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Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Honeybees and Its Antibacterial Potential

Open j.urnal of Medical Microbiology 2024年第1期14卷 77-92页

作者： akamu j. ewunkem Niore’s j.hnson A’lyiha F. Beard Ilunga Tshimanga Brittany j.stice j.ffery Meixner Department of Biological Sciences Winston Salem State University Winston Salem NC USA Department of Clinical Science and Laboratory Science Winston Salem State University Winston Salem NC USA

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are important pollinators of flowering plants and agricultural crops contributing annually to billions of dollars in revenues to crop production. Honeybees have an average lifespan between 8 weeks to 5 years. Dead honeybees are abundantly available in beehives and can be utilized as an alternative source to synthesize nanoparticles. In recent years, biologically synthesized nanoparticles have been preferred over their chemical counterparts. However, honeybee-based-green synthesis of nanoparticles has not been explored yet. Herein, we report the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from honeybees and its antibacterial activity. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was monitored visually through a gradual change in color. Furthermore, the biosynthesized nanoparticles were confirmed and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscope was utilized to analyze the average size and morphologies of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Subsequently, the antibacterial potential of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was tested against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. It was found that a distinct color change from yellow to brown in the reaction solution suggested the formation of silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited absorption maxima at 430 nm. The SEM analysis confirmed the spherical and cuboidal shape of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles with a size range between 10 - 40 nm. Furthermore, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antimicrobial potential against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains by aggregating on the cell surface. This study showcases the biomedical and agricultural applications of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from honeybee wings. .

关键词： Honeybee Bacteria Green Synthesis Nanoparticles Antimicrobial

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Rapid Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Reishi and Their Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms

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j.urnal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 2024年第3期15卷 51-63页

作者： akamu j. ewunkem T’nasia Priester Desia Williams Bailey Ariyon Ilunga Tshimanga Brittany j.stice Dinesh K. Singh Department of Biological Sciences Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem North Carolina USA

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field in biomedical engineering with references to efficiency, safety, and cost-effective approaches. Herein, the obj.ctive of this study was to examine an innovative approach to rapidly synthesis silver nanoparticles from an aqueous extract of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (also known as reishi). The structural and dimensional dispersion of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from reishi was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. Additionally, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from resihi were used to explore their potential antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results from this study revealed that the silver nanoparticles mediated by reishi adopted a spherical shape morphology with sizes, less than 100 nm and revealed strong absorption plasmon band at 440 nm. Furthermore, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from reishi exhibited antibacterial activity against the tested S. aureus and M. luteus and E. coli and K. pneumoniae by altering their morphology which signifies their biomedical potential.

关键词： Nanotechnology Reishi Nanoparticles Antimicrobial Green Synthesis

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Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Honeybees and Its Antibacterial Potential

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Open j.urnal of Medical Microbiology（医学微生物学） 2024年第1期 77页

作者： akamu j. ewunkem Niore’s j.hnson A’lyiha F. Beard Ilunga Tshimanga Brittany j.stice j.ffery Meixner

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Rapid Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Reishi and Their Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms

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j.urnal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology（生物材料与纳米技术） 2024年第3期 51页

作者： akamu j. ewunkem T’nasia Priester Desia Williams Bailey Ariyon Ilunga Tshimanga Brittany j.stice Dinesh K. Singh

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Electron Micrographic Representations of Mechanisms of Action of Murine Norovirus on ATCC TIB-71 Cells and Level of Gene Expression

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Advances in Microbiology 2023年第1期13卷 32-47页

作者： Uchenna B. Iloghalu Sara E. Miller akamu j. ewunkem j.nak R. Khatiwada Shurrita S. Davis Leonard L. Williams Department of Biology North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA Department of Biology Guilford College Greensboro USA Department of Pathology Duke University Durham USA Department of Biological Sciences Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem USA Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies Kannapolis North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA

Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the number one cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide resulting in a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. However, despite the medical relevance of HuNoV, effective treatment against norovirus infection is yet to be developed. In this study, we investigated the anti-Noroviral activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces and Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA) seeds using murine norovirus, a surrogate of human norovirus. The antiviral mechanisms of action were also examined using a gene expression studies and transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that virus-infected cells were left potentially void of all the cell machineries whereas uninfected cells represent healthy normal and dividing cells. The infected treated cells with extracts showed restoration of the dense cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, and the nucleus. These cells were also associated with the expression of ORF genes. This study demonstrates the antiviral properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces and Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA) and thus indicates their potential as natural remedies to treat noroviruses.

