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Determinants of household catastrophic costs for drug sensitive tuberculosis patients in Kenya

Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2021年第4期10卷 18-32页

作者： Beatrice Kirubi Jane Ong'angto Peter Nguhiu Knut Lonnroth aiban rono Kristi Sidney-Annerstedt Department of Global Public Health Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Social Medicine StockholmSweden The Health and Social Protection Action Research&Knowledge Sharing Network(SPARKS) StockholmSweden Centre for Respiratory Disease Research Kenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya Health Economics Research Unit KEMRI-WellcomeTrust Research ProgramNairobiKenya Monitoring Evaluation&ResearchNational TuberculosisLeprosy and Lung Disease ProgramMinistry of HealthNairobiKenya

Background::Despite free diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis(TB),the costs during treatment impose a significant financial burden on patients and their households.The study sought to identify the determinants for cata-strophic costs among patients with drug-sensitive TB(DSTB)and their households in Kenya.Methods::The data was collected during the 2017 Kenya national patient cost survey from a nationally representative sample(n=1071).Treatment related costs and productivity losses were estimated.Total costs exceeding 20%of household income were defined as catastrophic and used as the outcome.Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure the association between selected individual,household and disease characteristics and occurrence of catastrophic costs.A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried using different thresholds and the significant predictors were explored.Results::The proportion of catastrophic costs among DSTB patients was 27%(n=294).Patients with catastrophic costs had higher median productivity losses,39 h[interquartile range(IQR):20-104],and total median costs of USD 567(IQR:299-1144).The incidence of catastrophic costs had a dose response with household expenditure.The poorest quintile was 6.2 times[95%confidence intervals(CI):4.0-9.7]more likely to incur catastrophic costs compared to the richest.The prevalence of catastrophic costs decreased with increasing household expenditure quintiles(proportion of catastrophic costs:59.7%,32.9%,23.6%,15.9%,and 9.5%)from the lowest quintile(Q1)to the highest quintile(Q5).Other determinants included hospitalization:prevalence ratio(PR)=2.8(95%CI:1.8-4.5)and delayed treatment:PR=1.5(95%CI:1.3-1.7).Protective factors included receiving care at a public health facility:PR=0.8(95%CI:0.6-1.0),and a higher body mass index(BMI):PR=0.97(95%CI:0.96-0.98).Pre TB expenditure,hospitalization and BMI were significant predictors in all sensitivity analysis scenarios.Conclusions::There are significant inequities in the occurrence of catastroph

关键词： Tuberculosis Health expenditure Income loss Social protection Kenya

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Assessment of hydrocarbon generation potential and thermal maturity of the deep offshore Lamu Basin, Kenya

能源地球科学(英文)

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能源地球科学(英文) 2023年第3期4卷 48-62页

作者： G.A.Osukuku O.O.Osinowo W.A.Sonibare E.W.Makhanu S.rono A.Omar Pan African University for Life and Earth Sciences Institute(Including Health and Agriculture) PAULESIUniversity of IbadanNigeria Schlumberger Offshore Service Limited the Netherlands National Oil Corporation of Kenya Kenya

In this study, the secondary well data for Cretaceous to Miocene cutting samples in four deep offshore exploration wells, i.e., Pomboo-1 in the north, Kubwa-1 in the central, Simba-1 and Kiboko-1 in the south of the deep offshore Lamu Basin were assessed for identifying source rock presence and examining thermal maturity of the source rocks. The 2D basin modelling was used to analyse the bulk gas transformation in the basin. Total organic carbon (TOC) content values for the wells range from 0.09 wt % to 2.23 wt % with an average of 0.78 wt %. The average organic richness is higher in the Upper Cretaceous (0.83 wt %) than in the Palaeogene (0.65 wt %), Lower Cretaceous (0.28 wt %) and Upper Jurassic (0.30 wt %). The S_(1) averages for the Upper Cretaceous are 3.76 mg HC/g rock in Pomboo-1 and 0.31mg HC/g rock in Kubwa-1. The S_(2) averages for the Upper Cretaceous are 5.00 mg HC/g rock in Pomboo-1 and 0.72 mg HC/g rock in Kubwa-1. Hydrogen index (HI) values vary between 4 and 512 mg HC/g TOC with an average of 157.09 mg HC/g TOC. Organic matters were identified as mixed types of Ⅱ-Ⅲ (oil and gas prone) and Ⅲ-Ⅳ (gas prone) kerogen in the potential source rocks. The HI and S_(2) yield values are exceptionally high for the observed TOC values in Pomboo-1. The vitrinite reflectance and Tmax values of deep offshore Lamu Basin are in the ranges of 0.38%–0.72% and 360–441 ℃, respectively. It suggests the existence of both immature and mature source rocks. Vitrinite reflectance maturity favours near coastal region in the Upper Cretaceous. These results explain why Pomboo-1, Kubwa-1, Simba-1 and Kiboko-1 wells were dry. The temperatures are still cool for hydrocarbon generation in deep offshore. The critical risk for deep offshore Lamu Basin is charge, primarily source presence, and a lack of definitive evidence of a deep-water marine source rock being present. The four wells penetrate good quality reservoir and seal rocks, but source rock presence and maturity remain the critical play risk in the deep offshore Lamu Basin.

