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The “Brain Drain”: Factors influencing physician migration to Canada

Health 2013年第1期5卷 125-137页

作者： aisha Lofters morgan Slater Naomi Thulien Department of Family and Community medicine St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto Cnada Department of Family and Community medicine University of Toronto Toronto Canada Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing University of Toronto Toronto Canada

Context: Higher income countries have an average physician density of 300 physicians per 100,000 people. In stark contrast, lower income countries have an average physician density of 17 physicians per 100,000 people. A major cause of this discrepancy is the migration of healthcare professionals from lower income to higher income countries, a phenomenon colloquially known as the “brain drain”. Objective: To explore factors that led International medical Graduate (ImG) physicians to leave their home countries and migrate to Canada. methods: An anonymous questionnaire with a mix of open- and close-ended questions was sent to 500 randomly selected ImG physicians practicing in Ontario, Canada. Results were analyzed using a mixed-method design utilizing both descriptive statistics and a thematic analysis approach. Results: 39 physicians met inclusion criteria and completed the survey. The majority were 50 years or older, and over 60% were male. The most common reason for emigration from their home country was the socioeconomic and/or political situation, and the most common reason for selecting Canada was family issues. Suggestions for how brain drain could be stemmed fell into three broad categories: 1) more accurate information about lack of opportunities in Canada, 2) more continuing medical education opportunities in home countries, and 3) address issues such as safety and quality of life in home countries. Conclusions: This survey provides insights into the reasons for emigration and immigration for international medical graduates. The results of this survey can assist stakeholders in working toward appropriate and acceptable solutions to the brain drain.

关键词： Brain Drain International medical Graduates migration

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卡尔塔布尔走廊及其对巴基斯坦和印度和平共处的影响

卡尔塔布尔走廊及其对巴基斯坦和印度和平共处的影响

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作者： aisha Jamali 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

数十年来,由于巴基斯坦和印度的原因,南亚地区呈现出不稳定和互不信任的特点。自它们各自独立以来,巴基斯坦和印度除了对于各种控制线的争议外,还经历了许多战争冲突。但是在这个过程中巴基斯坦和印度也表现出了一种和平对话的姿态。由... 详细信息

数十年来,由于巴基斯坦和印度的原因,南亚地区呈现出不稳定和互不信任的特点。自它们各自独立以来,巴基斯坦和印度除了对于各种控制线的争议外,还经历了许多战争冲突。但是在这个过程中巴基斯坦和印度也表现出了一种和平对话的姿态。由于印度次大陆的分裂,巴基斯坦和印度之间的关系令人担忧。两国局势紧张的原因是由于数百万穆斯林、印度教徒和锡克教徒跨越边界定居导致出现的多次流血冲突。本文研究的目的是要加深了解在经历了数十年的冲突之后,两国如何同意签署《卡塔尔普尔走廊协议》、其对两国国内政治走向产生的影响以及其能在多大程度上推动和平并凸显出超级大国在巴基斯坦和印度之间的调解的作用。本文解释了尽管巴基斯坦和印度存在矛盾,但两国也有意愿搁置争端,以满足印度旁遮普邦的锡克教徒的愿望,这为两国都增加了在危急情况下进行和平谈判的希望。卡塔尔普尔走廊并不是像克什米尔一样的大问题,但它的开放至少可以促进莫迪政府和伊姆兰政权之间的相互信任。随着时间的流逝,这种相互信任将使两国走向更好的谈判。“二轨外交”可以通过一系列非正式会议促进巴基斯坦和印度之间的和平,而且这些非正式会议还可以改变其它国家对于两国的态度。巴基斯坦和印度应鼓励两国人民进行交流,从而缓解两国的紧张局势。莫迪和伊姆兰-汗政府之间的和谐关系对于南亚极为重要。与此同时国际社会也应参与到这项为期数十年的调节活动中来。美国、中国、俄罗斯等超级大国对南亚地区产生的影响同样巨大。总体而言,本文一共包括五个章节,第一章为介绍性部分,主要介绍了两国如何同意进入彼此边界并启动开放卡塔尔普尔走廊。本文使用的是包括历史描述等方法在内的汇编研究信息的方法。本文数据来源多样,包括书籍、文章、杂志、互联网以及访谈等。除此之外,本文还介绍了其他作者关于这一主题的研究情况。本文第二章讨论了处于竞争状态的两个国家如何就其长期冲突进行谈判。本章简要定义了“二轨外交”及其在解决冲突中应用的方法。本章研究讨论了诸如达特茅斯会议、第二次达特茅斯会议以及斯德哥尔摩协定等早期外交案例以及1990年在拉贾斯坦邦举行的被视为巴基斯坦和印度之间的“二轨外交”的首次对话的尼姆拉纳对话。同时本章还涉及到巴基斯坦和印度之间的“二轨外交”及其和平倡议。本文第三章解释了本文第二个研究问题,即卡塔尔普尔走廊将如何成为巴基斯坦和印度之间和平的载体。本部分主要研究讨论了锡克教徒散居者及其精英如何向印度施加压力,要求他们开放进入卡塔尔普尔走廊的通道以及巴基斯坦如何发挥宗教促进社会和谐的作用。本文讨论了《西姆拉协议》、《巴士外交》、《塔什干宣言》以及其它和平倡议的内容及遇到的障碍。本章还以美国和越南为例说明了宿敌如何成为朋友并进行双边贸易的案例。本文第四章首先介绍了两国政治领导人对卡塔尔普尔走廊的态度,其次强调了巴基斯坦和印度区域和平的重要性及超级大国如何为稳定南亚局势贡献力量:美国如何发挥自身在南亚的巨大影响力确保南亚的安全?美国总统唐纳德·特朗普如何对巴基斯坦和印度进行调解并使双方接受?中国作为一个与巴基斯坦有着密切联系的超级大国将在印度和巴基斯坦追求和平的过程中发挥怎样作用?俄罗斯在维持巴基斯坦和印度之间和平中能否发挥出类似于苏联在《塔什干宣言》中起到的作用?本章最后一部分专门讨论了中俄在上海合作组织中建立的伙伴关系将如何促进巴基斯坦和印度之间冲突的解决以及南亚和平的维持。本文第五章是全文的结论,作者根据本文的研究结果提出对于巴基斯坦和印度的一些建议,以期推动双方建立和平关系,维护南亚地区的和谐稳定。