关键词： Norovirus Plant Extracts Transmission Electron Microscope Prevention/Control

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Treatment Effect of Various Concentration of Plant Extracts on Murine Norovirus

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Advances in Microbiology 2022年第4期12卷 242-253页

作者： Uchenna Iloghalu Sara Miller akamu ewunkem j.nak Khatiwada Leonard Williams Department of Biology North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro NC USA Department of Pathology Duke University Durham NC USA Department of Biological Science Winston-Salem State University Winston Salem NC USA Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies Kannapolis North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro NC USA

Noroviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus that measures approximately 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It affects humans of all ages and races causing most cases of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection results from ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as causing diarrhea and vomiting in humans. Extracts from plants are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adhesive properties which are associated with barrier functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether plaque reduction was due to an effect of methanolic plant extract directly on the virus, whether the extract affects viral replication, and lastly, whether the extract disrupts the cell surface binding with the virus. The plant extracts of interest were the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) and the seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA). Antiviral activities of these extracts were determined against murine norovirus. The logarithmic viral reduction per plaque-forming unit was (22 log10) PFU/ml (control), (15 log10) PFU/ml (treated HS), and (12 log10) PFU/ml (treated ZA) with a significant reduction (68% and 55% respectively) when compared with the control for the direct effect on the virus. The role of extracts on virus replication showed (25 log10) PFU/ml (control) as against the HS treated-virus-infected cells (9 log10) PFU/ml and ZA treated-virus-infected cells (5 log10) PFU/ml (36% and 20% respectively). Finally, effect of the extract on the viral attachment showed (31 log10) PFU/ml (control), (12 log10) (HS-treated) and (9 log10) PFU/ml (ZA-treated), (39% and 29% respectively. Extract treatment with HS and ZA has shown evidence of a reduced number of plaques formation with the latter having fewer plaques. Both extracts have proven potential to reduce the viral multiplication process by interfering with the replication process. This study shows that Hibisc

关键词： Norovirus Zanthoxylum Armatum Hibiscus Sabdariffa Plant Extracts Plaque Formation Viral Reduction

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Comparing the Impact of a Neonicotinoid and Biorational Agroneem on Herbivorous and Beneficial Arthropods on Cowpea and Tomato

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j.urnal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2014年第7期4卷 585-596页

作者： j.de akamu ewunkem Louis Ernest Ndiva j.ckai Henry Osofuhene-Sintim Beatrice Nuck Dingha Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro 27411 NC USA Department of Family and Consumer Sciences North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro27411 NC USA

Cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） and tomato （Lycopersicum esculentum L. Karst） are attacked by a wide range of insect pests worldwide. In many cases, pesticides are used to control the pests. In 2010 and 2011, we conducted field experiments to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a biorational （Agroneem~） and conventional pesticide （imidacloprid or thiamethoxam） on insect pests of these crops. In the first year, two varieties of cowpea （Mississippi Silver and Pinkeye Purple Hull） and two of tomato （Mariana and German j.hnson） were used; in the second year, the better performing of each group （Mississippi Silver and Mariana） were used for the study. A split-plot design with four replications in Year 1, and a randomized complete block design with six treatment combinations in Year 2. In the first year, both pesticide groups were applied following manufacturer＇s recommendation （10-14 d cycles）; and in the second year, the application of the pesticides was driven by economic thresholds level （ETL） of insect pests. The most prevalent species of insects recorded in both crops were in the families： Chrysomelidae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, Vespidae, Sarcophagidae, Thripidae and Sphingidae. In both years, the diversity of insects on cowpea was greater than on tomato and more insects were observed in the second year compared to the first, despite the absence of significant difference （P 〉 0.05） between varieties in the treated plots. The yield of cowpea and tomato was comparable in all sprayed plots.

关键词： Neonicotinoid biorational insecticide imidacloprid thiamethoxam cowpea tomato.

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Electron Micrographic Representations of Mechanisms of Action of Murine Norovirus on ATCC TIB-71 Cells and Level of Gene Expression

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Advances in Microbiology（微生物学） 2023年第1期

作者： Uchenna B.Iloghalu Sara E.Miller akamu j.ewunkem j.nak R.Khatiwada Shurrita S.Davis Leonard L.Williams

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