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Asian Journal of Urology 2024年第3期11卷 384-390页

作者： Abdul Wasay Mahmood Grace Harrington Zhe Jing Qiang Li ahmed A.Hussein Khurshid A.Guru Department of Urology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterElm and Carlton StreetsBuffaloNew YorkNYUSA

Objective:We described the technique and outcomes of robot-assisted repair of uretero-enteric strictures(UES)following robot-assisted radical cystectomy(RARC)and urinary ***:Retrospective review of our RARC database from november 2005 to August 2023 at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer center was *** who developed UES and ultimately underwent robot-assisted uretero-enteric reimplantation(RUER)were *** method was used to compute the cumulative incidence recurrence rate of UES after RUER.A multivariable regression model was used to identify variables associated with UES ***:A total of 123(15%)out of 808 RARC patients developed UES,of whom 52 underwent reimplantation(45 patients underwent RUER[n=55 cases]and seven patients underwent open ureteroenteric reimplantation).The median time from RARC to UES was 4.4(interquartile range 3.0e7.0)months,and the median time between UES and RUER was 5.2(interquartile range 3.2e8.9)*** 3-year recurrence rate after RUER is about 29%.On multivariable analysis,longer hospital stay(hazard ratio 1.37,95%confidence interval 1.16e1.61,pnt UES after ***:RUER for UES after RARC is feasible with durable outcomes although a notable subset of patients experienced postoperative complications and UES recurrence.

关键词： Stricture Cystectomy Reimplantation Robot-assisted

Grindability Evaluation of Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding of Silicon nitride Ceramic Using Minimum Quantity Lubrication Based SiO_(2)nanofluid

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2024年第2期37卷 115-136页

作者： Yusuf Suleiman Dambatta Changhe Li Mohd Sayuti ahmed A D Sarhan Min Yang Benkai Li Anxue Chu Mingzheng Liu Yanbin Zhang Zafar Said Zongming Zhou School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao 266520China Mechanical Engineering Department Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria 810106Nigeria Mechanical Engineering Department University of Malaya50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum&Minerals31261 DhahranSaudi Arabia State Key Laboratory of Ultra-Precision Machining Technology Department of Industrial and Systems Engineer-ingThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina College of Engineering University of Sharjah27272 SharjahUnited Arab Emirates Hanergy(Qingdao)Lubrication Technology Co. Ltd.Qingdao 266100China

Minimum quantity Lubrication(MQL)is a sustainable lubrication system that is famous in many machining *** involve the spray of an infinitesimal amount of mist-like lubricants during machining *** MQL system is affirmed to exhibit an excellent machining performance,and it is highly *** nanofluids are understood to exhibit excellent lubricity and heat evacuation capability,compared to pure oil-based MQL *** have shown that the surface quality and amount of energy expended in the grinding operations can be reduced considerably due to the positive effect of these *** work presents an experimental study on the tribological performance of SiO_(2)nanofluid during grinding of Si_(3)n_(4)*** effect different grinding modes and lubrication systems during the grinding operation was also *** concentrations of the SiO_(2)nanofluid was manufactured using canola,corn and sunflower *** quantitative evaluation of the grinding process was done based on the amount of grinding forces,specific grinding energy,frictional coefficient,and surface *** was found that the canola oil exhibits optimal lubrication performance compared to corn oil,sunflower oil,and traditional lubrication ***,the introduction of ultrasonic vibrations with the SiO_(2)nanofluid in MQL system was found to reduce the specific grinding energy,normal grinding forces,tangential grinding forces,and surface roughness by 65%,57%,65%,and 18%***,regression analysis was used to obtain an optimum parameter *** observations from this work will aid the smooth transition towards ecofriendly and sustainable machining of engineering ceramics.

关键词： Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL) Ultrasonic assisted grinding(UAG) Eco-friendly lubricants nanofluid Grinding Ceramic

The Role of Electrocardiogram DETERMInE Score in Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2024年第9期14卷 567-580页

作者： Ismail n. El-Sokkary Essam ahmed Khalil Mohammed Wael Badawi Ibrahim K. Gamil Shousha Abdalla A. Elsebaey Mohamed Kamal Rehan Mahmoud Ibrahim Elshamy Yasser ahmed Sadek Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt Department of Cardiology Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt Department of Internal Medicine Beni-Sueif University Beni Suef Egypt Department of Radiology Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt Department of Cardiology Helwan University Cairo Egypt