关键词：国际关系巴基斯坦印度卡塔尔普尔走廊

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Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Colostrum Feeding among Pregnant Women in military Hospital Rawalpindi of Pakistan

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Open Journal of Nursing 2016年第4期6卷 309-313页

作者： Rifat aisha Fakhar Batool Saema Sultana College of Nursing AFPGMI RWP College of Nursing PIMS Islamabad Pakistan

Background: It is well known that colostrum is important for promoting health, growth and development of the newborn, and it also helps to prevent against the infections. Breast feeding is a common practice in Pakistan but the importance of colostrums feeding is still poorly understood due to cultural variations. Objectives: The objectives are to assess the knowledge about the importance of colostrums feeding and to promote the practice of colostrums feeding in pregnant women. methods: Data collection was done through semi-structured questionnaire regarding colostrum feeding among pregnant women. Gynaecology and Obstetrics Outpatient Department (OPD) and Antenatal Ward of military Hospital Rawalpindi were selected for study purpose. Results: This study showed that 65% of women heard about colostrums from various sources like media, family and friends, and 35% heard from the health professional during antenatal visits. Only 6% of women knew that it is nutritious milk for the new born. Only women (9%) were aware about its protective effects and had knowledge that it helps to improve the growth of the babies and fight against infections. 35% of women perceived that there is something harmful which is not good for the newborn while 25% of women asked that this is the milk to be fed to baby and 15% of women asked this the milk to be discarded before feeding. There were still many women (39%) who lacked knowledge about colostrum, only 14% of the women in this study knew that the appropriate time for feeding colostrum is immediately after birth (1/2-1hour), whereas 86% of women starts feeding after 6 - 24 hrs. majority of them who came from the rural areas were uneducated. Conclusion: many women were aware about the importance of colostrum but the data still indicate that further efforts are required to improve the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of colostrums feeding.

关键词： Knowledge Attitude Practices and Colostrum

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Obstacles Associated with Considering Family as Client (Family Centered Care)

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Open Journal of Nursing 2019年第8期9卷 795-800页

作者： aisha Hamzah Qohal Fatima ali Kaddaf King Fahad Hospital (King Saud University) Riyadh Saudi Arabia al Noor Hospital (King Saud University) Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Family-centered care is commonly used to describe optimal health care as experienced by families. The main aim of this paper is to recognize the obstacles associated with considering family as client in Saudi Arabia. It is clear that the elements “Recognition of family individuality”, “Developmental needs”, “Parent/professional collaboration”, “Design of the health care system” and “Emotional support for staff” were strongly present in Saudi participants’ practice of family-centered care. The major obstacles of considering family as client are: Lack of staff, limited time to build trust and form relationships, and limited time to negotiate care. moreover, Saudi participants said that language barriers limited their abilities to communicate with families, which in turn hindered their ability to practice family-centered care. This paper recommends that the approach of family-centered care within the context of nursing education in Saudi Arabia should be included.

