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Machine Learning Approaches to Detect DoS and Their Effect on WSNs Lifetime

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第3期70卷 4921-4946页

作者： Raniyah Wazirali Rami ahmad College of Computing and Informatics Saudi Electronic UniversityRiyadh11673Saudi Arabia The School of Information Technology Sebha UniversitySebha71Libya

Energy and security remain the main two challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).Therefore,protecting these WSN networks from Denial of Service(DoS)and Distributed DoS(DDoS)is one of the WSN networks security *** packet deep scan systems that rely on open field inspection in transport layer security packets and the open field encryption trend are making machine learning-based systems the only viable choice for these types of *** paper contributes to the evaluation of the use machine learning algorithms in WSN nodes traffic and their effect on WSN network life *** examined the performance metrics of different machine learning classification categories such asK-Nearest Neighbour(KNN),Logistic Regression(LR),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Gboost,Decision Tree(DT),Na飗e Bayes,Long Short Term Memory(LSTM),and Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)on aWSN-dataset in different *** test results proved that the statistical and logical classification categories performed the best on numeric statistical datasets,and the Gboost algorithm showed the best performance compared to different algorithms on average of all performance *** performance metrics used in these validations were accuracy,F1-score,False Positive Ratio(FPR),False Negative Ratio(FNR),and the training execution ***,the test results showed the Gboost algorithm got 99.6%,98.8%,0.4%0.13%in accuracy,F1-score,FPR,and FNR,*** training execution time,it obtained 1.41 s for the average of all training time execution *** addition,this paper demonstrated that for the numeric statistical data type,the best results are in the size of the dataset ranging from3000 to 6000 records and the percentage between categories is not less than 50%for each category with the other ***,this paper investigated the effect of Gboost on the WSN lifetime,which resulted in a 32%reduction compared to other Gboost-free scenarios.

关键词： WSN intrusion detection machine learning DoS attack WSN security WSN lifetime

A Model Transformation Approach for Detecting Distancing Violations in Weighted Graphs

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2021年第1期36卷 13-39页

作者： ahmad F.Subahi Department of Computer Science University College of Al JamoumUmm Al Qura UniversityMakkah21421Saudi Arabia

This work presents the design of an Internet of Things(IoT)edge-based system based on model transformation and complete weighted graph to detect violations of social distancing measures in indoor public *** sensor network based on Bluetooth Low Energy is introduced as the infrastructure of the proposed design.A hybrid model transformation strategy for generating a graph database to represent groups of people is presented as a core middleware layer of the detecting system’s proposed architectural design.A Neo4j graph database is used as a target implementation generated from the proposed transformational system to store all captured real-time IoT data about the distances between individuals in an indoor area and answer user predefined queries,expressed using Neo4j Cypher,to provide insights from the stored data for decision *** proof of concept,a discrete-time simulation model was adopted for the design of a COVID-19 physical distancing measures case study to evaluate the introduced system ***-one weighted graphs were generated randomly and the degrees of violation of distancing measures were *** experimental results demonstrate the capability of the proposed system design to detect violations of COVID-19 physical distancing measures within an enclosed area.

关键词： Model-driven engineering(MDE) Internet-of-Things(IoTs) model transformation edge computing system design Neo4j graph databases

Resource discovery in distributed digital libraries through visual knowledge navigation

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2005年第11期6卷 1306-1311页

作者： ahmad Faisal SUMNER Tamara Department of Computer Science University of Colorado Colorado 80309-0430 USADepartment of Computer Science University of Colorado Colorado 80309-0430 USA

In order to support users to search and browse for various resources, digital libraries are composed of discovery systems which provide user interface and information retrieve system. Recent researches in Information Retrieval have investi- gated different techniques through improving precision and recall to enhance the effectiveness of discovery system in digital libraries. In this paper, we present our work to enhance discovery system effectiveness with a different approach, through resource discovery based on visual knowledge navigation. In our Strand Map Services project under National Science Digital Library, we introduce the visual resource discovery system called conceptual browsing interfaces, to help educators and learners to locate, comprehend and use educational resources in digital libraries. The paper begins with a short introduction of the Strand Map Services. Then we illustrate the service architecture, the design and implementation of its major components. We will focus our discussion of how the visualization system of the Strand Map Services supports the visual knowledge navigation for distributed digital libraries. This includes the knowledge acquisition of the conceptual browsing interfaces, different knowledge representa- tions in the system perspective and user interface perspective, visualization system modules, algorithm and Web services inte- gration to use visual knowledge navigation to enhance resource discovery in digital libraries.

