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Aims and First Assessments of the French Hydrogen Pathways Project HyFrance3

Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2012年第1期6卷 34-40页

作者： alain le duigou Marie-Marguerite Quemere Pierre Marion Philippe Menanteau Pascal Houel LaureSinegre Lionel Nadau Aline Rastetter Aude Cuni Philippe Mulard Loic Antoine Thierry Alleau I-Tese CEA Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex 91191 France Departement EPI-ECUELleS EDF R＆D Moret Sur Loing Cedex 77818 France IFP Energies nouvelles 1 et 4 avenue de Bois Preau Rueil Malmaison Cedex 92852 France lePII Universit# de Grenoble - CNRS Grenoble Cedex 9 BP 47 38040 France DRI GDF SUEZ 361 av du pdt WILSON Saint Denis La Plaine Cedex BP 33 93211 France ALPHEA EURODEV CENTER 4 rue Jules Verne Eurozone Forbach 57600 France AIR LIQUIDE 1 chemin de la porte des loges Jouy-en-Josas BP 126 78354 France TOTAL RAFFINAGE MARKETING La Defense 10 Paris la Defense Cedex 92069 France ADEME 20 avenue du Gresille Angers Cedex 01 BP 90406 49004 France AFH2 28 rue Saint Dominique Paris 75007 France

The HyFrance Group was originally formed in France to support the European project HyWays, by providing （former projects HyFrancel and HyFrance2） the French data and possible hydrogen pathways according to national specificities. HyFrance3 is a new project that focuses on the economic competitiveness of different steps of the hydrogen chain, from the production to end usage, at the time horizon of 2030 in France. The project is coordinated by CEA with the other partners being： ADEME （co-funding）, AFH2, CNRS, IFP, Air Liquide, EdF, GdF Suez, TOTAL, ALPHEA. The project is divided into 4 sub-projects, that address present and future French hydrogen industrial markets for chemical ＆ refinery uses, the analysis of the interplay between wind energy production and storage of hydrogen for different automotive requirements （refuelling stations, BtL plants, H2/NG mix）, massive hydrogen storage to balance various offer and demand characteristics, and the supply network （pipeline option competitiveness vs. trucked in supply） to distribute hydrogen in a French region for automotive applications. Technical and economical issues, as well as GHG emissions, are addressed.

关键词： HyFrance hydrogen industrial techno-economy storage wind energy infrastructure.

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Supervised learning Method: Critical Analysis and Updating of Cubing Rate Formulas for Determining Bark Masses of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae) in Cameroon

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Open Journal of Forestry 2024年第3期14卷 346-368页

作者： Armand Ndedy Bile alain Mpouam Benoit Fouadjio Lorette Guedeu Kambale Muhesi Steve Tassiamba Paulette Kouam Eric Wete Marius Ela Michèle Yimga Joseph Ambara Louis Aimé Fono Jean Lagarde Betti Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science The University of Douala Douala Cameroon Department of Wood and Forest Sciences ISABEE University of Bertoua Bertoua Cameroon Department of Water and Forests Higher Institute of Agronomic Veterinary and Forestry Studies of Butembo Butembo Democratic Republic of Congo Department of Forestry Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Biology and Plant Faculty of Sciences University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon Deutsche Gresellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) Bertoua Cameroon Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty of Science The University of Douala Douala Cameroon

The stem barks of Prunus africana are used in the treatment of the benign prostate. Cameroon is one of the important exporters of the barks. Despite the important measures adopted in Cameroon for sustaining its harvesting, some many chalenges still remain. The objective of this work is to refine the forest management parameters in relation to P. africana in the regions of Adamaoua and the South-West by developing a volume rate which makes it possible to estimate the production for a new stem. The work took place in two phases: in the South-West in 2010 and in Adamaoua in 2011. Data collection used the semi-direct method, while the cubing equation was deduced by the multiple linear regression method. Two models for volume estimation and three models for mass prediction were developed. The predictive parameters retained are diameter, height of the bole and thickness of the bark. Results show that the average mass of the dry bark for a given P. africana tree species is 27.55 ± 14.44 kg and this varies according to the site. The strong adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) observed illustrates the reliability of the proposed models. These models provide a reliable tool that can be adopted as a standard in Cameroon for P. africana.