关键词： Rock-eval pyrolysis Vitrinite reflectance Kerogen type Thermal alteration index Petroleum geochenisty 2D basin modelling

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Increased Orexin Expression Promotes Sleep/Wake Disturbances in the SOD1-G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Chinese Medical Journal 2015年第2期128卷 239-244页

作者： rono Liu Zhao-Fu Sheng Bing Cai Yong-He Zhang Dono-Sheng Fan Department of Neurology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing 100191 China Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Science Peking University Beijing 100191 China

Background：Sleep/wake disturbances in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS） are well-documented,however,no animal or mechanistic studies on these disturbances exist.Orexin is a crucial neurotransmitter in promoting wakefulness in sleep/wake regulation,and may play an important role in sleep disturbances in ALS.In this study,we used SOD1-G93A transgenic mice as an ALS mouse model to investigate the sleep/wake disturbances and their possible mechanisms in ALS.Methods：Electroencephalogram/electromyogram recordings were performed in SOD1-G93A transgenic mice and their littermate control mice at the ages of 90 and 120 days,and the samples obtained from these groups were subjected to quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results：For the first time in SOD1-G93A transgenic mice,we observed significantly increased wakefulness,reduced sleep time,and up-regulated orexins （prepro-orexin,orexin A and B） at both 90 and 120 days.Correlation analysis confirmed moderate to high correlations between sleep/wake time （total sleep time,wakefulness time,rapid eye movement [REM] sleep time,non-REM sleep time,and deep sleep time） and increase in orexins （prepro-orexin,orexin A and B）.Conclusion：Sleep/wake disturbances occur before disease onset in this ALS mouse model.Increased orexins may promote wakefulness and result in these disturbances before and after disease onset,thus making them potential therapeutic targets for amelioration of sleep disturbances in ALS.Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms in the future.

关键词： Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Orexin Sleep/Wake Disturbance

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Traditional knowledge, use and conservation of plants by the communities of Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya

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Plant Diversity 2020年第6期42卷 479-487页

作者： Vivian Kathambi Fredrick Munyao Mutie Peninah Cheptoo rono Neng Wei Jacinta Ndunge Munyao Peris Kamau Robert Wahiti Gituru Guang-Wan Hu Qing-Feng Wang CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074China Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China East African Herbarium National Museums of KenyaP.O.Box 451660-0100NairobiKenya Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology NairobiKenya

Rural communities in Kenya largely depend on plant resources for their livelihood.The utilization of these resources depends on the availability of plant resources and the level of knowledge of the residents.We conducted an ethnobotanical study in Tharaka-Nithi County in Kenya to determine the knowledge and utilization of various plant species by the local communities.The study was conducted in four major administrative regions from June 2018 to February 2019,involving interview schedules using semi-structured open-ended questionnaires and guided field collections with 48 informants.A total of 214 plant species distributed in 73 families and 169 genera with 616 Use Reports(URs)were documented.Fabaceae was the highest family cited by the informants(31 species)followed by Lamiaceae and Euphorbiaceae(each with 11 species).Trees(49%)and shrubs(32%)were the top life forms of the plants frequently utilized by the local residents.The general plant uses reported were medicinal,food,fodder,construction,fuel,pesticidal,religious,live fencing,and making crafts.Zanthoxylum gilletii,Prunus africana,and Solanum incanum were found to be highly valued by the local communities.Plant utilization as food and medicinal uses against snake-bite related problems had the highest Informant Consensus Factor(ICF).Only 29(13.6%)of the species reported had their status assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).Conservation measures,alongside awareness creation in this region,are highly recommended for the species endemic to the region,highly depended on by the community,and those threatened according to IUCN standards.

