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RESOLVING HORIZONTAL CONSTRAINTS AND MINIMIZING NET WIRE LENGTH FOR MULTI-LAYER CHANNEL ROUTING

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RESOLVING HORIZONTAL CONSTRAINTS AND MINIMIZING NET WIRE LEN...

Synthesis of Polypyrrole Using Ammonium Peroxy Disulfate (APS) as Oxidant Together with Some Dopants for Use in Gas Sensors

计算机，通信，控制与电力工程国际会议

作者： Rajat k.Pal Alak k.Datta Sudebkumar P.Pal ajit Pal Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology kharagpur 721302 India Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology kharagpur 721302 India

The channel routing problem in VLSI design is to route a specified interconnection among modules in as small an area as possible. Hashimoto and Stevens[5]proposed an algorithm for solving the two-layer channel routing problem in the absence of vertical constraints. In this paper we analyze this algorithm in two different *** the first analysis we show that a graph theoretic realization, algorithm MCC1,runs in O（m + n + e） time,where m is the size of the channel specification of n nets and e is the size of the complement of the horizontal constraint *** the second analysis,algorithm MCC2,we show that a time complexity of O（m + n log n） can be *** MCCl and MCC2 guarantee optimum routing solutions under the multi-layer VH, i≥1 routing model,where the horizontal and vertical layers of interconnect alternate. Finally we consider the problem of minimizing the total net wire length in the VH,i≥1 routing *** a channel specification and a partition of the set of nets（where the nets within each part of the partition are non-overlapping）,we propose an O(m + d log d) time algorithm for minimizing the total net wire length subject to the condition that nets from a part of the partition are assigned to the same track. All our solutions use the minimum number of via holes.

关键词： VLSI layout design channel routing reserved layer Manhattan routing model channel density net wire length via hole

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2011年第10期2卷 1491-1498页

作者： Hemant k. Chitte Narendra V. Bhat Mr. ajit V. Gore Ganesh N. Shind 不详

Polypyrrole (Ppy) was synthesized using Ammonium Peroxy Disulfate (APS) as oxidant in a standard ratio of monomer to oxidants at 5℃. Attempts were made to increase the electrical conductivity by using various dopants viz. Lithium per Chlorate (LiClO4), para-Toluene Sulfonate (p-TS) and Napthalene Sulfonic acid (NSA). The materials were characterized using FTIR, X Ray diffraction and SEM. The electrical conductivity was measured by two probe method and was found to be in the range of 10-3 S/cm. Thin films of these preparations were casted on the interdigited electrodes to study the detection of gas such as ammonia. It was found that for the pure Ppy when ammonia gas was allowed to flow in, there was a sudden increase in the current, which decreased rapidly when gas was stopped. However when Ppy doped with p-TS, NSA and LiClO4, the trend was reversed.

关键词： Polypyrrole Structure Doping Gas Sensor Ammonia

A prospective longitudinal study for latent tuberculosis infection in hospital in Beijing evaluating a T-cell-based assay health-care workers in a general

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Chinese Medical Journal 2013年第11期126卷 2039-2044页

作者： ZHANG Li-fan LIU Xiao-qing ZHANG Yao DENG Guo-hua Manish Pareek ajit Lalvani Department of Infectious Diseases Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100730 China Clinical Epidemiology Unit Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100730 China

Background The health-care workers （HCWs） are at high risk of acquiring infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objectives of this study were to compare the performance of the *** and tuberculin skin test （TST） for latent tuberculosis infection （LTBI）, evaluate diagnostic concordance and risk factors for LTBI, and observe the progression to active tuberculosis （TB） disease among HCWs in a general hospital in Beijing. Methods The prospective cohort study enrolled HCWs in a tertiary general hospital in Beijing, China, to evaluate LTBI with *** and TST. The subjects were evaluated every 12 months during the 60-month follow-up. Results Of 101 participating HCWs, 96 and 101 had valid TST and *** results, respectively. Twenty-nine （28.7%, 95% confidence interval （C/）, 19.9%-37.5%） were defined as positive by *** and 53 （55.2%, 95% CI, 45.2%-64.9%） were defined as positive by TST （using a ≥10 mm cutoff）. An agreement between the two tests was poor （57.3%, k=0.18, 95% CI, 0.01%-0.52%）. In multJvariate analysis, direct exposure to sputum smear-positive TB patients was a significant risk factor for a positive *** （OR 5.76; 95% CI 1.38-24.00）. Pooled frequency of antigen- specific IFN-y secreting T-cells for subjects who reported direct contact with sputum smear-positive TB patients was significantly higher than that for participants without direct contact （P=0.045）. One of 20 participants with positive result of *** and TST developed active TB at 24-month *** *** is a more accurate, targeted method of diagnosing LTBI than TST.