关键词： Prunus africana Prostate Quota Mass Model Sustainable Management

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Mass Screening Using Antigenic and Molecular Diagnostic Tests of COVID-19 in Bangui at the Beginning of the Second Wave in July 2021

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2024年第1期12卷 1-12页

作者： Clotaire Donatien Rafaï Marie-Roseline Darnycka Belizaire Pierre Somse Wilfrid Sylvain Nambei Ernest Lango-Yaya Oscar Senzongo Luc Salva Hereidebona Ulrich Jeffrey Kotemossoua Rabbi Mermoz Senekian Simon Pounguinza Christian-Diamant Mossoro-Kpinde alain le Faou Jean De Dieu Longo François-Xavier Mbopi-Keou Gérard Grésenguet Boniface Koffi National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health Bangui Central African Republic Faculty of Health Sciences University of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic World Health Organization Bangui Central African Republic Ministry of Health and Population Bangui Central African Republic Faculty of Medicine Maieutic and Health Sciences University of Lorraine Pole Brabois Santé Nancy France Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroun

Objective: COVID-19 surveillance was established as early as March 2020 in the Central African Republic (CAR), after the WHO statement relating to the identification of several cases outside China. However, given the non-performing molecular biology technical platform in many developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the second wave promised to be surprising and formidable. In this context, a mass survey was launched in Bangui to determine the prevalence of COVID-19. Patients and Methods: From March 18 to April 2, 2021, a mass screening campaign took place in tourist places, companies and the main hospital infrastructures. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from participants with and without symptoms of Influenza-like illness (ILI) and stored in VTM tubes. The Ag (COVID-19) and RT-PCR tests were carried out in Bangui at the LNBCSP. The sequencing of RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 positives was carried out at the INRB. Results: We included 1480 participants of whom 33 (2.23%) were SARS-COV-2 positive, of whom 24 were male and 9 female. This sex difference was statistically significant (p = 0.012) as the sex ratio M/F was 1.09. Sampling sites located in the 1st arrondissement were the most prolific (p = 0.006) and were sequenced. In addition to the analysis of the 33 samples from the predefined sites under study, 17 control sequences from the provinces generated during the same period are added. We detected 2 Variants Of Concern (VOC) including the predominant B.1.620 (43.86%) followed by B.1.1.7 or Alpha (5.10%). Conclusion: The study showed the importance of surveillance and the availability of means of diagnosis of COVID-19. The identified risk factors were sex and sampling site. This study has shown the importance of setting up sentinel sites for COVID-19 surveillance in all regions of the country and the appropriate use of the anti-COVID-19 vaccine.

关键词： COVID-19 Variants Central African Republic

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High Urine Retention: Experience in a Series of Patients with Renal Failure Patients

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Open Journal of Urology 2024年第1期14卷 1-10页

作者： Cyrille Ze Ondo Abdoulaye Ndiath Amath Thiam Alioune Sarr Ndiaga Seck Ndour Ousmane Sow Babacar Sine Babacar Diao alain Khassim Ndoye Urology Department Aristide Le Dantec Hospital Dakar Senegal Urology Department Ouakam Military Hospital Dakar Senegal

Purpose: High urinary retention (HUR) can negatively impact renal function. Our study aimed to present the epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of HUR in a Senegalese academic hospital. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 70 patients with HUR associated with renal failure from January 2017 to December 2020. Parameters examined included: age, sex, coexisting conditions affecting renal function, clinical symptoms, diagnostic tests, causes of HUR, urinary diversion, and patient outcomes. Results: The average age was 66, with a majority of male patients (87%). Twenty-three patients had pre-existing medical conditions. Oligo-anuria was the most common reason for detecting HUR (70%). Half of the patients had an ECOG score ≥ 2. The mean creatinine level was 50.7 mg/l. Nineteen patients exhibited hydroelectrolytic disorders. Bacterial colonization was observed in 25 patients. Ultrasound and computed tomography were the most frequently performed imaging tests (100% and 62.8%, respectively). Sixty-seven patients had ureterohydronephrosis (UHN), with bilateral UHN in 88.6% of cases. Pelvic cancers (47.1%) were the primary cause of HUR, primarily bladder cancers (27.1%). Nephrostomy was the most common urinary drainage method (50%), particularly for obstructions due to pelvic cancer (88.6%). The majority of patients (52.8%) regained normal renal function after drainage. Nineteen deaths occurred among elderly patients with compromised general health. Conclusion: Urinary drainage significantly improved renal function for most patients. Pelvic cancer emerged as the leading cause of HUR. Nephrostomy was the predominant drainage method.

