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Quantitative Comparative Study of the Performance of Lossless Compression Methods Based on a Text Data Model

Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第7期14卷 1944-1962页

作者： Namogo Silué Sié Ouattara Mouhamadou Dosso alain clément Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Communication et de lInformation (LSTCI) Institut National Polytechnique Houphout Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Institut National Polytechnique Houphout Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire UFR Mathmatique-Informatique Ecole Doctorale Sciences-Technologie et Agriculture Durable (ED STAD) Universit Felix Houphout-Boigny (UFHB) Abidjan Cte dIvoire Ecole de Gomatique et du Territoire (EGT) Abidjan Cte dIvoire LARIS SFR MATHSTIC Universit dAngers Angers France

Data compression plays a key role in optimizing the use of memory storage space and also reducing latency in data transmission. In this paper, we are interested in lossless compression techniques because their performance is exploited with lossy compression techniques for images and videos generally using a mixed approach. To achieve our intended objective, which is to study the performance of lossless compression methods, we first carried out a literature review, a summary of which enabled us to select the most relevant, namely the following: arithmetic coding, LZW, Tunstall’s algorithm, RLE, BWT, Huffman coding and Shannon-Fano. Secondly, we designed a purposive text dataset with a repeating pattern in order to test the behavior and effectiveness of the selected compression techniques. Thirdly, we designed the compression algorithms and developed the programs (scripts) in Matlab in order to test their performance. Finally, following the tests conducted on relevant data that we constructed according to a deliberate model, the results show that these methods presented in order of performance are very satisfactory:- LZW- Arithmetic coding- Tunstall algorithm- BWT + RLELikewise, it appears that on the one hand, the performance of certain techniques relative to others is strongly linked to the sequencing and/or recurrence of symbols that make up the message, and on the other hand, to the cumulative time of encoding and decoding.

关键词： Arithmetic Coding BWT Compression Ratio Comparative Study Compression Techniques Shannon-Fano Huffman Lossless Compression LZW Performance Redundancy RLE Text Data Tunstall

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New Approach to Rock classification Based on Sparse Representations

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 145-158页

作者： Wognin Joseph Vangah Bi G. Théodore Toa Alico Nango Jerôme Ouattara Sie alain clément Unité de Recherche et d’expertise Numérique (UREN) Université Virtuelle de C&#244te d’Ivoire (UVCI) Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire UFR Sciences et technologique Département de Physique Université polytechnique de Man (UPM) Man C&#244te d’Ivoire classe Préparatoire des Grandes Ecoles (CPGE) Université de San Pédro (USP) San Pédro C&#244te d’Ivoire Institut National Polytechnique Houphouë t (INPHB) Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS) Institut Universitaire de Technologie (IUT) Université d’Angers Angers France

In geology, classification and lithological recognition of rocks plays an important role in the area of oil and gas exploration, mineral exploration and geological analysis. In other fields of activity such as construction and decoration, this classification makes sense and fully plays its role. However, this classification is slow, approximate and subjective. Automatic classification curbs this subjectivity and fills this gap by offering methods that reflect human perception. We propose a new approach to rock classification based on direct-view images of rocks. The aim is to take advantage of feature extraction methods to estimate a rock dictionary. In this work, we have developed a classification method obtained by concatenating four (4) K-SVD variants into a single signature. This method is based on the K-SVD algorithm combined with four (4) feature extraction techniques: DCT, Gabor filters, D-ALBPCSF and G-ALBPCSF, resulting in the four (4) variants named K-Gabor, K-DCT, KD-ALBPCSF and KD-ALBPCSF respectively. In this work, we developed a classification method obtained by concatenating four (4) variants of K-SVD. The performance of our method was evaluated on the basis of performance indicators such as accuracy with other 96% success rate.

