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Trends and issues in ELT methods and methodology(Ⅱ)

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基础教育外语教学研究 2020年第7期 30-33页

作者： alan waters 不详

Practice However,to what extent has the practice of ELT methodology followed a similar path over the same period?To attempt to answer this question,as already explained,an analysis was carried out of the main methodological features of two versions of a unit of coursebook teaching material published since 1995,the first appearing near the beginning of the period,and the second towards the *** coursebook editions in question were the 1996 and 2009 versions of Headway Intermediate(Soars and Soars 1996,2009).This coursebook was chosen because it is widely used and influential,and the intermediate level from it on the grounds that this is the one attained by most EFL learners.

关键词： ELT chosen beginning

Quantitative analysis of ruminal methanogenic microbial populations in beef cattle divergent in phenotypic residual feed intake(RFI)offered contrasting diets

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2014年第4期5卷 439-447页

作者： Ciara A Carberry David A Kenny alan K Kelly Sinead M waters Animal and Bioscience Research Department Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation CentreTeagascGrangeDunsanyCo.MeathIreland UCD School of Agriculture Food Science and Veterinary MedicineCollege of Life SciencesUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublin 4Ireland

Background：Methane（CH_4） emissions in cattle are an undesirable end product of rumen methanogenic fermentative activity as they are associated not only with negative environmental impacts but also with reduced host feed *** aim of this study was to quantify total and specific rumen microbial methanogenic populations in beef cattle divergently selected for residual feed intake（RFI） while offered（i） a low energy high forage（HF） diet followed by（ii） a high energy low forage（LF） *** fluid was collected from 14 high（H）and 14 low（L） RFI animals across both dietary *** real time PCR（qRT-PCR） analysis was conducted to quantify the abundance of total and specific rumen methanogenic *** correlation analysis was used to investigate the association between the relative abundance of methanogens and animal performance,rumen fermentation variables and diet ***：Abundance of methanogens,did not differ between RFI ***,relative abundance of total and specific methanogen species was affected（P〈 0.05） by diet type,with greater abundance observed while animals were offered the LF compared to the HF ***：These findings suggest that differences in abundance of specific rumen methanogen species may not contribute to variation in CH_4 emissions between efficient and inefficient animals,however dietary manipulation can influence the abundance of total and specific methanogen species.

关键词： Bovine qRT-PCR Residual feed intake Rumen methaongens

Examination of the molecular control of ruminal epithelial function in response to dietary restriction and subsequent compensatory growth in cattle

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第1期8卷 107-118页

作者： Emma O＇Shea Sinead M. waters Kate Keogh alan K. Kelly David A. Kenny School of Agriculture and Food Science University College DublinBelfield Dublin 4Ireland Animal and Bioscience Research Department Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre Teagasc Grange Dunsany Co Meath Ireland UCD Earth Institute University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland

Background： The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary restriction and subsequent compensatory growth on the relative expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport, metabolism and cell proliferation in ruminal epithelial tissue of beef cattle. Sixty Holstein Friesian bulls（mean liveweight 370 ± 35 kg;mean age 479 ± 15 d） were assigned to one of two groups：（i） restricted feed allowance（RES; n = 30） for 125 d（Period 1） followed by ad libitum access to feed for 55 d（Period 2） or（ii） ad libitum access to feed throughout（ADLIB; n = 30）. Target growth rate for RES was 0.6 kg/d during Period 1. At the end of each dietary period, 15 animals from each treatment group were slaughtered and ruminal epithelial tissue and liquid digesta harvested from the ventral sac of the rumen. Real-time q PCR was used to quantify m RNA transcripts of 26 genes associated with ruminal epithelial function. Volatile fatty acid analysis of rumen fluid from individual animals was conducted using gas ***： Diet × period interactions were evident for genes involved in ketogenesis（BDH2, P = 0.017）, pyruvate metabolism（LDHa, P = 0.048; PDHA1, P = 0.015） and cellular transport and structure（DSG1, P = 0.019; CACT, P = 0.027）. Ruminal concentrations of propionic acid（P = 0.018） and n-valeric acid（P = 0.029） were lower in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, throughout the experiment. There was also a strong tendency（P = 0.064）toward a diet × period interaction for n-butyric with higher concentrations in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, during Period ***： These data suggest that following nutrient restriction, the structural integrity of the rumen wall is compromised and there is upregulation of genes involved in the production of ketone bodies and breakdown of pyruvate for cellular energy. These results provide an insight into the potential molecular mechanisms regulating ruminal epithelial absorptive metabolism and growth following nutri

关键词： Beef cattle Compensatory growth Feed efficiency Nutrient restriction Rumen epithelium

Distribution of Protists in the Deep South China Sea Revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2020年第1期19卷 161-170页