关键词： Kidney Urinary Retention Renal Failure Urinary Diversions Senegal

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Process conditions for preparing well-defined nano- and microparticles as delivery systems of alkyl gallates

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Particuology 2019年第3期17卷 105-116页

作者： Asma Chebil Denis Funfschilling Jean-Luc Six Cécile Nouvel alain Durand Michèle Léonard Universite de Lorraine CNRS LCPM F-54000 Nancy France Universite de Lorraine CNRS LRGP F-54000 Nancy France Universite de Strasbourg CNRS ICube F-67000 Strasbourg France

Dextran-covered poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) nano-and microparticles were prepared using an emulsion/solvent evaporation (or diffusion) process for the encapsulation of alkyl gallates (AGs).In the first step,a solution of PLA and AG in ethyl acetate was emulsified to give an aqueous phase containing a hydrophobically modified dextran,which acted as a *** second step involved solvent evaporation or *** emulsification conditions were varied,which allowed for the preparation of nanoand microparticle suspensions covering a wide range of surface-average particle diameters from 0.1 μm (sonication) to 500 μm (stirring with a magnetic bar),with narrow and reproducible size *** microfluidic emulsification in a flow-focusing system led to well-defined microparticles,in the 10-50 μm *** loaded with octyl gallate (OG) and nonyl gallate (NG) were obtained using the three processes,and we showed that the encapsulation efficiency of OG and NG varied significantly depending on the emulsification *** effect of particle size on the mechanism of in vitro release of encapsulated AGs was *** kinetics of release were controlled either by Fickian diffusion within the solid core or swelling and hydrolytic degradation of the PLA matrix,depending on the pH of the external medium.

关键词： Emulsion/solvent evaporation Dextran Poly(D.L-lactide) Encapsulation Release Alkyl gallate

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Impact of a Mass Campaign on the Evolution of the Fourth Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Central African Republic

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2024年第3期12卷 142-150页

作者： Clotaire Donatien Rafaï Pierre Somse Wilfrid Sylvain Nambei Ernest Lango-Yaya Marie-Roseline Darnycka Belizaire Ulrich Vickos Narcisse Patrice Komas Oscar Senzongo Luc Salva Heredeibona Ulrich Jeffrey Kotemossoua Rabbi Mermoz Senekian Simon Pounguinza Jephté Estimé Kaleb Christian-Diamant Mossoro-Kpinde alain le Faou Jean De Dieu Longo Norbert Richard Ngbale Abdoulaye Sepou François-Xavier Mbopi-Keou Gérard Grésenguet Boniface Koffi National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health Bangui Central African Republic Faculty of Health Sciences University of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic Ministry of Health and Population Bangui Central African Republic World Health Organization Bangui Central African Republic Pasteur Institute of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic Faculty of Medicine Midwifery and Health Professions University of Lorraine Nancy France Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroun Community University Hospital Center of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic

Objective: In the context of increasing cases despite vaccination campaigns, a survey was conducted in the Bangui population from January 17 to 26, 2022, to evaluate the strains of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) circulating in a healthy population. Materials and methods: This study was conducted by taking nasopharyngeal samples from randomly selected volunteers. Antigen detection was performed systematically, and RT-PCR was done on the positive samples. Results and discussion: We collected 2,554 samples. Thirty were found RT-PCR positive (1.2%) and sent for viral genome sequencing. Twenty-eight SARS-Cov-2 strains belonged to the Omicron type, and only 2 to the Delta type. Conclusion: Thus, infections were uncommon in the tested population, but the presence of Omicron and Delta types raises concerns that vaccination may not be effective in fighting the virus, and newly designed vaccines should be implemented to better protect the population at risk of infection and reinfection by these variants.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Variants

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Choice of suitable regional and residual gravity maps, the case of the South-West Cameroon zone

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2019年第1期3卷 26-32页

作者： Fidèle Koumetio Donatien Njomo Constant Tatchum Noutchogwe Eric Ndoh Ndikum Sévérin Nguiya alain-Pierre Kamga Tokam Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Dschang Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Yaounde I Department of Physics ENS Bambili University of Bamenda Department of Fundamental Sciences H.T.T.T.C.Bambili-Bamenda University of Bamenda Department of Physics Faculty of Genial Engineering University of Douala

The quantitative interpretation of gravity anomalies due to shallow structures needs separation between long wavelength anomalies(regional anomalies) and short wavelength anomalies(residual anomalies).The regional-residual field separation can be carried out using the polynomial *** this case, the so-called regional field of order n is treated as a polynomial of degree *** present study shows that the degree n must vary between a smallest value n_(min) and a maximum value n_(max).This article presents a method to process gravity data that allows determination of n_(min) and n_(max) for a given study *** apply the method to gravity data of the South-West Cameroon *** this chosen study area, we find that regional anomaly maps of orders ranging from 1 to 9 and residual anomaly maps of orders ranging from 1 to 8 can be used for suitable *** analyses show that one may need residual anomaly maps of several orders to perform satisfactory quantitative interpretation of the different intrusive bodies found in a given area.