关键词： Rock Recognition Dictionary Signature Color Texture K-SVD Variants KD-ALBPCSF Et KG-ALBPCSF

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Detection of Burned Areas through Spectral Indices Analysis of Sentinel-2A Satellite Images in the Abokouamékro Wildlife Reserve (Central, Côte D’Ivoire)

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 205-222页

作者： Bob Kouakou Kouadio Sié Ouattara alain clément Jean-Marc Gala Bi Zaouri Jean-Luc Kouadio Kouassi Jean-Luc Edouard Kouakou N’guessan Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Communication et de l’Information (LSTCI) Institut National Polytechnique Houphou&#235t Boigny (INP-HB) Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratoire des Sciences Agronomiques et Génie Rural Institut National Polytechnique Houphou&#235t Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire Ecole de Géomatique et du Territoire (EGT) Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire LARIS SFR MATHSTIC Université d’Angers Angers France Centre Universitaire de Recherche et d’application en Télédétection (CURAT) UFR des Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratoire de Botanique UFR Biosciences Université Félix Houphou&#235t Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

In Côte d’Ivoire, the recurring and unregulated use of bushfires, which cause ecological damage, presents a pressing concern for the custodians of protected areas. This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the dynamics of burnt areas within the Abokouamékro Wildlife Reserve (AWR) by employing the analysis of spectral indices derived from satellite imagery. The research methodology began with the calculation of mean indices and their corresponding spectral sub-indices, including NDVI, SAVI, NDWI, NDMI, BAI, NBR, TCW, TCG, and TCB, utilizing data from the Sentinel-2A satellite image dated January 17, 2022. Subsequently, a fuzzy classification model was applied to these various indices and sub-indices, guided by the degree of membership α, with the goal of effectively distinguishing between burned and unburned areas. Following the classification, the accuracies of the classified indices and sub-indices were validated using the coordinates of 100 data points collected within the AWR through GPS technology. The results revealed that the overall accuracy of all indices and sub-indices declines as the degree of membership α decreases from 1 to 0. Among the mean spectral indices, NDVI-mean, SAVI-mean, NDMI-mean exhibited the highest overall accuracies, achieving 97%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. These results closely mirrored those obtained by sub-indices using band 8 (NDVI-B8, SAVI-B8, and NDMI-B8), which yield respective overall accuracies of 93%, 92%, and 89%. At a degree of membership α = 1, the estimated burned areas for the most effective indices encompassed 2144.38 hectares for NDVI-mean, 1932.14 hectares for mean SAVI-mean, and 4947.13 hectares for mean NDMI-mean. A prospective approach involving the amalgamation of these three indices could have the potential to yield improved outcomes. This study could be a substantial contribution to the discrimination of bushfires in Côte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Spectral Indices Wildfire Burned Areas Abokouamékro Wildlife Reserve Côte D’Ivoire

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Method of Estimation of Chemical Compounds of a Solution by Analysis of Video Images of Titration from a Semi-Automatic Approach

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2022年第6期12卷 1069-1082页

作者： Marcelin Sandje Sie Ouattara Diako Doffou Jerome alain clément Laboratory of Signals and Electrical Systems (L2SE)) Institut National Polytechnique Houphou&#235 t Boigny Yamoussoukro C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Institut National Polytechnique Houphouë t Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Ecole Supérieure des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (ESATIC) Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique et Télécommunication (LARIT) Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Institut Universitaire de Technologie d’Angers (IUT) Angers France

To titrate or measure a chemical species in a solution is to estimate its quantity of matter or its molar concentration in a given solution. Several methods of estimating molar concentrations of chemical species exist, the main ones being Colorimetric titration, Conductimetric titration, pH metric titration. In practice, all these methods present approximative results because the operator repeats the experiment to ensure the reliability of the results. As a consequence, we have a prolonged time of the experiment which involves a cost in reagents. Given the repetitions of the same experiment, the final result is the average of the results of each experiment. The aim of this paper is to correct this subjectivity by implementing a semi-automatic approach based on colorimetric titration. At the end of the implementation of our approach, we compared our results to those of existing techniques. These results show the reliability of the calculation by the semi-automatic method. This method of estimating the volume at equivalence is fast because it is not manual and does not involve the use of geometric measuring instruments to find the volume at equivalence. This method improves the manual calculation of the volume at equivalence used in the laboratories in school and student environment.