作者： LI Xinran WARREN alan JIAO Nianzhi XU Dapeng State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science Institute of Marine Microbes and EcospheresCollege of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamen 361102China Department of Life Sciences Natural History MuseumLondonSW75BDUK

Protists(microbial eukaryotes)are indispensable members of the marine microbial food *** recent years,organisms living in the deep sea(>1000 m water depth)have increasingly become the focus of research;however,studies on protistan assemblages are relatively scarce compared with their prokaryotic *** the present study,high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable V9 region of the 18S rRNA gene was used to explore the community composition of protists in bathypelagic waters of the South China *** on the analysis of the alpha and beta diversities of 14 samples,we discovered:1、members belonging to Rhizaria,Alveolata,and Excavata were the dominant groups in terms of both relative sequence abundance and operational taxonomic unit(OTU)richness in all samples,although their relative contributions differed among different samples;2、cluster analysis showed that the distribution of protistan assemblages was related neither to the sampling location nor to the water depth,and other environmental factors might have caused the differences among the communities;3、phototrophs,including members of the Bacillariophyta,Bolidophyceae,Dictyochophyceae,Prasinophyceae,and Prymnesiophyceae,were detected in all samples,which indicated their contributions to the downward transportation via the biological pump and the potential presence of phagotrophy of these phototrophic cells in the deep ocean.

关键词： bathypelagic water diversity microbial eukaryotes SSU rRNA gene

Localization of urea transporter B in the developing bovine rumen

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第3期10卷 216-222页

作者： Chongliang Zhong Tamsin Lyons Orla Heussaff Evelyn Doyle Eoin O'Hara Sinead M.waters David Kenny Gavin S.Stewart School of Biology and Environmental Science University College DublinBelfieldDublin 4Ireland Animal and Bioscience Research Department Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation CentreTeagascGrangeCounty MeathIreland Department of Agriculture Foodand Nutritional SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada

Urea nitrogen secreted from blood to rumen is a crucial factor shaping the symbiotic relationship between host ruminants and their microbial *** of urea across rumen epithelia is facilitated by urea transporter B(UT-B),but the long-term regulation of these proteins remains *** ruminal function develops over a period of months,the developing rumen is an excellent model with which to investigate this *** rumen epithelium samples of calves from birth to 96 d of age,this study performed immunolocalization studies to localize and semi-quantify UT-B protein *** expected,preliminary experiments confirmed that ruminal monocarboxylate transporter 1(MCT1)short chain fatty acid transporter protein abundance increased with age(P<0.01,n=4).Further investigation revealed that ruminal UT-B was present in the first few weeks of life and initially detected in the basolateral membrane of stratum basale *** the next 2 months,UT-B staining spread to other epithelial layers and semi-quantification indicated that UT-B abundance significantly increased with age(P<0.01,n=4 or 6).These changes were in line with the development of rumen function after the advent of solid feed intake and weaning,exhibiting a similar pattern to both MCT1 transporters and papillae *** study therefore confirmed age-dependent changes of in situ ruminal UT-B protein,adding to our understanding of the long-term regulation of ruminal urea transporters.

关键词： UT-B Immunolocalization Rumen Bovine Development

Colonization features of marine biofilm-dwelling protozoa in Chinese coastal waters of the Yellow Sea

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Marine Life Science & Technology 2020年第3期2卷 292-301页

作者： Mohammad Nurul Azim Sikder Henglong Xu alan Warren Laboratory of Microbial Ecology Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Institute of Marine Sciences University of ChittagongChittagong 4331Bangladesh Department of Life Sciences Natural History MuseumLondon SW75BDUK

Colonization features of biofilm-dwelling protozoa,especially ciliates,are routinely used as a useful tool for marine *** this review,we summarize some of these features to develop an optimal sampling strategy for using biofilmdwelling protozoa as bioindicators of marine water *** focus on the utility of:(1)diversity in dices to analyze the colonizahon features of biofilm-dwelling protozoa for monitoring marine water quality;(2)MacArthur-Wilson and logistic equation models to determine spatio-temporal variations in colonization dynamics;and(3)homogeneity in taxonomic breadth of biofilm-dwelling protozoa during the process of *** main findings are that:(1)the colonization dynamics of biofilm-dwelling protozoa are similar at depths of 1-5 m in spring and autumn;(2)temporal variability was well fitted to the MacArthur-Wilson and logistic models(Pwaters and 1-2 m in spring and autumn may be optimal sampling strategy for bioassessment on large spatial/temporal scales in marine ecosystems.

