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Technical challenges in tackling regulatory concerns for urban atmospheric nanoparticles

Particuology 2011年第6期9卷 566-571页

作者： Prashant Kumar alan robins Sotiris Vardoulakis Paul Quincey Division of Civil Chemical and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences(FEPS)University of Surrey Environmental Flow(EnFlo)Research Centre FEPSUniversity of Surrey Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental HazardsHealth Protection Agency Analytical Science Division National Physical Laboratory

Recent Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicle emission standards are the first ever initiative to control particles on a number basis at the source. Related standards are also desirable for ambient nanoparticles （taken in this article to be those below 300 rim） to protect against possible adverse effects on public health and the environment. However, there are a number of technical challenges that need to be tackled before developing a regulatory framework for atmospheric nanoparticles. Some of the challenges derive from a lack of standardisation of the key measurement parameters, including sampling, necessary for robust evaluation of particle number concentrations, especially in the context of insufficient knowledge of the physicochemical characteristics of emerging sources （i.e. bio-fuel derived and manufactured nanoparti- cles）. Ideally, ambient concentrations of primary particles could be linked to primary particle emissions by use of nanoparticle dispersion models, and secondary nanoparticles using photochemical modeling tools. The limitations in these areas are discussed. Although there is inadequate information on the exact biological mechanism through which these particles cause harm, it is argued that this should not in itself delay the introduction of regulation. This article reviews the missing links between the existing knowledge of nanoparticle number concentrations and the advances required to tackle the technical challenges implied in developing regulations.

关键词： Airborne and manufactured nanoparticles Particle number concentrations Size distributions Street canyons Ultrafine particles Vehicle emissions

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Aquablation in men with benign prostate hyperplasia:A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Current Urology 2023年第1期17卷 68-76页

作者： David C.Chen Liang Qu Howard Webb Kirby Qin Bodie Chislett alan Xue Sari Khaleel Manuel De Jesus Escano Eric Chung Ahmed Adam Damien Bolton Marlon Perera Department of Surgery University of MelbourneAustin HealthMelbourneAustralia Young Urology Researchers Organisation(YURO) MelbourneAustralia Urology Service School of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA Research Department Universidad IberoamericanaSanto DomingoDominican Republic Princess Alexandra Hospital WoolloongabbaBrisbaneAustralia Division of Urology Department of SurgeryFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandSchool of Clinical MedicineJohannesburgSouth Africa

Objective:The aim of the study is to investigate improvements in lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)treated with prostatic *** and methods:We performed a literature search of clinical trials using the MEDLINE,Embase,and Cochrane Library databases and retrieved published works on Aquablation for the treatment of BPH up to August *** works,case reports,conference proceedings,editorial comments,and letters were *** of bias was assessed using the robins-I *** means and mean differences were meta-analyzed to produce summary estimates for pre-versus post-international Prostate Symptom Scores,maximum flow rate,and male sexual health questionnaire value *** inverse-variance weighted random effects model was ***:Seven studies were included in this review(n=551 patients)that evaluated various urological *** 3 months,the International Prostate Symptom Scores raw mean difference from baseline was-16.475(95%confidence interval[CI],-15.264 to-17.686;p<0.001),with improvements sustained for 12 ***,maximum flow rate improved by+1.96(95%CI,10.015 to 11.878;p<0.001)from pre to 3 months *** addition,the male sexual health questionnaire change pooled effect size was-0.55(95%CI,-1.621 to 0.531;p=0.321)from preintervention to postintervention at 3 ***-analyses of some outcomes showed large statistical heterogeneity or evidence of publication ***:Aquablation seems to improve lower urinary tract symptoms in men with BPH while providing relatively preserved sexual *** research is required to confirm these preliminary results.

关键词： Benign prostatic hyperplasia Prostate Aquablation Meta-analysis

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