关键词： T-SPOT.TB latent tuberculosis infection tuberculin skin test exposure follow-up study

Electrical Conductivity, Magnetoconductivity and Dielectric Behaviour of (Mg,Ni)-Ferrite below Room Temperature

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2010年第4期1卷 177-186页

作者： Somenath Ghatak ajit kumar Meikap Manika Sinha Swapan kumar Pradhan Department of Physics National Institute of Technology Deemed University Durgapur India

We report a comprehensive study of electrical transport properties of stoichiometric (Mg,Ni)-ferrite in the temperature range 77 ≤ T ≤ 300k, applying magnetic field upto 1T in the frequency range 20 Hz-1 MHz. After ball milling of MgO, NiO and ?-Fe2O3 and annealing at 1473k, a (Mg,Ni)-ferrite phase is obtained. The temperature dependency of dc resistivity indicates the prevalence of a simple hopping type charge transport in all the investigated samples. The activation energy decreases by annealing the samples by 1473k. The dc magnetoresistivity of the samples is positive, which has been explained by using wave function shrinkage model. The frequency dependence of conductivity has been described by power law and the frequency exponent ‘s’ is found to be anomalous temperature dependent for ball milling and annealing samples. The real part of the dielectric permittivity at a fixed frequency was found to follow the power law ?/(f,T) ? Tn. The magnitude of the temperature exponent ‘n’ strongly depends on milling time and also on annealing temperature. The dielectric permittivity increases with milling and also with annealing. An analysis of the complex impedance by an ideal equivalent circuit indicates that the grain boundary contribution is dominating over the grain contribution in conduction process.

关键词： Ferrites Chemical Synthesis X-Ray Scattering Transport Properties

Enhanced Ferroelectric and Converse Piezoelectric Properties of Dense Lead-Free Na0.4k0.1Bi0.5TiO3Ceramics for Actuator Applications

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Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 2019年第1期9卷 1-10页

作者： N.Shara Sowmya Pravin Varade Narayanan Venkataramani ajit R.kulkarni Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science Indian Institute of Technology BombayMumbaiIndia

In this work, lead-free Na0.4Bi0.5 TiO3-k0.1Bi0.5TiO3 (NkBT) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method and their structural, ferroelectric and dielectric properties were systematically studied. NkBT sintered at 1150℃ for 4 h exhibited highly dense (96% - 98% of the theoretical density) and uniform grains of size 1.1 μm. The coexistence of tetragonal (P4bm) and rhombohedral (R3c) phases due to the presence of morphotrophic phase boundary for the chosen composition has been confirmed by the Rietveld refinement studies. Enhanced ferroelectric properties such as remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive field (EC) are found to be 37 μC/cm2 and 30 kV/cm, respectively. The optimized synthesis procedure for NkBT ceramics resulted in enhanced strain (%) and converse piezoelectric coefficient (d33*) of 0.3 % and 554 pm/V which is attributed to smaller grain size and switching of non 180o domains. NkBT ceramics with such excellent piezoelectric properties can be considered as a promising candidate for actuator applications.

关键词： Lead-Free Piezoelectric Morphotropic Phase Boundary Converse Piezoelectric Coefficient Actuator

Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of substituted 3-(3'-indolyl-/3'-pyridyl)-isoxazolidines and bis-indoles

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2012年第1期2卷 32-41页

作者： Vishal Sharma Raman kalia Tilak Raj Vivek k.Gupta Nitasha Suri ajit k.Saxena Deepak Sharma Surinderjit S.Bhella Gurpinder Singh Mohan Paul S.Ishar Bio-Organic and Photochemistry Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar 143005India Pharmacology Division Indian Institute of Integrative MedicineJammu 180001India Post-Graduate Department of Physics University of JammuJammu Tawi 180006India

Regio-and stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of C-(3-indolyl)-N-phenylnitrone(10)were carried out with different mono-substituted,disubstituted and cyclic dipolarophiles under mono-mode microwave irradiation to obtain substituted 3-(indol-30-yl)-N-phenyl-isoxazolidines(16–22).Reactions of nitrone(10)with allenic esters under similar conditions afforded,via a domino process,bis-indole derivatives(23a–c)along with compounds 24 and ***,reactions of C-(3-pyridyl)-N-phenylnitrone(26)with mono-substituted,disubstituted and cyclic dipolarophiles were carried out in refluxing dry toluene to obtain substituted 3-(30-pyridyl)-Nphenylisoxazolidines(27–34).Some of the compounds(16f,18b,23a,23c,27c and 29f)display significant cytotoxicity against a number of human cancer cell lines.

