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A Reputation-Based AODV Protocol for Blackhole and Malfunction Nodes Detection and Avoidance

Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第8期80卷 1867-1888页

作者： Qussai M.Yaseen Monther Aldwairi ahmad manasrah Artificial Intelligence Research Center(AIRC) College of Engineering and Information TechnologyAjman UniversityAjman346United Arab Emirates Department of Computer Information Systems Faculty of Computer and Information TechnologyJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbid22110Jordan College of Technological Innovation Zayed UniversityAbu Dhabi144534United Arab Emirates Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science Yarmouk UniversityIrbid21163Jordan Computer Information Systems Higher Colleges of TechnologySharjah341214United Arab Emirates

Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)improves the usability of their ***,finding solutions to various attacks,such as the blackhole attack,is crucial for the success of WSN *** paper proposes an enhanced version of the AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)protocol capable of detecting blackholes and malfunctioning benign nodes in WSNs,thereby avoiding them when delivering *** proposed version employs a network-based reputation system to select the best and most secure path to a *** achieve this goal,the proposed version utilizes the Watchdogs/Pathrater mechanisms in AODV to gather and broadcast reputations to all network nodes to build the network-based reputation *** minimize the network overhead of the proposed approach,the paper uses reputation aggregator nodes only for forwarding reputation ***,to reduce the overhead of updating reputation tables,the paper proposes three mechanisms,which are the prompt broadcast,the regular broadcast,and the light broadcast *** proposed enhanced version has been designed to perform effectively in dynamic environments such as mobile WSNs where nodes,including blackholes,move continuously,which is considered a challenge for other *** the proposed enhanced protocol,a node evaluates the security of different routes to a destination and can select the most secure routing *** paper provides an algorithm that explains the proposed protocol in detail and demonstrates a case study that shows the operations of calculating and updating reputation values when nodes move across different ***,the paper discusses the proposed approach’s overhead analysis to prove the proposed enhancement’s correctness and applicability.

关键词： AODV blackhole malfunction nodes pathrater reputation system wireless sensor networks(WSNs) watchdogs

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A Measurement Study of the Ethereum Underlying P2P Network

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第1期78卷 515-532页

作者： Mohammad ZMasoud Yousef Jaradat ahmad manasrah Mohammad Alia Khaled Suwais Sally Almanasra Electrical Engineering Department Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanAmman11733Jordan Mechanical Engineering Department Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanAmman11733Jordan Computer Science Department Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanAmman11733Jordan Faculty of Computer Studies Arab Open UniversityRiyadh11681Saudi Arabia

This work carried out a measurement study of the Ethereum Peer-to-Peer(P2P)network to gain a better understanding of the underlying *** was applied because it pioneered distributed applications,smart contracts,and ***,its application layer language“Solidity”is widely used in smart contracts across different public and private *** this end,we wrote a new Ethereum client based on Geth to collect Ethereum node ***,various web scrapers have been written to collect nodes’historical data fromthe Internet Archive and the Wayback Machine *** collected data has been compared with two other services that harvest the number of *** has collectedmore than 30% more than the other *** data trained a neural network model regarding time series to predict the number of online nodes in the *** findings show that there are less than 20% of the same nodes daily,indicating thatmost nodes in the network change *** poses a question of the stability of the ***,historical data shows that the top ten countries with Ethereum clients have not changed since *** popular operating system of the underlying nodes has shifted from Windows to Linux over time,increasing node *** results have also shown that the number of Middle East and North Africa(MENA)Ethereum nodes is neglected compared with nodes recorded from other *** opens the door for developing new mechanisms to encourage users from these regions to contribute to this ***,the model has been trained and demonstrated an accuracy of 92% in predicting the future number of nodes in the Ethereum network.

关键词： Ethereum measurement ethereum client neural network time series forecasting web-scarping wayback machine blockchain

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Optimal Management of Energy Storage Systems for Peak Shaving in a Smart Grid

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第5期75卷 3317-3337页

作者： Firas M.Makahleh Ayman Amer ahmad A.manasrah Hani Attar Ahmed A.A.Solyman Mehrdad ahmadi Kamarposhti Phatiphat Thounthong Department of Mechanical Engineering Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanAmman11733Jordan Department of Energy Engineering Zarqa UniversityZarqa13133Jordan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty of Engineering and ArchitecturesNisantasi UniversityIstanbul34398Turkey Department of Electrical Engineering Jouybar BranchIslamic Azad UniversityJouybarIran Renewable Energy Research Centre(RERC) Department of Teacher Training in Electrical EngineeringFaculty of Technical EducationKing Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok1518Pracharat 1 RoadBangsueBangkok10800Thailand

In this paper,the installation of energy storage systems(EES)and their role in grid peak load shaving in two echelons,their distribution and generation are ***,the optimal placement and capacity of the energy storage is taken into consideration,then,the charge-discharge strategy for this equipment is ***,Genetic Algorithm(GA)and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)are used to calculate the minimum and maximum load in the network with the presence of energy storage *** energy storage systems were utilized in a distribution system with the aid of a peak load shaving ***,the battery charge-discharge is managed at any time during the day,considering the load consumption at each *** results depict that the load curve reached a constant state by managing charge-discharge with no significant *** shows the significance of such matters in terms of economy and technicality.

