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Comparative Analysis between Community and Occupants’ Rating Systems for Sustainable Urban Communities (SUC)

Journal of Environmental Protection 2022年第11期13卷 881-894页

作者： Mianda Khattab Salah el Haggar ahmed el gendy Environmental Engineering Program The American University Cairo Egypt

Overpopulation globally is an addressed issue impacting human lives, marine lives, and the surrounding ecosystem;it is adding pressure on the available resources that should be optimized to suit the needs. Yet with improper management of resources and monitoring of daily activities, the environment will be further negatively impacted. With overpopulation higher urbanization rates are noticed with the demand of seeking better health facilities, better education, better jobs and better well-being;this progression is driving more demand into the infrastructure sector to be able to accommodate the growth rates. Hence, the need to having sustainable communities aiming at optimizing the resources used, working towards more feasible, environmentally friendly and cost-effective communities with a better occupant’s experience is in action. Sustainable development goals (SDG) are vital goals developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2015 to address and guide through 17 interconnected global goals serving the previously mentioned trend. Out of the 17 goals, Sustainable Cities and Communities (goal #11) and Good Health and Well-Being (goal #3) are the focus of this paper directed towards holding a comparative analysis between the community scale commonly known and mostly used rating system Leadership of Energy and Environmental Design (LEED-Cities and Communities) (USA) versus similar rating systems like Tarsheed-Communities (Egypt) and Estidama-Pearl (UAE) rating systems meeting sustainable development goal #11. Conjointly, another complimenting comparative review of the occupant’s health and wellbeing rating systems, such as Fitwel (USA) and Well (USA) are studied under sustainable development goal #3;however, they are focused on a building scale assessment. Living Community Challenge (LCC, USA) rating system linking community rating system with health & wellbeing credits was first issued in 2006, yet is it not cost effective neither easy to apply acting a

关键词： Sustainable Communities Sustainable Community Rating Systems Occupant’s Health & Well-Being Rating System SDG#3 (Good Health and Well-Being) SDG#11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)

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A Cradle-to-Cradle Novel Approach for Wastewater Management in Sustainable Urban Communities

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第3期14卷 163-171页

作者： Mianda Khattab Salah el Haggar ahmed el gendy Environmental Engineering Program The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt

Water, a valuable resource to human lives, is being abused and driven to scarcity. This scarcity is leading some countries and areas to face difficulty in accessing drinking water. As the UN recently stated “by 2050 water shortages and harder access will be reached by around 2/3rd of the world total population” [1], thus, there is a high need to treat and reuse wastewater for domestic purposes, which will lead to less reliance on fresh water as an initial water source. Greywater—defined as the water produced in domestic houses including sinks and bathroom showers, and excluding any blackwater mix which is collected from toilets—is a type of wastewater. Greywater accounts for up to 75% of the daily water produced [2] while it has fewer contaminants when compared to blackwater. This makes greywater a focal point for treatment, and reusing to conserve fresh water and approach net zero water concept. Even though the definition of greywater is the same globally, its criteria can differ from one country to another, from one building to another, or even from the same person’s usage along the day. Accordingly, several treatment methods evolved over years aiming at treating the produced greywater for reuse mainly in irrigation and toilet flushing. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a novel net zero wastewater approach applying cradle-to-cradle concept for urban communities;while also proposing a sustainable greywater treatment technique that is environmentally friendly, cost-effective and socially acceptable.

关键词： Net Zero Water Sustainable Urban Communities Cradle to Cradle for Wastewater Management Sustainable Greywater Treatment

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Comparative Analysis of Building Rating Systems and Occupant Rating Systems

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第4期14卷 285-296页

作者： Rana Al Kady Salah el-Haggar ahmed el-gendy School of Sciences and Engineering The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt

To begin with, rating systems are a beneficial tool in determining the efficiency of a building’s ability to utilise its resources effectively. In this study, the two elements under comparison are the Building Rating Systems (BRSs) and Occupant Rating Systems (ORSs). The main objective of this paper is to be able to examine the most commonly applied international and national BRS and ORS and, based on that, discover the possibility of developing an integration of both the BRS and ORS into one rating system. Quite simply, a BRS is a method by which buildings are assessed and given a score based on numerous features such as the efficiency of each of the services, total energy consumption, and alternate options of consumption. There are various BRSs that are implemented globally, each with its own set of criteria and specifications. Thus, based on the analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of both types of rating systems, it could be deduced that a well-rounded rating system with all technical and non-technical aspects combined would be beneficial to both the efficiency of the building as well as the building occupants’ health and well-being.