关键词： Titration Turning Equivalence Point Volume at Equivalence

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Unsupervised Segmentation Method of Multicomponent Images based on Fuzzy Connectivity Analysis in the Multidimensional Histograms

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Engineering（科研） 2011年第3期3卷 203-214页

作者： Sié Ouattara Georges Laussane Loum alain clément 不详

Image segmentation denotes a process for partitioning an image into distinct regions, it plays an important role in interpretation and decision making. A large variety of segmentation methods has been developed;among them, multidimensional histogram methods have been investigated but their implementation stays difficult due to the big size of histograms. We present an original method for segmenting n-D (where n is the number of components in image) images or multidimensional images in an unsupervised way using a fuzzy neighbourhood model. It is based on the hierarchical analysis of full n-D compact histograms integrating a fuzzy connected components labelling algorithm that we have realized in this work. Each peak of the histo- gram constitutes a class kernel, as soon as it encloses a number of pixels greater than or equal to a secondary arbitrary threshold knowing that a first threshold was set to define the degree of binary fuzzy similarity be- tween pixels. The use of a lossless compact n-D histogram allows a drastic reduction of the memory space necessary for coding it. As a consequence, the segmentation can be achieved without reducing the colors population of images in the classification step. It is shown that using n-D compact histograms, instead of 1-D and 2-D ones, leads to better segmentation results. Various images were segmented;the evaluation of the quality of segmentation in supervised and unsupervised of segmentation method proposed compare to the classification method k-means gives better results. It thus highlights the relevance of our approach, which can be used for solving many problems of segmentation.

关键词： Multicomponent Images Unsupervised Segmentation n-D Histogram Fuzzy Connected Components Labelling n-D Compact Histogram Evaluation of Segmentation Quality

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Performance of a New Method of Multicomponent Images Segmentation in the Presence of Noise

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Engineering（科研） 2011年第11期3卷 1082-1089页

作者： Sié Ouattara Olivier Asseu alain clément Bertrand Vigouroux 不详

Any undesirable signal limiting to a degree or another the integrity and the intelligibility of a useful signal can be considered as noise. In the general rule, the good performance of a system is assured only if the level of power of the useful signal exceeds by several orders of magnitude that of the noise (signal to noise of a several tens of decibels). However certain elaborate methods of treatment allow working with very low signal to noise ratio in an optimal way any a priori knowledge available on the signal useful to interpret. In this work, we evaluate the robustness of the noise on a new method of multicomponent image segmentation developed recently. Two types of additional noises are considered, which are the Gaussian noise and the uniform noise, with varying correlation between the different components (or planes) of the image. Quantitative results show the influence of the noise level on the segmentation method.

关键词： Multicomponent Images Segmentation n-D Compact Histogram Additional Noise Gaussian Noise Uniform Noise Correlated Noise

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Study of a Kit of GSM Radio Operator Site for Event-Driven Movable Coverage: Application to the Deployment of a Site of the Orange Operator in Ivory Coast

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2011年第11期4卷 744-755页

作者： Sié Ouattara Georges Laussane Loum Koné Adama alain clément 不详

The mobile communication is nowadays one of the basic needs of humanity. It is essential to the flourishing of human beings. Considering this reality, the need to use its mobile phone is become more important and diversified. The subscribers of the various mobile telephone operators are increasingly demanding. This situation poses the problems of the cover mobile network to the operators and leads them to opt for several solutions and investments. The mobile operators in order to satisfy their customers use a policy of pushing the limits of network coverage in time and space for festive moments in targeted zones. Thus, we have conducted a study on the topic: study of a kit of GSM radio site for event-driven movable coverage. This work is applied to GSM (Global system mobile) network of the operator Orange-Ci, leader of mobile telephony in Ivory Coast. We thus proceeded under investigation initially of the various aspects of the ordinary sites (motionless radio site) which are already deployed with Orange-Ci in order to impregnate us infrastructures and equipment used. This study revealed us that a radio site comprises 4 parts: infrastructures, installations and energy equipments, installations and radio equipments, and installations and equipment of transmission. After the first analysis, we made a study of the movable site. The study of the movable site enabled us to see the various possible solutions to fulfill the basic functions of a movable radio site. After analysis we retained that our radio site will be built on a truck on which a mast of 25 m maximum length for the antennas will be embarked, it will be fed by a generator also embarked on the truck and the solution of transmission selected is the transmission by satellite more precisely technology VSAT. We choose the various equipments (radio, transmission, energy) according to features which we defined to constitute the kit of movable radio site.