关键词： Discovery system Digital libraries Visualization Concept space Web services

Distribution Estimation with Smoothed Auxiliary Information

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Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica 2011年第1期27卷 167-176页

作者： Xu Liu ahmad Ishfaq Department of Statistics Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China

Distribution estimation is very important in order to make statistical inference for parameters or its functions based on this distribution. In this work we propose an estimator of the distribution of some variable with non-smooth auxiliary information, for example, a symmetric distribution of this variable, A smoothing technique is employed to handle the non-differentiable function. Hence, a distribution can be estimated based on smoothed auxiliary information. Asymptotic properties of the distribution estimator are derived and analyzed. The distribution estimators based on our method are found to be significantly efficient than the corresponding estimators without these auxiliary information. Some simulation studies are conducted to illustrate the finite sample performance of the proposed estimators.

关键词： Auxiliary information Empirical likelihood Estimating equations Smoothed estimating function,Symmetric distribution

V-Gorenstein Injective Modules Preenvelopes and Related Dimension

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2017年第2期33卷 187-200页

作者： ahmad KHOJALI Naser ZAMANI Faculty of Mathematical Sciences University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil P. O. Box 56199-11367 Iran

Let R and S be associative rings and sVR a semidualizing （S-R）-bimodule. An R-module N is said to be V-Gorenstein injective if there exists a HomR（Zv（R）,-） and HomR（-,Zv（R）） exact exact complex . of V-injective modules Ii and Ii,i ∈ N0, such that N We will call N to be strongly V-Gorenstein injective in case that all modules and homomorphisms in the above exact complex are equal, respectively. It is proved that the class of V-Gorenstein injective modules are closed under extension, direct summand and is a subset of the Auslander class ,4v（R） which leads to the fact that V-Gorenstein injective modules admit exact right Iv （R）-resolution. By using these facts, and thinking of the fact that the class of strongly V-Gorenstein injective modules is not closed under direct summand, it is proved that an R-module N is strongly V- Gorenstein injective if and only if N @ E is strongly V-Gorenstein injective for some V-injective module E. Finally, it is proved that an R-module N of finite V-Gorenstein injective injective dimension admits V-Corenstein injective preenvelope which leads to the fact that, for a natural integer n, Gorenstein V-injective injective dimension of N is bounded to n if and only if Ext Iv （R）（I, N） = 0 for all modules I with finite Iv （R）-injective dimension.

关键词： V-Gorenstein injective module V-injective module semidualizing module Auslander class

Implication of Surface Fractal Analysis to Evaluate the Relative Sensitivity of Topography to Active Tectonics,Zagros Mountains, Iran

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第1期12卷 177-185页

作者： Ali Faghih ahmad Nourbakhsh Department of Earth Sciences College of Sciences Shiraz University

Fractal geometry is increasingly becoming a useful tool for modeling and quantifying the complex patterns of natural phenomena. The Earth's topography is one of these phenomena that have fractal characteristics. This paper investigates the relative sensitivity of topography to active tectonics using ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model. The covering divider method was used for direct extraction of surface fractal dimension(D surf) to estimate the roughness-surface of topography with aid of geographic information system(GIS)techniques. This evaluation let us highlight the role of the geomorphic and tectonic processes on the spatial variability of fractal properties of natural *** zones can be delineated using fractal dimension mapping in which variability of surface fractal dimension reflects the roughness of the landform surface and is a measure of topography texture. Obtained results showed this method can be a quick and easy way to assess the distribution of land surface deformation in different tectonic settings. The loose alluvial deposits and irregularities derived by tectonic activity have high fractal dimensions whereas the competent formations and higher wavelength folded surfaces have lower fractal *** to the obtained results, the Kazerun Fault Zone has a crucial role in the separation of the Zagros Mountain Ranges into the different lithological,geomorphological and structural zones.