Background: A major cause of mortality and disability on a global scale is myocardial infarction (MI). These days, the most reliable way to detect and measure MI is via cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Electrocardiogram DETERMInE Score in predicting the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients who have experienced an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) & to assess improvements in left ventricular function at 6 months following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Subjects and Methods: This Observational cohort study was done at the Cardiology and Radiology department and cardiac surgery department, Al-Azhar university hospitals and Helwan University hospital. The study involved 700 cases who patients diagnosed with Acute Myocardial Infarction and fulfilled specific criteria for selection. Result: There was highly statistically significant relation between Myocardial infarction size and ECG Marker Score as mean infarct size elevated When the number of ECG markers increased. There was a highly statistically significant relation between myocardial infarct segments, myocardial infarction size and improvement of cardiac function 6 months post-CABG. Conclusion: The study found that larger myocardial infarctions corresponded with higher DETERMInE Scores. It concluded that an ECG-based score better estimates infarct size than LVEF alone. Additionally, there was a significant statistical correlation between the size and segmentation of myocardial infarction and better cardiac function six months after CABG.

关键词： Electrocardiogram DETERMInE Score Coronary Artery Disease Outcome Acute Myocardial Infarction Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Synthesis and characterization of a 1,3-dibutylimidazolium azide([BBIm][n_(3)]) : A promising green energetic ionic liquid

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2024年第8期38卷 1-15页

作者： nawel Matmat Amir Abdelaziz Djalal Trache Achour Sabrina ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun Hani Boukeciat Sourbh Thakur Weiqiang Pang Thomas M.Klapotke Energetic Materials Laboratory(EMLab) Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic ProcessesEcole Militaire PolytechniqueBP 17 Bordj El-BahriAlgiers 16046Algeria Department of Organic Chemistry Bioorganic Chemistry and BiotechnologySilesian University of TechnologyB.Krzywoustego 444-100 GliwicePoland Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065China Energetic Materials Research Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilian UniversityMunich Butenandtstrasse 5-13(D)D-81377 MunichGermany

In the pursuit of advancing imidazolium-based energetic ionic liquids (EILs),the current study is devoted to the synthesis and characterization of 1,3-dibutyl-imidazolium azide ([BBIm][n_(3)]),as a novel member in this ionic liquids *** chemical structure of this EIL was rigorously characterized and confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy,1D,and 2D-nMR *** thermal behavior assessment was conducted through DSC and TGA *** analysis revealed an endothermic glass transition at T_(g)=-61℃,followed by an exothermic degradation event at T_(onset)=311℃.Similarly,TGA thermograms exhibited a one-stage decomposition process resulting in 100% mass loss of the ***,the short-term thermal stability of the azide EIL was investigated by combining the non-isothermal TGA data with the TAS,it-KAS,and VYA/CE isoconversional kinetic ***,the Arrhenius parameters(E_(a)=154 kJ·mol^(-1),Log(A/s^(-1))=11.8) and the most probable reaction model g(a) were *** observed high decomposition temperatures and the significantly elevated activation energy affirm the enhanced thermal stability of the modified *** findings revealed that[BBIm][n_(3)]EIL can be a promising candidate for advanced energetic material application.

关键词： 1,3-dibutyl-imidazolium azide[BBIm][n_(3)] Energetic imidazolium-base ionic liquids 1D-/2D-nMR analyses Short-term thermal stability Isoconversional approaches

A review:the mechanism of plant-derived polysaccharides on osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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未来食品学报(英文) 2024年第3期4卷 183-192页

作者： Mengjie Ren Adel F.ahmed Meng Li Menghan Li Zhiruo Yan Jinmei Wang national R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology Henan UniversityKaifeng 475004China Joint International Research Laboratory of Food&Medicine Resource Function Henan ProvinceKaifeng 475004China Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Researches Department Horticulture Research InstituteAgricultural Research CenterGiza 12511Egypt

Bone loss and deterioration of bone microarchitecture would increase the bone fragility and fracture risk,leading to the *** and more evidences proved that plant-derived polysaccharides could have a remarkable influence on osteoblasts and osteoclasts,exerting anti-osteoporosis *** to the previous research,the extract of Cibotium barumoz,Achyranthes bidentata,Curculigo orchioides,Epimedium brevicornum,Angelica sinensis,Polygonatum sibiricum,Dendrobium officinale,Morinda officinalis,nelumbo mucifera,Diospyros kaki,Hordeum vulgare,Cistanche deserticola,Commiphora Myrrha and other plant-derived polysaccharides could benefit to the osteoblasts and *** essential mechanisms are mainly related to the activation or inhibition of many factors,including runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2),B-catenin,osterix(Osx),activator protein-1(AP-1),osteocalcin(OCn/BGP),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),osteopontin(OPn),bone morphogenetic protein(BMP),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/C-Jun n-terminal kinase(JnK)/extracellular regulated protein kinase(ERK),osteoprotegerin(OPG),receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB(RAnK),monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor(M-CSF),tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF-6),receptor activator of nuclear factor(nF)-KB ligand(RAnKL),nuclear factor of activated T cells 1(nFATc1),c-Fos,matrix metallopeptidase-9(MMP-9),glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3B)/B-catenin,nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(nf2),as well as these related pathways,such as Wnt/p-catenin,BMP-2/SMAD1/5/8,PI3K/AKT,OPG/RAnKL/RAnK,nF-κB,MAPKs,*** plant-derived polysaccharides could improve the dynamic balance of bone formation and resorption through promoting the differentiation and maturation of osteoblast or inhibiting its *** reviewed plant-derived polysaccharides and their regulating mechanisms on the osteoclasts and osteoblasts provide the evidences for the development of osteoporosis therapeutics.