关键词： Cost energy storage particle swarm optimization(PSO) peak load smart grid

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ACTIVE E-MAIL SYSTEM SMTP PROTOCOL MONITORING ALGORITHM

ACTIVE E-MAIL SYSTEM SMTP PROTOCOL MONITORING ALGORITHM

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2009 2nd IEEE International Conference on Broadband Network & Multimedia Technology（IC-BNMT2009）

作者： R.Sureswaran Hussein Al Bazar O.Abouabdalla ahmad M.manasrah Homam El-Taj National Advanced IPv6 Centre （NAv6） Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia

E-mail system is one of the most ubiquitous Internet-based applications *** enables users to send and receive E-mail messages among each other within and from outside of the local area network.E-mail system is used every day in almost all organizations as a communication tool between managers,employees,customers,and partners for better information flow and conduct business which requires communication with people outside the organization,or from different geographical *** E-mail system offers a fast,reliable and easy solution for such *** （Simple Mail Transfer Protocol） is a transportation protocol used to transfer E-mail messages over the *** E-mail servers use the SMTP to send E-mails from one E-mail server to *** is also used to send E-mail messages from E-mail clients to E-mail *** this paper,the SMTP E-mail system protocol will be briefly *** Active monitoring algorithm architecture is also proposed to improve the current E-mail system protocol functions and detect the SMTP protocol failure during the process of sending E-mail messages.

关键词： E-mail server SMTP Active monitoring

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Emerging insights into the function of very long chain fatty acids at cerebellar synapses

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1709-1710页

作者： Martin-Paul Agbaga Mohiuddin ahmad Department of Cell Biology and Ophthalmology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Centerand Dean McGee Eye InstituteOklahoma CityOKUSA

Very long chain-saturated and-polyunsaturated fatty acids(VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA, respectively) are a functionally important class of fatty acids containing 28 carbons or more in their acyl chain. They are synthesized by the elongation of very long fatty acids-4(ELOVL4) enzyme, expressed mainly in the brain, retina, skin, testes, and meibomian gland, where these fatty acids are found(Agbaga et al., 2008). Further, these organs exhibit tissuespecific VLC-PUFA and VLC-SFA biosynthesis and incorporation into complex lipids for specific functions. In the brain, skin, and Meibomian glands, the ELOVL4 mainly makes VLC-SFA, which are incorporated into complex sphingolipids. In the retina, the ELOVL4 makes VLC-PUFA that are incorporated into phosphatidylcholine, that are critical for visual function, while in testes and sperm, the VLC-PUFA are incorporated into sphingolipids that are critical for fertility(Yeboah et al., 2021).

关键词： functions function insight

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Impact of time between meniscal injury and isolated meniscus repair on post-operative outcomes:A systematic review

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2025年第7期13卷 39-45页

作者： Kashif Javid Xavier Akins Nicole G Lemaster Amer ahmad Austin V Stone Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine University of KentuckyLexingtonKY 40504United States

BACKGROUND Meniscal tears are one of the most common knee *** the diagnosis of a meniscal tear has been made,there are several factors physicians use to guide clinical *** influence of time between injury and isolated meniscus repair on patient outcomes is not well *** this relationship is important as it may influence clinical decision-making and can add to the preoperative patient education *** hypothesized that increasing the time from injury to meniscus surgery would worsen postoperative *** To investigate the current literature for data on the relationship between time between meniscus injury and repair on patient *** PubMed,Academic Search Complete,MEDLINE,CINAHL,and SPORTDiscus were searched for studies published between January 1,1995 and July 13,2023 on isolated meniscus *** criteria included concomitant ligament surgery,incomplete outcomes or time to surgery data,and *** demographics,time to injury,and postoperative outcomes from each study were abstracted and *** Five studies met all inclusion and exclusion *** were 204(121 male,83 female)patients *** of five(60%)studies determined that time between injury and surgery was not statistically significant for postoperative Lysholm scores(P=0.62),Tegner scores(P=0.46),failure rate(P=0.45,P=0.86),and International Knee Documentation Committee scores(P=0.65).Two of five(40%)studies found a statistically significant increase in Lysholm scores with shorter time to surgery(P=0.03)and a statistically significant association between progression of medial meniscus extrusion ratio(P=0.01)and increasing time to *** Our results do not support the hypothesis that increased time from injury to isolated meniscus surgery worsens postoperative ***-making primarily based on injury interval is thus not recommended.