关键词： Surface fractal analysis Topography Active tectonics Kazerun Fault Zone Zagros Iran

Epigenetics of human melanoma： promises and challenges

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Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2014年第5期8卷 356-367页

作者： ahmad Besaratinia Stella Tommasi Department of Preventive Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California M/C 9603 Los Angeles CA 90033 USA

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer with rising incidence and mortality rates. Although early-stage melanoma is highly curable, advanced-stage melanoma is refractory to treatment. This underscores the importance of prevention and early detection as well as the need to improve treatment and prognostication of human melanoma. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of the initi- ation and progression of human melanoma can help identify potential targets of intervention for prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of this disease. Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications are the best-established epigenetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The occurrence of epigenetic changes prior to clinical diagnosis of cancer and their reversibility through pharmaco-logic/genetic approaches offer a promising avenue for basic and translational research on human melanoma. Candidate gene（s） or genome-wide aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications have been observed in human melanoma tumor tissues and cell lines, and correlated to cellular and functional characteristics and/or clinicopathologicai features of this malignancy. The present review summarizes the published researches on aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications in connection with human melanoma. Representative studies are highlighted to set forth the current state of knowledge, gaps in the knowledgebase, and future directions in these epigenetic fields of research. Examples of epigenetic therapy applied for human melanoma in vitro, and the challenges of its in vivo application for clinical treatment of solid tumors are discussed.

关键词： aberrant DNA methylation epigenetic therapy histone modifications melanoma cell lines skin cancer

An Effective Runge-Kutta Optimizer Based on Adaptive Population Size and Search Step Size

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第9期76卷 3443-3464页

作者： Ala Kana Imtiaz ahmad Department of Computer Engineering College of Engineering and PetroleumKuwait UniversityKuwait CityKuwait

A newly proposed competent population-based optimization algorithm called RUN,which uses the principle of slope variations calculated by applying the Runge Kutta method as the key search mechanism,has gained wider interest in solving optimization ***,in high-dimensional problems,the search capabilities,convergence speed,and runtime of RUN *** work aims at filling this gap by proposing an improved variant of the RUN algorithm called the *** size plays a vital role in both runtime efficiency and optimization effectiveness of metaheuristic *** the original RUN where population size is fixed throughout the search process,Adaptive-RUN automatically adjusts population size according to two population size adaptation techniques,which are linear staircase reduction and iterative halving,during the search process to achieve a good balance between exploration and exploitation *** addition,the proposed methodology employs an adaptive search step size technique to determine a better solution in the early stages of evolution to improve the solution quality,fitness,and convergence speed of the original ***-RUN performance is analyzed over 23 IEEE CEC-2017 benchmark functions for two cases,where the first one applies linear staircase reduction with adaptive search step size(LSRUN),and the second one applies iterative halving with adaptive search step size(HRUN),with the original *** promote green computing,the carbon footprint metric is included in the performance evaluation in addition to runtime and *** results based on the Friedman andWilcoxon tests revealed that Adaptive-RUN can produce high-quality solutions with lower runtime and carbon footprint values as compared to the original RUN and three recent ***,with its higher computation efficiency,Adaptive-RUN is a much more favorable choice as compared to RUN in time stringent applications.

关键词： Optimization Runge Kutta(RUN) metaheuristic algorithm exploration exploitation population size adaptation adaptive search step size

Gravitational Field as a Pressure Force from Logarithmic Lagrangians and Non-Standard Hamiltonians：The Case of Stellar Halo of Milky Way

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2018年第3期69卷 233-240页

作者： Rami ahmad El-Nabulsi Athens Institute for Education and Research Mathematics and Physics Divisions 8 Valaoritou Street Kolonaki 10671 Athens Greece

Recently,the notion of non-standard Lagrangians was discussed widely in literature in an attempt to explore the inverse variational problem of nonlinear differential *** forms of non-standard Lagrangians were introduced in literature and have revealed nice mathematical and physical *** interesting form related to the inverse variational problem is the logarithmic Lagrangian,which has a number of motivating features related to the Li′enard-type and Emden nonlinear differential *** types of Lagrangians lead to nonlinear dynamics based on non-standard *** this communication,we show that some new dynamical properties are obtained in stellar dynamics if standard Lagrangians are replaced by Logarithmic Lagrangians and their corresponding non-standard *** interesting consequence concerns the emergence of an extra pressure term,which is related to the gravitational field suggesting that gravitation may act as a pressure in a strong gravitational *** case of the stellar halo of the Milky Way is considered.

关键词： logarithmic Lagrangian non-standard Hamiltonians modified Boltzmann equation stellar dynamics Milky way