关键词： Building Rating Systems Energy Efficiency Net-Zero Buildings Occupancy Rating Systems Renewable Energy Technologies

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Sustainability Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Systems—Case Studies in Egypt

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2021年第2期12卷 90-105页

作者： Yousra M. Zakaria ahmed el gendy Salah el Haggar Construction Engineering Department The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt Mechanical Engineering Department The American University in Cairo Cairo Egypt

Low sanitation coverage is a significant problem in Egypt, especially in rural areas. The Rapid Sustainability Screening (RSS) model was developed to assess the sustainability of wastewater treatment systems (WWTS), both planned and existing, and support decision-makers in selecting alternatives. The model considers the three fundamental sustainability dimensions, namely, environmental, social, and economic. In the present paper, the model was successfully tested by evaluating the sustainability performance of three operating rural WWTS in Egypt (Constructed Wetland (CW)-BeniSuef, Constructed Wetland (CW)-Dakahlia, and Activated Sludge (AS)-Gharbia). CW-BeniSuef was the most sustainable system based upon environmental and social considerations with values of 2.50 and 2.71, respectively. On the other hand, CW-Dakahlia is the most economically sustainable system, with a value of 2.25. The highest sustainability overall ranking system was CW-BeniSuef with overall sustainability of 2.81, followed by CW-Dakahlia with a value of 2.18, and the least sustainable technology is AS-Gharbia (1.72). The RSS model can support the decision-makers and operators during the different phases of a wastewater treatment project development (e.g., feasibility, operation). The model has been developed in a user-friendly and straightforward manner. The simplicity of the model may encourage the decision-makers and EIA practitioners to expand the assessment to consider sustainability rather than focusing on one or two aspects only (i.e., environment and society) in isolation of the possible interaction between them.

关键词： Sustainability Assessment Rapid Sustainability Screening Rural Sanitation

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An Observational Study on the Management of COVID-19 Patients in Limited-Resource Hospitals

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Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 2022年第3期6卷 43-53页

作者： Marwa O elgendy ahmed M Khalaf ahmed O el-gendy Mona A Abdelrahman Sara O el gendy ahmed M Abdel Hamied Omar Essam Karim Al Amir Esraa M Yousry Mohamed EA Abdelrahim Department of Clinical Pharmacy Teaching Hospital of Faculty of MedicineFaculty of MedicineBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suet Egypt Department of Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of PharmacyNahda University(NUB)Egypt Internal Medicine Department Faculty of MedicineBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef Egypt Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of PharmacyBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef Egypt Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology Faculty of MedicineBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-SuefEgypt Department of Pediatric Medicine Ministry of HealthBeni-Sueft Egypt Ministry of Health Beni-SuefEgypt Department of General Surgery Ministry of HealthBeni-Suefi Egypt Faculty of Agriculture Fayoum University Egypt Clinical Pharmacy Department Faculty of Pharmacy Beni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef Egypt

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of limited-resource hospitals in managing mild and moderate hospitalized cases of COVID-19 with comorbidities and in preventing their progression to severe ***:Data were obtained from 88 moderate COVID-19 patients with comorbidities who were admitted to limitedresource *** data were classified into several parts:comorbidities,chronic medication before hospital admission,symptoms of COVID-19 before and during hospitalization,clinical features,laboratory findings on hospital admission,complications during hospitalization,as well as worst laboratory values during hospitalization,hospital stay,and *** clinical features,laboratory results,type of oxygen therapy used,and the final treatment outcome were all evaluated to assess for any potential ***:All patients were alive upon *** admission,the majority of patients(60.2%)received COVID-19 treatment,and the average hospital stay was 12 *** most common symptoms were fever(88.7%),cough(95.5%),shortness of breath(90.9%),myalgia(84.1%),confusion(63.6%),headache(62.5%),sore throat(88.7%),rhinorrhea(17%),chest pain(58%),diarrhea(19.3%),nausea and vomiting(38.6%),anosmia(62.5%),as well as dysgeusia(64.8%).Based on chest radiograph or computed tomography(CT)scan,9.1%of the patients had unilateral pneumonia,90.9% had bilateral pneumonia,and 96.6% had multiple mottling and ground-glass *** was found associated with a significant increase in headache(p=0.005),rhinorrhea(p=0.013),chest pain(p=0.007),and the need for positive airway pressure(p=0.008).Between pre-and post-hospital admissions,there was a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase and ferritin but a decrease in platelet,D-dimer,hemoglobin,lymphocytes,neutrophils,and total leucocyte count(pel(p=0.05).Conclusion:Limited-resource hospitals in Egypt w