关键词： Conservation Indigenous knowledge Medicinal plants Nutrition Tharaka-Nithi

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Drivers of early marriage and teenage pregnancy in Kenya and Uganda during COVID-19 lockdown period:A systematic review

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Journal of Integrative Nursing 2022年第4期4卷 202-210页

作者： Brian Barasa MASABA Rose MMUSI-PHETOE Jacklyne Atieno ODHIAMBO Bernard rono Jane Wamuyu KABO Damaris MORAA Alex RUTTO John Kennedy MOTURI Thomas Ong’ondo NG’AMBWA Damaris OCHANDA Sammy Diana MAWIA Mary KIPMEREWO Samuel OYUGI Stephenie Lydia OJIAMBO Department of Health Studies School of Social SciencesCollege of Human SciencesUniversity of South AfricaPretoriaSouth Africa School of Nursing Great Lakes University of KisumuKisumuKenya Centre of Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research InstituteKisumuKenya School of Nursing Kibabii UniversityBungomaKenya School of Nursing Kaimosi Friends UniversityKaimosiKenya School of Nursing Midwifery and Paramedical SciencesMasinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyKakamegaKenya School of Nursing University of EmbuEmbuKenya School of Economics University of NairobiNairobiKenya

The present study aimed to explore the drivers of early marriage and teenage pregnancy in Kenya and Uganda during COVID-19 lockdown period.A systematic review design was adopted.The major online databases utilized were PubMed,Google Scholar,Uganda and Kenya Ministry of Health repositories,ScienceDirect,and Scopus.Studies that were originating from Kenya and Uganda that were publicly available in electronic format published from March 2020 to March 2022 were used.The thematic analysis identified major concepts that were drivers to the present research problem which were as follows:(1)school closure and(2)loss of income by parents.The COVID-19 containment measures introduced in the two countries were noted as major contributing factors.During the pandemic,lockdown led to school closures which meant the teenagers being idle at home with an increased opportunity to indulge in sexual risk behaviors.Schools have been noted to be a safe place protecting this vulnerable population.However,with their prolonged closure,the teenagers were exposed to sexual predators.Parents lost income,and this might have contributed to early marriages and teenagers’dependency on their sexual partners.Based on the reviewed evidence,the present study furthers the advocacy for the reduction of early marriages and teenage pregnancy,especially in the current COVID-19 pandemic era.The study calls upon the governments to intensify efforts toward the present research problem as the COVID-19 pandemic is eroding the earlier gains made within the region.

关键词： Adolescent COVID-19 humans Kenya marriage sexual behavior teenage pregnancy Uganda

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Fault Diagnosis of Roller Bearing Using Deep Learning

Fault Diagnosis of Roller Bearing Using Deep Learning

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作者： rono NOAH KIPYEGO 湖南大学

学位级别：硕士

滚动轴承故障诊断在机械操作中起着关键作用。比如,滚动轴承故障诊断在确保工作环境的安全性、防止机械故障、消除与滚动轴承部件故障相关的其他风险是非常重要的,最重要的是帮助工程师和其他部门做出决策以及时预防性维护。因此,为了... 详细信息

滚动轴承故障诊断在机械操作中起着关键作用。比如,滚动轴承故障诊断在确保工作环境的安全性、防止机械故障、消除与滚动轴承部件故障相关的其他风险是非常重要的,最重要的是帮助工程师和其他部门做出决策以及时预防性维护。因此,为了提高滚动轴承故障诊断技术的可靠性,迫切需要在滚动轴承故障诊断领域进行更多的研究。故障诊断过程可归纳为四个阶段:振动信号采集阶段,从信号中提取重要特征的特征提取阶段,降维阶段将高维特征降到低维,最后分类阶段来诊断部件的状况。滚动轴承故障诊断的分特征提取可以分为两类:统计特征和深度学习特征。深度学习方法即堆叠自动编码器和堆叠去噪自动编码器有很多优点,例如自动特征提取和高性能,因此使它们在选择合适的滚动轴承故障诊断方法时更为优选。在本论文工作中,集合经验模式分解(EEMD)被用于提取统计模型中的特征,浅层学习,然后被馈送到奇异值分解(SVD)以进行特征的降维,最后支持向量机分类器(SVM)用于轴承的状态识别。在深度学习的情况下,客观地使用简单自编码(AE),堆叠自编码(SAE)和堆叠去噪自编码(SDAE)来诊断故障。这些深度学习方法纯粹是无监督的。重要的是,这些方法不需要预处理输入数据,而是将原始数据直接馈入模型,然后进行数据训练,在堆叠去噪自动编码器的情况下添加噪声,然后训练每层自动编码器,最后引入支持向量机进行分类处理。然后在性能,稳定性等方面比较统计模型和深度学习模型的结果。

关键词：故障诊断滚动轴承 AE SAE SDAE 深度学习降维 EEMD SVD

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The Emerging Trade in Donkey Hide: An Opportunity or a Threat for Communities in Kenya?