关键词： 3-Indolylisoxazolidines 3-Pyridylisoxazolidines Bis-indoles 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions Modified nucleosides Cytotoxic activity

Direct and Alternate Current Conductivity and Magnetoconductivity of Nanocrystalline Cadmium-Zinc Ferrite below Room Temperature

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2011年第4期2卷 226-236页

作者： Somenath Ghatak Goutam Chakraborty Monika Sinha Swapan kumar Pradhan ajit kumar Meikap 不详

Nanocrystalline cadmium-zinc ferrite samples were prepared by ball milling method and its electrical transport property were investigated within a temperature range 77 k ≤ T ≤ 300 k in presence of a magnetic field up to 1T and in a frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The investigated samples follow a simple hopping type charge transport. The dc magnetoconductivity has been explained in terms of orbital magnetoconductivity theory. The alternating current conductivity follows the universal dielectric response σ'/(f) ∝ Tnfs. The values of ‘s’ have a decreasing trend with temperature. The temperature exponent ‘n’ depends on frequency. The dielectric permittivity of the samples depends on the grain resistance and interfacial grain boundary resistance. The ac magnetoconductivity is positive which can be explained in terms of impedance of the sample.

关键词： Nanostructures X-ray Diffraction Electrical Properties Dielectric Properties

Transoral robotic surgery for adult parapharyngeal lymphangioma:A case report

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2023年第2期10卷 23-29页

作者： Surender Dabas Nandini N Menon Reetesh Ranjan Bikas Gurung Himanshu Shukla Ashwani k Sharma Sukirti Tiwari ajit Sinha Sahibinder Singh Bhatti Rishu Sangal Department of Surgical Oncology BLK MAX Superspeciality HospitalDelhi 110007India Department of Pathology BLK MAX Superspeciality HospitalDelhi 110007India Department of Radiology BLK MAX Superspeciality HospitalDelhi 110007India

BACkGROUND Lymphangiomas are a group of benign swellings which are commonly seen in *** most common sites of presentation is the head and neck region,less commonly seen in axilla,chest,liver,spleen,*** ideal modality of treatment has always been surgical excision irrespective of the site and age *** with the advent of minimally invasive surgical techniques,it is now possible to perform excision of parapharyngeal space lesions with minimal morbidity and good *** SUMMARY A 42-year-old male patient who presented with difficulty in swallowing and had undergone surgery twice outside,where Transcervical approach was attempted to remove the parapharyngeal mass,but *** resonance imaging scan demonstrated a 6 cm x 5 cm x 4 cm left parapharyngeal *** underwent transoral robotic surgery for the excision of the parapharyngeal lesion and had an uneventful post-operative *** Lymphangiomas are hamartomatous swellings which are benign in *** symptoms of the patient with large parapharyngeal mass include dysphagia,dyspnoea and neck *** evaluation is of utmost importance to determine the adjacent vital structures and the approach to the *** the advent of robotics in oncology,transoral robotic excision is one of the best approaches to perform such a surgery.

关键词： Lymphangioma Parapharyngeal space lesions Transoral robotic surgery for parapharyngeal space mass Case report

2010年世界胃肠病学组织关于炎症性肠病诊断和治疗的实践指南

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胃肠病学 2010年第9期15卷 548-558页

作者： Charles N.Bernstein Michael Fried J.H.krabshuis Henry Cohen R.Eliakim Suleiman Fedail Richard Gearry k.L.Goh Saheed Hamid Aamir Ghafor khan A.W.LeMair Malfertheiner Qin Ouyang J.F.Rey ajit Sood Flavio Steinwurz Ole O.Thomsen Alan Thomson Gillian Watermeyer 杨钊斌杨川华钱本余

炎症性肠病(IBD)是一组特发性、慢性、炎症性肠道疾病状态,包括两种主要类型:克罗恩病(CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(UC),两者的临床和病理特征既有重叠又有区别。IBD过去常见于发达国家,近几十年,发展中国家的患病率逐步上升。本指南就IBD诊断和... 详细信息

炎症性肠病(IBD)是一组特发性、慢性、炎症性肠道疾病状态,包括两种主要类型:克罗恩病(CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(UC),两者的临床和病理特征既有重叠又有区别。IBD过去常见于发达国家,近几十年,发展中国家的患病率逐步上升。本指南就IBD诊断和治疗方面提出的独特议题在当前的文献和指南中几乎从未被提及。由于各地区的IBD临床特点差异较大,因此根据患者的主诉诊断IBD或评估疾病活动度需随地区的变化而变化。同样,治疗亦应根据疾病的分类和当地医疗资源进行调整。世界胃肠病学组织根据世界各国医疗资源的差异,采用级联方法制订了IBD的诊疗指南。

关键词：炎症性肠病克罗恩病溃疡性结肠炎实践指南级联