关键词： COVID-19 Limited-resource hospitals COVID-19 laboratory tests Comorbidities

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Improving the Dielectric Properties of High Density Polyethylene by Incorporating Clay-Nanofiller

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2014年第4期2卷 289-297页

作者： Ossama E. Gouda Sohair F. Mahmoud ahmed A. el-gendy ahmed S. Haiba electrical Department Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Giza Egypt High Voltage Metrology Lab National Institute of Standards (NIS) Giza Egypt Nanotechnology and Nanometrology Lab National Institute of Standards (NIS) Giza Egypt

Polymer nanocomposites have been used for various important industrial applications. The preparation of high density polyethylene composed with Na-montmorillonite nanofiller using melt compounding method for different concentrations of clay-nanofiller of 0%, 2%, 6%, 10%, and 15% has been successfully done. The morphology of the obtained samples was optimized and characterized by scanning electron microscope showing the formation of the polymer nanocomposites. The thermal stability and dielectric properties were measured for the prepared samples. Thermal gravimetric analysis results show that thermal stability in polymer nanocomposites is more than that in the base polymer. It has been shown that the polymer nanocomposites exhibit some very different dielectric characteristics when compared to the base polymer. The dielectric breakdown strength is enhanced by the addition of clay-nanofiller. The dielectric constant (εr) and dissipation factor (Tan δ) have been studied in the frequency range 200 Hz to 2 MHz at room temperature indicating that enhancements have been occurred in εr and Tan δ by the addition of clay-nanofiller in the polymer material when compared with the pure material.

关键词： Polymer Nanocomposites High Density Polyethylene Dielectric Breakdown Dielectric Constant Dissipation Factor

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COVID-19 Patients with Hepatic Complications During the Third Wave of Pandemic in Egypt

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Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 2022年第3期6卷 108-121页

作者： Alzhraa M Fahmy Marwa O elgendy ahmed M Khalaf Mona A Abdelrahman Mohamed EA Abdelrahim ahmed O el-gendy Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department Faculty of MedicineBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-SuefEgypt Department of Clinical Pharmacy Teaching Hospital of Faculty of MedicineFaculty of MedicineBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-Sueft Egypt Department of Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of PharmacyNahda University(NUB)Egypt Internal Medicine Department Faculty of MedicineBeni-Suef University Beni-SuefEgypt Clinical Pharmacy Department Faculty of PharmacyBeni-Suef University Beni-SuefEgypt Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of PharmacyBeni-Suef University Beni-SuefEgypt

COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that has lately begun to affect other vital organs,including the heart,kidney,and *** purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatic complications in COVID-19 patients and the risk of being admitted to ICU or facing ***:Comorbidities(hypertension and diabetes),COVID-19 symptoms,laboratory findings(ALT level,AST level,and albumin),complications during hospitalization,treatment protocol used,and survival outcomes were all studied in 200 COVID-19 infected Egyptian patients who had virological symptoms and were followed up until they recovered or *** was found that older people and those with higher blood glucose levels have a higher risk of developing liver-associated COVID-19 ***,the majority of patients who developed liver complications in the course of the infection had high mortality *** with diabetes,hypertension,or hepatic disease are at higher risk of ICU admission or ***,it is important to pay attention to these problems in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 to develop a suitable individualized treatment *** was also a correlation between the mortality in COVID-19 patients and both,high blood glucose and liver enzyme *** can be attributed to the correlation between diabetes and liver disease as every disease may be a complication to the other;moreover,COVID-19 may lead to increased blood sugar levels in addition to ALT and AST *** theory is that COVID-19 may afiect the liver and hence people with chronic liver disease.