关键词： Osteoporosis Plant-derived polysaccharides Osteogenesis promotion Osteoclasts inhibition

DPAL-BERT:A Faster and Lighter Question Answering Model

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第10期141卷 771-786页

作者： Lirong Yin Lei Wang Zhuohang Cai Siyu Lu Ruiyang Wang ahmed AlSanad Salman A.AlQahtani Xiaobing Chen Zhengtong Yin Xiaolu Li Wenfeng Zheng Department of Geography and Anthropology Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA 70803USA School of Automation University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China College of Computer and Information Sciences King Saud UniversityRiyadh11574Saudi Arabia School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA 70803USA College of Resources and Environmental Engineering Guizhou UniversityGuiyang550025China School of Geographical Sciences Southwest UniversityChongqing400715China

Recent advancements in natural language processing have given rise to numerous pre-training language models in question-answering ***,with the constant evolution of algorithms,data,and computing power,the increasing size and complexity of these models have led to increased training costs and reduced *** study aims to minimize the inference time of such models while maintaining computational *** also proposes a novel Distillation model for PAL-BERT(DPAL-BERT),specifically,employs knowledge distillation,using the PAL-BERT model as the teacher model to train two student models:DPAL-BERT-Bi and *** research enhances the dataset through techniques such as masking,replacement,and n-gram sampling to optimize knowledge *** experimental results showed that the distilled models greatly outperform models trained from *** addition,although the distilled models exhibit a slight decrease in performance compared to PAL-BERT,they significantly reduce inference time to just 0.25%of the *** demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach in balancing model performance and efficiency.

关键词： DPAL-BERT question answering systems knowledge distillation model compression BERT Bi-directional long short-term memory(BiLSTM) knowledge information transfer PAL-BERT training efficiency natural language processing

Molecular characterization of an outbreak-involved Bacillus anthracis strain confirms the spillover of anthrax from West Africa

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第1期13卷 93-94页

作者： Shuchao Wang Roland Suluku Mohamed B.Jalloh ahmed F.Samba Baogui Jiang Yubiao Xie Doris Harding Mengyao Zhang Foday Sahr Mahmud E.Sesay James S.Squire Mohamed A.Vandi Moinina n.Kallon Shoufeng Zhang Rongliang Hu Yuee Zhao Zhiqiang Mi Changchun Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun China Department of Animal Sciences School of Agriculture and Food Sciences Njala University Njala Sierra Leone Department of Microbiology College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences University of Sierra Leone Freetown Sierra Leone Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sciences Freetown Sierra Leone Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China Ministry of Health and Sanitation Freetown Sierra Leone Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Beijing China

Background Anthrax,a zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis,remains a major global public health concern,especially in countries with limited *** Leone,a West African country historically plagued by anthrax,has almost been out of report on this disease in recent *** this study,we described a large-scale anthrax outbreak affecting both animals and humans and attempted to characterize the *** The causative agent of the animal outbreak in Port Loko District,Sierra Leone,between March and May 2022 was identified using the nanopore sequencing technique.A nationwide active surveillance was implemented from May 2022 to June 2023 to monitor the occurrence of anthrax-specific symptoms in *** cases were subsequently verified using quantitative polymerase chain ***-genome sequencing was accomplished by combining long-read and short-read sequencing *** phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the full-chromosome single nucleotide *** The outbreak in Port Loko District,Sierra Leone,led to the death of 233 animals between March 26th and May 16th,*** ruled out the initial suspicion of Anaplasma species and successfully identified *** as the causative agent of the *** a result of the government's prompt response,out of the 49 suspected human cases identifed during the one-year active surveillance,only 6 human cases tested positive,all within the frst month after the official declaration of the *** phylogenetic analysis indicated that the BaSL2022 isolate responsible for the outbreak was positioned in the ***.153 clade within the TransEuroAsian group of *** We successfully identifed a large-scale anthrax outbreak in Sierra *** causative isolate of ***,BaSL2022,phylogenetically bridged other lineages in ***.153 clade and neighboring genetic groups,***.144 and ***.148,