关键词： Movable GSM Radio Site Deployment Kit Movable Coverage Even-Driven Generator Battery

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Analysis of the Relevance of Evaluation Criteria for Multicomponent Image Segmentation

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2011年第6期4卷 371-378页

作者： Sié Ouattara Georges Laussane Loum alain clément Bertrant Vigouroux 不详

Image segmentation is an important stage in many applications such as image, video and computer processing. Generally image interpretation depends on it. The materials and methods used to demonstrate are described. The results are presented and analyzed. Several approaches and algorithms for image segmentation have been developed, but it is difficult to evaluate the efficiency and to make an objective comparison of different segmentation methods. This general problem has been addressed for the evaluation of a segmentation result and the results are available in the literature. In this work, we first presented some criteria of evaluation of segmentation commonly used in image processing with reviews of their models. Then multicomponent synthetic images of known composition are applied to these criteria to explore the operation and evaluate its relevance. The results show that choosing an assessment method depends on the purpose, however the criterion of Zeboudj appears powerful for the evaluation of region segmentations for properly separated classes, on the contrary the criteria of Levine-Nazif and Borsotti are adapted to the methods of classification and permit to build homogeneous regions or classes. The values of the Rosenbeger criterion are generally low and similar, so hard to make a comparison of segmentations with this criterion.

关键词： Quality of Segmentation Multicomponent Images Supervised and Unsupervised Evaluation Synthetic Images Metric

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A Local Binary Pattern-Based Method for Color and Multicomponent Texture Analysis

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Journal of Signal and Information Processing 2020年第3期11卷 58-73页

作者： Yao Taky Alvarez Kossonou alain clément Bouchta Sahraoui Jérémie Zoueu Laboratoire d’Instrumentation Image et Spectroscopie (L2IS) Institut National Polytechnique-Felix Houphou&eumlt Boigny Yamoussoukro C&ocircte d’Ivoire Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS) Université d’Angers Institut Universitaire de Technologie 4 Bd Lavoisier Angers Cedex France Institut des Sciences et Technologies Moléculaires d’Angers (MOLTECH ANJOU) UMR CNRS 6200 Université d’Angers 2 Bd Lavoisier Angers Cedex 2 France

Local Binary Patterns (LBPs) have been highly used in texture classification for their robustness, their ease of implementation and their low computational cost. Initially designed to deal with gray level images, several methods based on them in the literature have been proposed for images having more than one spectral band. To achieve it, whether assumption using color information or combining spectral band two by two was done. Those methods use micro structures as texture features. In this paper, our goal was to design texture features which are relevant to color and multicomponent texture analysis without any assumption. Based on methods designed for gray scale images, we find the combination of micro and macro structures efficient for multispectral texture analysis. The experimentations were carried out on color images from Outex databases and multicomponent images from red blood cells captured using a multispectral microscope equipped with 13 LEDs ranging from 375 nm to 940 nm. In all achieved experimentations, our proposal presents the best classification scores compared to common multicomponent LBP methods. 99.81%, 100.00%, 99.07% and 97.67% are maximum scores obtained with our strategy respective

关键词： Multispectral Images Local Binary Patterns (LBP) Texture Analysis Rotation Invariance Illumination Variation Blurring Invariance

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Stepping up after spinal cord injury:negotiating an obstacle during walking

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 1919-1929页

作者： alain Frigon Charly G.Lecomte Department of Pharmacology-Physiology Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversitéde SherbrookeCentre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada

Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate *** spinal cord injury,stepping over an obstacle becomes *** over an obstacle requires sensorimotor transformations in several structures of the brain,including the parietal cortex,premotor cortex,and motor *** information and planning are transformed into motor commands,which are sent from the motor cortex to spinal neuronal circuits to alter limb trajectory,coordinate the limbs,and maintain *** spinal cord injury,bidirectional communication between the brain and spinal cord is disrupted and animals,including humans,fail to voluntarily modify limb trajectory to step over an ***,in this review,we discuss the neuromechanical control of stepping over an obstacle,why it fails after spinal cord injury,and how it recovers to a certain extent.

关键词： biomechanics locomotion neurophysiology obstacle negotiation spinal cord injury

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