)1 57 27 62 11.Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

肿瘤的机械阻力和标准疗法的附带损伤往往会阻碍抵御癌症的效果，近日，来自法国国家健康与医学研究所等机构的研究人员通过对肿瘤加热成功软化了恶性肿瘤，这种方法称之为纳米热疗法，其能够让肿瘤对治疗制剂更加敏感，相关研究刊登于... 详细信息

肿瘤的机械阻力和标准疗法的附带损伤往往会阻碍抵御癌症的效果，近日，来自法国国家健康与医学研究所等机构的研究人员通过对肿瘤加热成功软化了恶性肿瘤，这种方法称之为纳米热疗法，其能够让肿瘤对治疗制剂更加敏感，相关研究刊登于国际杂志Theranostics上。

关键词：恶性肿瘤热疗法软化纳米癌症疗效附带损伤机械阻力

Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease from multifactorial to monogenic forms

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第43期21卷 12296-12310页

作者： Anna Monica bianco Martina Girardelli alberto Tommasini Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo"

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a group of chronic multifactorial disorders. According to a recent study,the number of IBD association loci is increased to 201,of which 37 and 27 loci contribute specifically to the development of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis respectively. Some IBD associated genes are involved in innate immunity,in the autophagy and in the inflammatory response such as NOD2,ATG16L1 and IL23 R,while other are implicated in immune mediated disease(STAT3) and in susceptibility to mycobacterium infection(IL12B). In case of early onset of IBD(VEO-IBD) within the 6th year of age,the disease may be caused by mutations in genes responsible for severe monogenic disorders such as the primary immunodeficiency diseases. In this review we discuss how these monogenic disorders through different immune mechanisms can similarly be responsible of VEO-IBD phenotype. Moreover we would highlight how the identification of pathogenic genes by Next Generation Sequencing technologies can allow to obtain a rapid diagnosis and to apply specific therapies.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Primary immunodeficienc

Focus on acute diarrhoeal disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第27期15卷 3341-3348页

作者： Fabio Baldi Maria Antonia bianco Gerardo Nardone alberto Pilotto Emanuela Zamparo Gastroenterology Unit S. Orsola-Malpighi HospitalVia Massarenti 9 40138 Bologna Italy

Diarrhoea is an alteration of normal bowel movement characterized by an increase in the water content, volume, or frequency of stools. Diarrhoea needs to be classified according to the trends over time （acute or chronic） and to the characteristics of the stools （watery, fatty, inflammatory）. Secretory diarrhoeas, mostly acute and of viral aetiology in more than 70% of cases, are by far the most important subtype of diarrhoeas in terms of frequency, incidence and mortality （over 2.5 million deaths/year in developing countries）. Natural and synthetic opiates such as morphine, codeine, and Ioperamide which react with endogenous opiates （enkephalins, beta-endorphins, dynorphins） mainly act on intestinal motility and slow down transit. An antidiarrhoeal drug developed in recent years, racecadotril, acts as an enkephalinase inhibitor. Clinical studies have shown that it is just as effective as ioperamide in resolving acute diarrhoea but with greater reduction in pain and abdominal distension. Some studies have explored the prevalence of diarrhoea in old age. An epidemiological study carried out in Italy by 133 General Practitioners on 5515 elderly outpatients reported a prevalence of diarrhoea, defined according to the Rome criteria, of 9.1%. Infectious diseases （19%） and drug use （16%） were the most common causes of diarrhoea in old age. Regardless of the cause, the treatment of elderly patients with diarrhoea must include rehydration and nutritional support. Every year, more than 50 million tourists travel from industrialized countries to places where hygiene levels are pool. At least 75% of those travelling for short periods mention health problems, and in particular traveller＇s diarrhoea.

关键词： Diarrhoea Secretory diarrhoeas Elderly patients Traveller's diarrhoea Antidiarrhoeal drugs Enkephalinase inhibitor Racecadotril Efficacy Tolerability

Altered pattern of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in peripheral blood monocytes from Crohn's disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第41期22卷 9117-9126页

作者： Claudia Loganes Alessia Pin Samuele Naviglio Martina Girardelli Anna Monica bianco Stefano Martelossi alberto Tommasini Elisa Piscianz Department of Medicine Surgery and Health Sciences University of Trieste Department of Pediatrics Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo"

AIM To evaluate the inflammatory state in Crohn's disease(CD) patients and correlate it with genetic background and microbial *** By means of flow cytometry, production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) was measured in peripheral blood monocytes from patients suffering from CD, ulcerative colitis(UC) and in healthy subjects after stimulation of the NOD2 and TLR pathways. CD patients were genotyped for the three most common NOD2 variants(R702W, G908 R and L1007Pfs*2) and basal production of TNF-α was correlated to NOD2 genotype. Also, production of TNF-α was correlated to plasmatic levels of LPS Binding Protein(LBP), soluble(s) CD14 and to the activity state of the *** The patients with CD were characterized by a significantly higher monocyte basal expression of TNF-αcompared with healthy subjects and UC patients, and after stimulation with Pam3CSK4(ligand of TLR2/1) and MDP-L18(ligand of NOD2) this difference was maintained, while other microbial stimuli(LPS, ligand of TLR4 and Poly I:C, ligand of TLR3) induced massive activation in CD monocytes as well as in UC and in healthy control cells. There was no significant difference in the production of TNF- α between patients who carried CD-associated heterozygous or homozygous variants in NOD2 and patients with wild type NOD2 genotype. Although serum LBP levels have been shown to correlate positively with the state of activity of the disease, TNF-α production did not show a clear correlation with either LBP or s CD14 levels in plasma. Moreover, no clear correlation was seen between TNF-α production and activity indices in either CD or *** Peripheral monocytes from CD express higher basal and stimulated TNF-α than controls, regardless of NOD2 genotype and without a clear correlation with disease activity.