关键词： Family Care Obstacles Client

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Swelling Kinetics Associated with Diffusion of Poly （N-isopropylacrylamide） Hydrogel

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材料科学与工程（中英文B版） 2011年第3期1卷 247-258页

作者： Naddaf aisha Ahmad Hans-Joerg Bart Chair of Separation Science and Technology Kaiserslautern University Kaiserslautern 67653 Germany

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猫尾木挥发油对美洲斑潜蝇产卵驱避作用研究(英文)

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华南农业大学学报 2007年第1期28卷 58-62页

作者： aisha Habita 永跃曾玲华南农业大学昆虫生态研究室广东广州510642

采用室内生物测定和电生理学的方法研究了猫尾木挥发油对美洲斑潜蝇产卵驱避作用以及美洲斑潜蝇对该挥发油的行为反应和触角电位活性．生物测定结果表明，每棵豆苗施用1～5μL挥发油，大部分处理的落卵量明显低于对照，其中5μL剂量效... 详细信息

采用室内生物测定和电生理学的方法研究了猫尾木挥发油对美洲斑潜蝇产卵驱避作用以及美洲斑潜蝇对该挥发油的行为反应和触角电位活性．生物测定结果表明，每棵豆苗施用1～5μL挥发油，大部分处理的落卵量明显低于对照，其中5μL剂量效果最好，干扰作用指数（IIPC）和驱避率分别为0．289、55．14％．这表明挥发油对美洲斑潜蝇具有明显的产卵驱避作用．四臂嗅觉仪测试中对挥发油的第一选择率明显较低，处理的停留时间大部分低于对照，进入次数仅在250mL／min流量时处理明显降低．雌雄虫对挥发油的嗅觉反应无差异．美洲斑潜蝇对挥发油表现明显的触角电位活性，且随着挥发油浓度增大而增大．触角电位活性与挥发油量之间的关系符合模型Y=43．414e0.3691X．应用GC—mS分离出猫尾木挥发油主要含有21种化合物，其中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量最高，占56．55％，其次为邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯和1-壬烯-3-醇，分别占9．8％和6．64％．

关键词：美洲斑潜蝇猫尾木挥发油产卵驱避

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“一带一路”框架下的中哈合作

“一带一路”框架下的中哈合作

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作者： Abildayeva aisha 上海外国语大学

学位级别：硕士

中国和哈萨克斯坦之间的外交关系已经逐步发展了30年,在此期间,双方都取得了良好的发展,创造了许多共同的项目。中国最雄心勃勃的项目之一是"一带一路"倡议的发展,该倡议是由中国国家主席习近平在2013年提出的。这篇论文研究了两国在"... 详细信息

中国和哈萨克斯坦之间的外交关系已经逐步发展了30年,在此期间,双方都取得了良好的发展,创造了许多共同的项目。中国最雄心勃勃的项目之一是"一带一路"倡议的发展,该倡议是由中国国家主席习近平在2013年提出的。这篇论文研究了两国在"一带一路"倡议框架下的外交关系发展。这项工作的目的是探讨这两个国家之间复杂外交关系发展的具体情况,以及"一带一路"内共同项目的发展。论文还研究了哈萨克斯坦共和国在"丝绸之路"框架内共同项目的实施和发展中的作用。在"一带一路"框架内合作的10年中,发生了巨大的变化,其中在贸易和经济方面有起有伏。我们国家之间最近的协议的主要目标是发展丝绸之路经济带和促进"Nurly Zhol"计划。努尔利-卓尔"计划建立了有效的运输和物流基础设施,旨在发展该国的出口和过境能力。在这种情况下,应该注意的是,在所有与中华人民共和国在该倡议框架内合作的中亚国家中,只有哈萨克斯坦有机会通过过境旅行,这是哈萨克斯坦与中国外交合作的良好优势。这项工作的案例研究是中国和哈萨克斯坦在BRI框架内开发和发展"霍尔果斯陆港"的共同项目。KTZE-霍尔果斯门户是中亚最大的陆港,它在货物处理、储存和转运领域提供全方位的服务,从中国到哈萨克斯坦、欧盟国家、中亚、波斯湾、里海地区等。另外,在我的研究中,还考虑和研究了"COVID-2019"等热点问题,这些问题促成了"一带一路"内共同项目的缓慢发展。本研究将分析冠状病毒对中国和哈萨克斯坦共同项目发展的影响和后果,以及对BRI项目的新挑战。

关键词：中国哈萨克斯坦 “一带一路”倡议外交合作霍尔果斯

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Predictors of Low Colorectal Cancer Screening in an Urban Academic Family Practice

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Open Journal of Preventive medicine 2014年第6期4卷 438-445页

作者： Shaelyn Culleton morgan Slater aisha Lofters Centre for Research on Inner City Health The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto Canada Department of Family & Community medicine St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto Canada Department of Family & Community medicine University of Toronto Toronto Canada