关键词： Molecular identification Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Sierra Leone Phylogeny Single nucleotide polymorphism

Heterogeneously elevated branched-chain/aromatic amino acids among new-onset type-2 diabetes mellitus patients are potentially skewed diabetes predictors

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第1期15卷 53-71页

作者： Min Wang Yang Ou Xiang-Lian Yuan Xiu-Fang Zhu Ben niu Zhuang Kang Bing Zhang Anwar ahmed Guo-Qiang Xing Heng Su School of Chemical Science and Technology Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091Yunnan ProvinceChina Department of Endocrinology The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming 650032Yunnan ProvinceChina Clinical Laboratory Nanchong Central Hospital&The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical UniversityNanchong 637000Sichuan ProvinceChina Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMD 20814United States The Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College North Sichuan Medical UniversityNanchong 637000Sichuan ProvinceChina Department of Research and Development Lotus *** LLCGaithersburgMD 20878United States

BACKGROUnD The lack of specific predictors for type-2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)severely impacts early intervention/prevention *** branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs:Isoleucine,leucine,valine)and aromatic amino acids(AAAs:Tyrosine,tryptophan,phenylalanine)show high sensitivity and specificity in predicting diabetes in animals and predict T2DM 10-19 years before T2DM onset in clinical ***,improvement is needed to support its clinical *** To evaluate the effects of body mass index(BMI)and sex on BCAAs/AAAs in new-onset T2DM individuals with varying body *** ninety-seven new-onset T2DM patients(ng in BMI[normal weight(nW),n=33,BMI=22.23±1.60;overweight,n=42,BMI=25.9±1.07;obesity(OB),n=22,BMI=31.23±2.31]from the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province,Kunming,China,were ***-way and 2-way AnOVAs were conducted to determine the effects of BMI and sex on BCAAs/*** Fasting serum AAAs,BCAAs,glutamate,and alanine were greater and high-density lipoprotein(HDL)was lower(Pn OB-T2DM patients than in nW-T2DM patients,especially in male OB-T2DM ***,histidine,leucine,methionine,and lysine were greater in male patients than in female ***,histidine,alanine,glutamate,lysine,valine,methionine,leucine,isoleucine,tyrosine,phenylalanine,and tryptophan were significantly correlated with abdominal adiposity,body weight and BMI,whereas isoleucine,leucine and phenylalanine were negatively correlated with *** Heterogeneously elevated amino acids,especially BCAAs/AAAs,across new-onset T2DM patients in differing BMI categories revealed a potentially skewed prediction of T2DM *** higher BCAA/AAA levels in obese T2DM patients would support T2DM prediction in obese individuals,whereas the lower levels of BCAAs/AAAs in nW-T2DM individuals may underestimate T2DM risk in nW *** potentially skewed T2DM prediction should be considered when BCAAs/AAAs are to

关键词： Hyperaminoacidemia Branched-chain/aromatic amino acids new-onset type-2 diabetes Predictor Obesity Sex

加速康复外科对初次全膝关节置换术后血液管理的影响：倾向评分匹配分析

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加速康复外科对初次全膝关节置换术后血液管理的影响：倾向评分匹...

作者： Mogalli Abdullah Saleh Hussein ahmed 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

背景:全膝关节置换术(TKA)是缓解慢性膝关节炎患者关节疼痛和增强关节功能的重要手段。TKA的并发症常常与大量失血相关,并直接导致术后血红蛋白水平下降,从而高达69%的患者需要异体输血来应对术后贫血。这已被证明是增加不良结果风险的... 详细信息