关键词： Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Tumor necrosis factor-α NOD2 variants Toll like receptors Dysbiosis Activity index LPS-binding protein

Architecture, values and perception： Between rhetoric and reality

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2018年第1期7卷 92-99页

作者： Lino bianco Department of Architecture and Urban Design Faculty for the Built Environment University of Malta Msida Malta

Throughout history, design values have always underlined a given architectural style. The manner architects and architectural critics distinguish between them varies from that of the public. In fact a style welt perceived by civil society was read as pathological by architectural academia. This paper examines the values and perceptions of contemporary architecture by architects and civil society. Through qualitative methodology, a project by each of the following leading contemporary architects - Renzo Piano, Norman Foster and Rem Koolhaas - was analyzed. The selected designs, all commissioned not more than a decade ago, vary in locations from Malta to Lebanon to India. The study concludes that design values and perceptions of architecture as read by members of the architectural profession do not tally with those of the public. The emphasis by architects is on the aesthetic whilst non-architects focus on the utilitarian dimension. Furthermore, the rhetorical language which architects use is not read as such by the public. The assessment of the public is based on the existential reality which they experience. The perception of civil society matters; it is at the core of architectural design values.

关键词： Architecture Design values Pefception Valletta Dharavi Beirut

Current situation and future perspectives of European natural gas sector

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Frontiers in Energy 2015年第1期9卷 1-6页

作者： Vincenzo bianco Federico SCARPA Luca A. TAGLIAFICO Division of Thermal Energy and Environmental Conditioning DIME/TEC University of Genoa Via All'OperaPia 15/A 16145 Genova Italy

Gas market in Europe is experiencing a radical change for different reasons, partially determined and accelerated by economic downturn of the last period. In the past few years, many European countries adopted energy policies largely based on the utilization of natural gas. In fact, a sharp increase of the demand was observed and, at the same time, a lot of infrastructures were developed to assure the necessary supply. In the last few years, due to the economic downturn, natural gas demand decreased, causing a consistent oversupply on the market, which altered the consolidated dynamics of the sector. Under- standing the changes currently under development in the European gas market is of paramount importance in order to design future strategies for the sector; in particular, it is necessary to understand if the present situation will cause a reshaping of the sector.

关键词： natural gas natural gas market oil-linkedcontracts supply infrastructures gas hubs

PLANNING OF DYNAMICALLY FEASIBLE TRAJECTORIES FOR TRANSLATIONAL,PLANAR,AND UNDERCONSTRAINED CABLE-DRIVEN ROBOTS

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2013年第5期26卷 695-717页

作者： TREVISANI alberto Department of Management and Engineering(DTG) Universita degli Studi di PadovaStradella S.Nicola 336100 VicenzaItaly

Extensively studied since the early nineties,cable-driven robots have attracted the growing interest of the industrial and scientific community due to their desirable and peculiar *** particular,underconstrained and planar cable robots can find application in several fields,and specifically,in the packaging *** planning of dynamically feasible trajectories(i.e.,trajectories along which cable slackness and excessive tensions are avoided) is particularly challenging when dealing with such a topology of cable robots,which rely on gravity to maintain their cables in *** paper,after stressing the current relevance of cable robots,presents an extension and a generalization of a model-based method developed to translate typical cable tension bilateral bounds into intuitive limits on the velocity and acceleration of the robot end effector along a prescribed *** a new formulation of the method is based on a parametric expression of cable *** computed kinematic limits can then be incorporated into any trajectory planning *** method is developed with reference to a hybrid multi-body cable robot topology which can be functionally advantageous but worsen the problem of keeping feasible tensions in the cables both in static and dynamic *** definition of statically feasible workspace is also introduced to identify the positions where static equilibrium can be maintained with feasible ***,some aspects related to the practical implementation of the method are discussed.

关键词： Cable robot dynamically feasible trajectories statically feasible workspace trajectoryplanning.

Radiative Effects on Mixed Convection in a Uniformly HeatedVertical Convergent Channel with an Unheated Moving Plate

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Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 2011年第3期3卷 280-296页

作者： Assunta Andreozzi Nicola bianco Vincenzo Naso DETEC-Universit`a di Napoli Federico II P.le Tecchio80-80125NapoliItaly

Fluids engineering is extremely important in a wide variety of materials processing systems,such as soldering,welding,extrusion of plastics and other polymeric materials,Chemical Vapor Deposition(CVD),composite materials *** particular,mixed convection due to moving surfaces is very important in these *** convection in a channel,as a result of buoyancy and motion of one of its walls has received little research attention and few guidelines are available for choosing the best performing channel configuration,particularly when radiative effects are *** this study a numerical investigation of the effect of radiation on mixed convection in air due to the interaction between a buoyancy flow and an unheated moving plate induced flow in a uniformly heated convergent vertical channel is carried *** moving plate has a constant velocity and moves in the buoyancy force *** principal walls of the channel are heated at uniform heat *** numerical analysis is accomplished by means of the commercial code *** effects of the wall emissivity,the minimum channel spacing,the converging angle and the moving plate velocity are investigated and results in terms of air velocity and temperature fields inside the channel and wall temperature profiles,both of the moving and the heated plates,are *** numbers,both accounting and not for the radiative contribution to heat removal,are also presented.

关键词： Mixed convection moving surfaces convergent channels radiative effects