Purpose: The primary objective was to describe the specific socio-demographic variables that are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) under-screening in an urban, inner city population. The secondary objective was to determine the overall proportion of eligible patients who are not appropriately screened. methods: A retrospective chart review of patients eligible for average-risk CRC screening as per Ontario’s ColonCancerCheck program guidelines was conducted at an academic, inner city family health practice associated with St. michael’s Hospital in Toronto, Ontario. Simple measures of association, including t-tests and chi-square tests, were used to determine the relationships between screening and demographic characteristics. Based on a type I error rate of 0.05 and an appropriate sample size, the calculated power for this study was 0.82. Results: A total of 200 patients were randomly selected;54% were male;the majority were non-immigrants (77.5%) and were employed or retired (76.5%). Fifty-five percent of screened patients were up to date as per guidelines;29.5% and 31% were up to date with a fecal occult blood test or a colonoscopy respectively. Individuals with psychiatric illness (p = 0.0005), with no history of prior cancer screening for other cancers (p = 0.0001), on disability or unemployed (p = 0.0010), or who were younger (p = 0.0062) were significantly less likely to undergo CRC screening. Conclusion: Colorectal cancer screening rates at this academic, urban family practice were very similar to province wide screening rates. Future studies should focus on group specific interventions to increase CRC screening uptake in low CRC screened populations.

关键词： Colorectal Neoplasms Early Detection of Cancer Vulnerable Population Secondary Prevention

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Diagnostic Delay and Associated Clinical Features of Tuberculosis among Adult Patients with Acute myeloid Leukemia in Doha, Qatar

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2018年第1期6卷 49-62页

作者： Halima El Omri Ruba Taha Wanis Ibrahim Nancy Kassem Lajos Szabados Hesham El Sabah Fatma Ben Abid Amna Gamiel aisha al Khinji Wojciech Szmeigielski Saba Hasan Ibrahim.al Hijji Hematology and medical Oncology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Internal medicine Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Clinical Pharmacy NCCCR Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Nuclear medicine and PET-CT Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Infection Disease Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Radiology NCCCR Hamad medical Corporation Doha Qatar

Background: Tuberculosis is currently the world’s leading cause of death arising from a single infectious condition. While T cell mediated immunity is recognized to have a major contribution to tuberculosis activation, the present investigation confirmed that TB was more prevalent among patients with acute myeloid rather than lymphoid leukemia and such association was frequently overlooked. The primary objective of this study is to estimate the diagnostic delay of tuberculosis among patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AmL) and compare it to the general population in Qatar. Secondary objective is to study the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of tuberculosis in patients with AmL. methods: This is a retrospective study of tuberculosis cases diagnosed in subjects with AmL during the period from January 2008 till December 2016. Results: Among 215 subjects with AmL identified during the study period, 12 (5.58%) received the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The estimated incidence of tuberculosis among AmL cases was 7.14 cases per 1000 per year. The mean delay in diagnosis of tuberculosis was 64.2 days (95% CI: 26.8 - 101.5) and the median was 45 days (interquartile range;Q1 - Q3, 29.5 - 97.5). Prolonged fever was the most common presentation (100% of cases). Parenchymal lung involvement was the most common radiologic abnormality (83.3% of cases). Three patients (25%) died and 8 patients completed 9 to 12 months of anti-tuberculous treatment with clinical and radiological remission. Conclusion: Infections caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis are not uncommon in patients with AmL especially in patients from tuberculosis endemic regions. It constitutes a diagnostic challenge so high index of suspicion is of paramount importance.

关键词： Tuberculosis Acute myeloid Leukemia Neutropenia

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Controlling Speed of DC motor with Fuzzy Controller in Comparison with ANFIS Controller

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Intelligent Control and Automation 2015年第1期6卷 64-74页

作者： aisha Jilani Sadia murawwat Syed Omar Jilani Electrical Engineering Department Lahore College for Women University Lahore Pakistan Electrical Engineering Department University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan

machines have served the humanity starting from a simple ceiling fan to higher industrial applications such as lathe drives and conveyor belts. This research work aims at providing an appropriate software based control system because it provides computer featured applications, prevents rapid signal loss, reduces noise while also significantly improves the steady state and dynamic response of the motor. In this research paper, we have worked on DC motors due to its significant advantages over other types of machine drives. We have first individually studied Fuzzy and ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System) controller in controlling speed for a separately excited DC motor. Afterwards, we have analyzed both results to conclude that which technique is better to be adopted for precisely controlling the speed of DC motor. Outcomes from mATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox for simulation of our schematic has been provided in this research work. Our study parameters include input voltage of DC motor, its speed, percentage overshoot and rising time of the output signal. Our proposed research has interpreted the outcomes that ANFIS controller is better than Fuzzy controller because it produces less percentage overshoot and causes less distortion of the output signal as the overshoot percentage of ANFIS controller is 8.2% while that of Fuzzy controller is 14.4%.

关键词： ANFIS DC motor Fuzzy Logic Percentage Overshoot Rising Time

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