背景:全膝关节置换术(TKA)是缓解慢性膝关节炎患者关节疼痛和增强关节功能的重要手段。TKA的并发症常常与大量失血相关,并直接导致术后血红蛋白水平下降,从而高达69%的患者需要异体输血来应对术后贫血。这已被证明是增加不良结果风险的独立因素,包括延长住院时间和增加术后感染的易感性。由丹麦学者Henrik Kehlet于1997年首次提出的加速康复外科(ERAS)已成为现代外科实践中的一个关键方法。ERAS最初在腹部手术中实施,逐渐扩展到包括骨科和泌尿科在内的各个医学专业。然而,尽管ERAS方案的采用日益增加,系统评估关节置换术后的血液指标仍然有限。这种多方面的策略在减轻手术压力、加速术后恢复、减少住院时间和提高整体功能结果方面发挥着重要作用,同时保持低并发症率。之前的研究已证明ERAS在减少失血和优化全髋关节置换术结果方面的有效性。问题是这些发现是否也适用于TKA。THA和TKA之间的关键区别,包括患者人口统计学、手术时间和软组织损伤程度,强调了优化每项手术中患者护理的需要。TKA患者通常比THA患者平均年龄更大,皮肤对皮肤时间更长,并且由于股骨和胫骨截骨术,软组织损伤增加。ERAS方案有效控制围手术期失血量。ERAS组术后CRP和ESR水平较低,表明炎症和凝血活动减少,这可能归因于ERAS计划提供的全面护理,其中包括人性化和以患者为中心的干预措施,以减轻焦虑。ERAS手术已显示出相当大的好处,例如通过利用术前优化、术中程序和术后管理等循证策略,最大限度地减少围手术期失血、降低并发症和改善营养状况。WOMAC、OKS和SF-12的理想结果表明ERAS方案有利于改善术后短期内的短期恢复和生活质量结果。目的:评估在加速康复外科(ERAS)下进行单侧全膝关节置换术(TKA)的患者的血液指标管理效果。材料与方法:回顾性研究了2019年1月至2023年10月在我们医院接受单侧TKA的患者。通过使用0.2校准器进行倾向评分匹配后,这些病例被分为两组:非ERAS组(n=51)接受标准护理,ERAS组(n=51)接受全面ERAS管理。术后比较了主要血液参数/血液指标,同时在第3个月随访时也评估了临床结果。结果:ERAS组术后Hb明显高于非ERAS组(P<0.05)。非ERAS组术前ESR明显高,而ERAS组CRP明显低于非ERAS组(P<0.05)。ERAS组的LOS和Alb明显少于非ERAS组(P<0.05)。WOMAC和OKS得分在第1个月和第3个月均在ERAS组。结论:ERAS方案在术后第一天到第三个月的术后期间提供了良好且现实的临床和功能结果,对接受单侧初次TKA的患者满意度很高。此外,ERAS方案已被证明可以有效减少围手术期失血、最大限度地减少术后并发症并维持这些患者的最佳营养水平。

关键词：全膝关节置换术快速康复血液管理住院时间并发症随访

Local excision of early rectal cancer: A multi-centre experience of transanal endoscopic microsurgery from the United Kingdom

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第10期16卷 3114-3122页

作者： ahmed Farid Matthew Tutton Prem Thambi TS Gill Jim Khan Department of General Surgery Oncology Center Mansoura UniversityCairo 11432Egypt Department of Colorectal Surgery East Suffolk and North Essex NHS TrustColchester CO11AAEssexUnited Kingdom Department of Colorectal Surgery Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS TrustPortsmouth PO63LYHampshireUnited Kingdom Department of Surgery University Hospital of North TeesStockton on Tees TS18-TS21DarlingtonUnited Kingdom Department of General Surgery Portsmouth Hospitals NHS TrustQueen Alexandra HospitalPortsmouth PO63LYHampshireUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUnD Total mesorectal excision remains the gold standard for the management of rectal cancer however local excision of early rectal cancer is gaining popularity due to lower morbidity and higher acceptance by the elderly and frail *** To investigate the results of local excision of rectal cancer by transanal endoscopic microsurgery(TEMS)approach carried out at three large cancer centers in the United *** TEMS database was retrospectively reviewed to assess demographics,operative findings and post operative clinical and oncological *** is a retro-spective review of the prospective databases,which included all patients operated with TEMS approach,for early rectal cancer(node-negative T1-T2),selected T3 in unfit/frail *** Two hundred and twenty-two patients underwent TEMS *** included 144 males(64.9%)and 78 females(35.1%),Median age was 71 *** median distance of the tumours from the anal verge 4.5 *** tumour size was 2.6 *** most frequent operative position of the patient was lithotomy(32.3%),Full-thickness rectal wall excision was done in 204 *** operating time was 90 *** blood loss was *** were two 90-day *** excision of the tumour with free microscopic margins by>1mm were accomplished in 171 patients(76.7%).Salvage total mesorectal excision was performed in 42 patients(19.8%).Median disease-free survival was 65 months(range:3-146 months)(82.8%),and median overall survival was 59 months(0-146 months).COnCLUSIOn TEMS provides a promising option for early rectal cancers(Large adenomas-cT1/cT2n0),and selected therapy-responding ***-thickness complete excision of the tumour is mandatory to avoid jeopardising the oncological outcomes.

关键词： Local excision Transanal endoscopic microsurgery Early rectal cancer Rectum preservation Rectum saving