关键词： COVID-19 Hepatic complications Third wave

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Three-dimensional printing of biomaterials for bonetissue engineering: a review

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Frontiers of Materials Science 2023年第2期17卷 1-43页

作者： ahmed el-Fiqi Glass Research Department Advanced Materials Technology and Mineral Resources Research InstituteNational Research CentreCairo 12622Egypt

Processing biomaterials into porous scaffolds for bone tissueengineering is a critical and a key step in defining and controlling their physicochemical,mechanical,and biological *** such as polymers are commonlyprocessed into porous scaffolds using conventional processing techniques,e.g.,***,these traditional techniques have shown unavoidable limitations andseveral *** instance,tissue-engineered porous scaffolds with a complexthree-dimensional(3D)geometric architecture mimicking the complexity of theextracellular matrix of native tissues and with the ability to fit into irregular tissue defectscannot be produced using the conventional processing techniques.3D printing hasrecently emerged as an advanced processing technology that enables the processing ofbiomaterials into 3D porous scaffolds with highly complex architectures and tunableshapes to precisely fit into irregular and complex tissue defects.3D printing providescomputer-based layer-by-layer additive manufacturing processes of highly precise andcomplex 3D structures with well-defined porosity and controlled mechanical propertiesin a highly reproducible ***,3D printing technology provides anaccurate patient-specific tissue defect model and enables the fabrication of a patientspecifictissue-engineered porous scaffold with pre-customized properties.

关键词： 3D printing biomaterial ink printability 3D printing technique 3D printed scaffold bone tissue engineering

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Sol-gel synthesis,properties and protein loading/delivery capacity of hollow bioactive glass nanospheres with large hollow cavity and mesoporous shell

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Frontiers of Materials Science 2022年第3期16卷 145-157页

作者： ahmed el-FIQI Glass Research Department National Research CentreCairo 12622Egypt

Hollow nanospheres exhibit unique properties and find a wide interest in several potential applications such as drug ***,novel hollow bioactive glass nanospheres(HBGn)with large hollow cavity and large mesopores in their outer shells were synthesized by a simple and facile one-pot ultrasound assisted sol-gel method using PEG as the core ***,the produced HBGn exhibited large hollow cavity with ~43 nm in diameter and mesoporous shell of ~37 nm in thickness and 7 nm pore size along with nanosphere size around 117 *** confirmed the presence of Si and Ca elements at the surface of the HBGn outer ***,HBGn showed high protein loading capacity(~570 mg of Cyto c per 1 g of HBGn)in addition to controlled protein release over 5 *** also demonstrated a good in vitro capability of releasing calcium(Ca^(2+):170 ppm)and silicate(SiO_(4)^(4-):78 ppm)ions in an aqueous medium over 2 weeks under physiological-like *** in vitro growth of bone-like hydroxyapatite nanocrystals was exhibited by HBGn during the soaking in SBF.A possible underlying mechanism involving the formation of spherical aggregates(coils)of PEG was proposed for the formation process of HBGn.

关键词： bioactive glass hollow nanosphere hollow cavity mesoporous shell soft-template ultrasound assisted sol-gel synthesis therapeutic protein delivery

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LEO satellite clock analysis and prediction for positioning applications

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2022年第1期25卷 14-33页

作者： Kan Wang ahmed el-Mowafy School of Earth and Planetary Sciences Curtin UniversityPerthAustralia

The positioning service aided by low Earth orbit(LEO)mega-constellations has become a hot topic in recent *** achieve precise positioning,accuracy of the LEO clocks is important for single-receiver *** bridge the gap between the applicable time of the clock products and the time of positioning,the precise LEO clocks need to be predicted over a certain period depending on the sampling interval of the clock *** study discusses the prediction errors for periods from 10 s to 1 h for two typical LEO clock types,*** ultra-stable oscillator(USO)and the oven-controlled crystal oscillator(OCXO).The prediction is based on GNSS-determined precise clock estimates,where the clock stability is related to the GNSS estimation errors,the behaviors of the oscillators themselves,the systematic effects related to the environment and the relativistic effects,and the stability of the time *** on real data analysis,LEO clocks of the two different types are simulated under different conditions,and a prediction model considering the systematic effects is *** to a simple polynomial fitting model usually applied,the proposed model can significantly reduce the prediction errors,*** about 40%-70%in simulations and about 5%-30%for real data containing different miss-modeled *** both clock types,short-term prediction of 1 min would result in a root mean square error(RMSE)of a few centimeters when using a very stable time *** RMSE amounts to about 0.1 m,when a typical real-time time reference of the national center for space studies(CNES)real-time clocks was *** long-term prediction of 1 h,the RMSE could range from below 1 m to a few meters for the USOs,depending on the complexity of the miss-modeled *** OCXOs,the 1 h prediction could lead to larger errors with an RMSE of about 10 m.

关键词： LEO clock prediction USO OCXO relativistic effects

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