关键词： Bioassessment Colonization survey Marine ecosystem Periphytic ciliates Taxonomic breadth Seasonal and vertical variations

Morphogenesis of the Euplotid Ciliate Uronychia binucleata Young, 1922(Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2019年第2期18卷 467-473页

作者： MA Honggang LI Jingbao WARREN alan BA Sang LU Xiaoteng The Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Department of Life Sciences Natural History MuseumLondon School of Sciences Tibet University Research Department for Limnology University of Innsbruck

Morphogenesis of a population of the marine euplotid ciliate, Uronychia binucleata, which was found in Yellow Sea coastal waters next to a sewage outfall at a beach near Zhanqiao Pier, Qingdao, China, was investigated using protargol staining. The main pattern of morphogenesis is typical for the genus and can be summarized as follows: 1) the oral primordium in both proter and opisthe develops de novo in a subcortical pouch. In each daughter cell, the developing adoral zone of membranelles divides into two parts. The new membranelles formed in the proter's oral primordium will replace the leftmost five parental ones; six parental membranelles are retained by the proter; 2) the undulating membranes anlage is formed and develops independently from the oral primordium within the same subcortical pouch; 3) five primary front oventral-transverse cirral anlagen appear de novo on the cell surface; 4) the marginal cirral anlagen are formed de novo; 5) the leftmost frontal cirrus develops de novo on the cell surface; 6) two caudal cirri are formed at the posterior end of the rightmost anlage while the second primordium from the right gives rise to the third caudal cirrus. In contrast to its congeners, the anlage of the leftmost frontal cirrus is formed to the right of the undulating membranes anlage and before the formation of the latter.

关键词： Euplotida hypotrichs ontogenesis Uronychia

Planktonic protist communities in semi-enclosed mariculture waters: temporal dynamics of functional groups and their responses to environmental conditions

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2010年第4期29卷 106-115页

作者： XU Henglong WARREN alan AL-RASHEID Khaled A S ZHU Mingzhuang SONG Weibo Laboratory of Protozoology Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China Department of Zoology Natural History Museum Cromwell Rd London UK Zoology Department King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

The functional groups of planktonic protist communities and their responses to the changes of environmental conditions were investigated in a semi-enclosed shrimp-farming pond in Qingdao,Shandong Province,China,during a six-month study period （a complete shrimp-culture cycle） from May to October *** results reveal that：（1） the protist communities represented five trophic and functional groups of the species identified,about 60% were photoautotrophs,20% algivores,12% bacterivores,5% raptors and about 3% non-selectives;（2） the photoautotrophs,algivores and bacterivores were the primary contributors to the changes in the protist communities in short temporal scales,the succession of dominance typically being bacterivores→photoautotrophs→algivores,with the raptors dominating the protist communities in a single sample （early June）;（3） the photoautotrophs and non-selectives were the primary contributors to the peak of protist abundance in early October whereas the photoautotrophs,bacterivores,raptors and non-selectives mainly gave rise to two bimodal peaks of biomass in July and October respectively;（4） five functional groups of protist communities represented significant correlations with water nutrients （i.e.,NH 3-N,NO 3-N,and PO 4 ）,either alone or in combination with temperature,of which algivores and raptors were strongly correlated with phosphate and the concentration of Chl a,while bacterivores were strongly related to nitrogen and the concentration of *** findings confirm that planktonic protists are potentially useful bioindicators of water quality in the semi-enclosed mariculture system.

关键词： environmental stress planktonic protists functional group microbial ecology marimculture

Phylogenomics of non-model ciliates based on transcriptomic analyses

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Protein & Cell 2015年第5期6卷 373-385页

作者： Xiao Chen Xiaolu Zhao Xiaohui Liu alan Warren Fangqing Zhao Miao Miao College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Ciliates are one of the oldest living eukaryotic unicellular organisms, widely distributed in the waters around the world. As a typical marine oligotrich ciliate, Strombidium sulcatum plays an important role in marine food webs and energy flow. Here we report the first deep se- quencing and analyses of RNA-Seq data from Strombidium sulcatum. We generated 42,640 unigenes with an N50 of 1,451 bp after de novo assembly and removing rRNA, mitochondrial and bacteria contaminants. We employed SPOCS to detect orthologs from S. sulcatum and 17 other ciliates, and then carried out the phyloge- nomic reconstruction using 127 single copy orthologs. In phylogenomic analyses, concatenated trees have similar topological structures with concordance tree on the class level. Together with phylogenetic networks analysis, it aroused more doubts about the placement of Protocruzia, Mesodinium and Myrionecta. While epi- plasmic proteins are known to be related to morphological characteristics, we found the potential relationship between gene expression of epiplasmic proteins and morphological characteristics. This work supports the use of high throughput approaches for phylogenomic analysis as well as correlation analysis between expression level of target genes and morphological characteristics.

关键词： Strombidium protozoa transcriptome,non-model ciliate phylogenomic analysis