关键词： gravity regional anomaly residual anomaly upward continuation correlation factors intrusive body

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Epidemiology of School-Related Injuries in Belgium. A Better Knowledge for a Better Prevention

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014年第6期4卷 408-420页

作者： Christelle Senterre Michèle Dramaix alain levêque Research Centre of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Clinical Research School of Public Health Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium

The landmark Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children around the World have right to safe environment. In Belgium, as in many countries, children spend, on average, 4.5 weekdays at school, during nearly 8 hours per day. Studies have shown that, the risk of school-related injury exceeds the risk during leisure time. Literature reports that school accidents account for 10 to 30% of all accidents among pupils. Despite that, few papers treat of the school-related injuries. Consequently, based on 1540 accidents forms from an insurance company, injury places, mechanisms involved, body parts injured and nature of injuries were described. Head injuries, upper and lower limbs injuries were investigated in more details. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between the variables and multivariate logistic regression models were used to study the three specific types of injuries cited above. Gender ratio (M/F) was equal to 1.6 with 25.9% of children under 6 years, 29.4% of 6 - 9 years, 26.9% of 10 - 12 years and 17.8% from 13 years or more. The major places of injuries were the playground (56.9%) and the physical education (19.7%). Falls were observed in 52.1% of cases and contacts were reported in 24.3%. The head injuries account for 40.6%, the upper limbs for 32.0% and the lower limbs injuries for 20.2%. The bruises and the scratches were observed in 23.8% and the wounds in 21.5%. Fractures were reported in 16.1%. In conclusion, having a routine access to the data from the insurance companies could be an important source of information for an injury surveillance system in which the school injuries will be included. Taking into account this data will require an awareness of all the concerned persons about the relevance of such a system and a harmonization of the accidental forms.

关键词： School-Related Injuries Injury Determinants Cross-Sectional Survey Epidemiology

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2014年第2期4卷 89-114页

作者： Christelle Senterre alain levêque Danielle Piette Michèle Dramaix Research Centre of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Clinical Research School of Public Health Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium Research Centre of Social Approaches to Health School of Public Health Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium

Aims: Establish profiles of young “at risk” of injuries, first, on an overall point of view and, secondly, for some types of injuries (sport, home, road traffic, school and work injuries). Methods: We have taken nearly 50 variables into consideration: 17 variables for construction of the socioeconomic status, 9 variables for the investigation of symptoms, 11 concerning drugs, 5 for healthy habits, 3 for investigating the violence behavior, 4 concerning the school, 3 for subjective health and finally 3 for social network. We have used the principal component analysis, the multiple correspondence analysis and the weighted-frequency score for reducing the number of them. After these reductions, 15 variables were available for analyses. The relationship between injuries and investigated factors was assessed using the Pearson’s chi-square test. We also calculated odds ratio (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) to estimate the strengths of the associations. To further assess these relationships but also for taking into account the potentials confounding effects of some variables, logistic regression model and multinomial logistic regression model were applied. Results: The whole injury prevalence was equal to 45.6% and among the injured, the proportion of the several types was equal to 33.8% for sport injuries, 32.2% for home injuries, 16.6% for traffic injuries, 11.6% for school injuries and 5.7% for work injuries. We can say that, in light of the variables studied, the “at risk” profile for having reported an injury is being a boy, being younger, having drug experiences, with the violent profile, and declaring several symptoms. There are no consistent and marked deviations in this study from the findings obtained in previous studies. Conclusion: Analyzing injuries in general is interesting but for preventing them it is important to know in which activities children and students are engaged when they are injured.

关键词： Injuries Health Behavior Youth Epidemiology Cameroon

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Noise Feedback Coding Revisited:Refurbished legacy Codecs and New Coding Models

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ZTE Communications 2012年第2期10卷 34-44页

作者： Stéphane Ragot Balázs Kvesi alain le Guyader audiOvisual and sPEech foR quAlity(OPERA) Lab. Orange LabsLannionFrance

Noise feedback coding （NFC） has attracted renewed interest with the recent standardization of backward-compatible enhancements for ITU-T G.711 and G.722. It has also been revisited with the emergence of proprietary speech codecs, such as BV16, BV32, and SILK, that have structures different from CELP coding. In this article, we review NFC and describe a novel coding technique that optimally shapes coding noise in embedded pulse-code modulation （PCM） and embedded adaptive differential PCM （ADPCM）. We describe how this new technique was incorporated into the recent ITU-T G.711.1, G.711 App. III, and G.722 Annex B （G.722B） speech-coding standards.

关键词： speech coding noise shaping noise feedback coding G.711 G.722

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