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Agricultural Sciences 2019年第9期10卷 1152-1177页

作者： Gemma Carder Oscar Ingasia Evans Ngenoh Samuel Theuri Desmond rono Philemon Langat Brooke London UK Brooklyn Economic Consulting Ltd. Nairobi Kenya Brooke (East Africa) Nairobi Kenya

Donkey hides are used in a form of Traditional Chinese medicine called ejiao, the demand for ejiao is currently so high the global donkey population is currently in decline. Africa’s donkey population is considered a key source for the trade, with Kenya being highlighted as being particularly affected. In Kenya donkeys play a vital contribution to people’s livelihoods;this study aimed to explore the potential impact of the donkey hide trade on small holder farmer’s livelihoods. The study was conducted in five counties in Kenya;data was collected using household survey questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. When household survey participants (n = 421) were asked if the number of donkeys in their herd had decreased within the last two years 34.2% (n = 144) reported a decrease, of those 43.8% (n = 63) reported the selling of donkeys as the primary cause of reduction in herd size. Increased money spent on the transportation of farm produce, water and firewood was the most frequently reported effect of the loss of donkeys (62.5%, n = 263). Some focus group discussion participants said that they had previously sold their donkeys to raise money for school fees, likewise 43% (n = 97) of focus group discussion participants said that they would sell their donkeys to pay medical bills. Results from the study suggest that small holder farmers are choosing to sell their donkeys for an instant boost in income, but long-term this is unlikely to be a sustainable livelihood option.

关键词： Donkey Hide Trade Kenya Livelihoods Traditional Chinese Medicine Ejiao Working Equids

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无溶剂型苯并口恶嗪的合成及表征(英文)

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武汉工程大学学报 2001年第1期23卷 43-46页

作者： aiban Ahmed 曾凡涤华中科技大学化学系!湖北武汉430074

以对苯二酚 ,苯胺和甲醛为原料 ,采用无溶剂方法合成了苯并口恶嗪 ,确定了合适的合成条件 ,苯并口恶嗪的组成和结构用 IR、NMR进行了表征

关键词：苯并口恶嗪酸醛树脂合成表征

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拒铅、低硫、更严标准清洁燃料和车辆伙伴关系亚洲行动中——第10届清洁燃料和车辆伙伴关系全球合作伙伴会议观察

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交通建设与管理 2014年第5期 64-66页

作者： Chee Anne G.rono 亚洲清洁空气中心

柴油燃料目前已被确认为致癌物。世界卫生组织在2014年4月发布的一份报告，证实了室外空气污染造成世界各地700万人的过早死亡。

关键词：合作伙伴清洁燃料车辆世界卫生组织低硫标准亚洲柴油燃料

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Root Extract of Polygonum Hydropiper Alters the Expression of Rat Uterine Protein Profile in Presence and Absence of Ovary in-situ during Periimplantation Period:An Evidence on SDS-PAGE

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Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 2009年第4期20卷 223-236页

作者： Pranjiv Goswami Ajit Hazarika Hirendra N Sarma Reproduction Research Laboratory Department of Zoology(Center with Potential for Excellence in Biodiversity)Rajiv Gandhi University Department of Zoology Chaiduar College

Objective To study its effects on reproductive performance in albino rats.Methods The chromatographic fraction （CF） of crude methanolic extract of the herb has been subcutaneously administered to female albino rats. Experiments were carried out in adult cyclic females and oavriectomised （OVX） females during early gestation period. Uterine horns were collected following the respective treatment regimen to stud）, the protein profile in 15% gel SDS-PAGE.Results The CF induced changes in the expression of protein in rat uterus. New proteins have been expressed in uterus of adult cyclic females having ovary in-situ. The OVX females treated with CF showed altered uterine protein profile compared with that of OVX control and OVX estradiol-17β （E2） treated rats. The CF exerted its effect on expression of uterine protein during early gestation period in rats. While uterine proteins of CF treated females were similar to that of controls during preimplantation period; many of the proteins on day 6 of gestation have been found either missing or expressed in lesser intensity.Conclusion The root of Polygonum hydropiper contains potential compound（s） which can alter the reproductive performance of female rats modulating uterine protein expression.

关键词： Polygonum hydropiper periimplantation uterine protein SDS-PAGE

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