关键词： Meniscus Meniscal Meniscus repair Meniscectomy Patient reported outcomes Postoperative outcomes Time to surgery Injury interval

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Comparative study of living donor kidney transplants:Right vs left

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World Journal of Transplantation 2025年第1期15卷 115-123页

作者： Taqi Khan Nadeem ahmad Qaisar Iqbal Muneeb Hassan Lajward Asnath Naveed Khan Sajid Shakeel Kidney Transplant Unit Rehman Medical InstitutePeshawar 25100Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan Department of Surgery Princess Noura Binti AbdulRehman UniversityRiyadh 84428Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND Transplant teams often hesitate to use the right kidney(RK)in living donor(LD)transplants due to the complexities of anastomosing the short,thin-walled right renal veins,which can potentially lead to graft loss or graft ***,circumstances may arise where selecting the RK over the left kidney(LK)is ***,it is crucial to thoroughly examine the implications of such a choice on the overall transplant *** To compare transplant outcomes between recipients of RK and LK while examining the factors that influence these *** We retrospectively analyzed data from adult patients who received LD kidney transplants involving meticulous patient selection and surgical techniques at our center from January 2020 to December *** included all kidney donors who were over 18,fit to donate,and had undergone diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid split function and/or computed tomography based *** variables examined comprised donor and recipient demographics,and outcome measures included technical graft loss(TGL),delayed or slow graft function(SGF),and post-transplant serum creatinine(SC)*** used a logistic regression model to assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes considering the donor kidney *** Of the 250 transplants performed during the period,56(22%)were *** recipient demographics and transplant factors were comparable for the right and LKs,except that the donor warm and cold ischemia time were shorter for *** and SGF each occurred in 2%(n=1)of RKs and 0.5%(n=1)of LKs,the difference being *** complications,however,were not related to the venous *** RK(2%)developed delayed graft function after 48 hours,which was attributable to postoperative hypoxia rather than the surgical *** post-transplant SC trend and mean SC at the last follow-up were similar across both kidney *** The donor kidney side has little impact on post-transplant

关键词： Living donor Right kidney Right renal vein Venous anastomosis Technical graft loss Early graft function

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Water Exchange Calculations Using the Salt Conservation Law in Ayla Lagoons in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

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Natural Science 2015年第4期7卷 197-209页

作者： Riyad manasrah Department of Coastal Environment Faculty of Marine Sciences The University of Jordan-Aqaba Aqaba Jordan

The salt conservation law was applied, for the first time, in order to compare the real and calculated values of water outflow (m3/s) and residence time (days) in the lagoons of Ayla Oasis at the northernmost tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. The aim is to obtain the scientific bases of monitoring beside the real observation in areas that could not be measured directly by the current meters. The real measurements of water current by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) workhorse 600 kHz, salinity and density by the Conductivity, Temperature and Depth meter (CTD 19plusV2), were collected during the period June 2012-May 2013. The statistical analysis was performed using Statview (5.0) software. The results revealed highly significant correlation between the real and calculated values for both water flow (r = 0.90;P = 0.0001) and residence time (r = 0.89;P 3/s) and residence time (0.80 ± 0.72 days) should be taken into consideration to correct the calculated values.

关键词： Salt Conservation Law Residence Time Artificial Lagoons Gulf of Aqaba

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Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第4期19卷 421-426页

作者： Maqbool ahmad ahmad S. Bajahlan Environmental Control Department Directorate General for Royal Commission at Yanbu P.O.Box 30031 Yanbu Al-SinaiyahKingdom of Saudi Arabia

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.

关键词： styrene polystyrene (PS) ethyl benzene leaching styrofoam

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Overcoming the limits of piezoelectric composites

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National Science Review 2023年第9期10卷 118-119页

作者： ahmad Safari Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rutgers University

The study of piezoelectric composites traces its origins back to the 1970s, when the concept of combining ceramics and polymers to introduce self-connectivity was first proposed [1-3].Creating composites using polymers as the matrix and ferroelectric ceramics as fillers has proven to be an effective approach for improving the electromechanical coupling performance of piezoelectric materials.

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