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Prediction of Dermal Permeability Coefficient of Nevirapine—effect of Cosolvents, Anionic, Nonionic and Cationic Surfactants

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2016年第7期7卷 283-289页

作者： Chika J. Mbah Theophilus C. Onyekaba agatha O. Uwakwe Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Delta State University Abraka Nigeria

Transdermal drug delivery not only has contributed immensely to medical practice, but has enjoyed enormous interest in the field of cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nevirapine, a non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNrTI) is used clinically for the treatment of HIV‐ 1 infection. The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of cosolvents (glycerol, propylene glycol, ethanol, polyethylene glycol 400) and surfactants (polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium cholate and cetrimide) on the dermal permeability coefficient of nevirapine by utilizing established and recognized mathematical model that employs partition coefficient as one of its molecular descriptors. The partition coefficient of nevirapine is determined in chloroform-water system at room temperature using the shake flask method. The results show that all the cosolvents used in this study decrease the partition coefficient of nevirapine. The same decrease in the partition coefficient of nevirapine is observed with all the surfactants investigated. The order of dermal enhancement potential of the vehicles studied based on the predicted permeability coefficient is glycerol > propylene glycol > ethanol > polyethylene glycol 400 for the cosolvents while tween 20 > tween 80 > sodium lauryl sulfate > sodium cholate > cetrimide for the surfactants. The maximum predicted flux through skin was obtained by multiplying the predicted permeability coefficient and the drug aqueous solubility. As the rate of penetration into the skin is quantitatively assessed by the use of permeability coefficient, the findings suggest that for dermal formulation of nevirapine, glycerol and tween 20 are the most preferred vehicles out of the vehicles investigated. Furthermore, the results of the correlation coefficients obtained by plotting permeability coefficient or maximum predicted flux, versus logarithm partition coefficient indicate that permeability coefficient can be a more re

关键词： Cosolvents Surfactants Partition Coefficient Dermal Permeability Coefficient Nevirapine

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最伟大的将军

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中学生百科（阅读写作） 2006年第16期 12-13页

作者： agatha

如果不好好把握你的潜能,很可能你就是当了一辈子工人的“将军”。一个人死后到了天堂,遇见了圣彼得。这个人知道圣彼得是个满腹知识的智者,于是他问道: “圣彼得。

关键词：将军潜能发挥工人军事史回答普通工感兴米开朗基罗智者有责任

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Prevalence and Pattern of Intestinal Parasitic Infestations among HIV Infected Children in Lagos, Nigeria

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2020年第12期8卷 58-67页

作者： agatha N. David agatha e. Wapmuk Jane O. Okwuzu Titilola A. gbaja-Biamila Oluwadamilola Ogunsina Oluwatosin O. Odubela Oluwatosin O. Odubela Babasola A. Opaneye Priscilla N. ezemelue Tomilola e. Musari-Martins Olamilekan N. rahman Abideen O. Salako Clinical Sciences Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Public Health and epidemiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections significantly affect paediatric population globally with over 800 million children at risk. The chronic nature of these infestations is associated with chronic disabilitie... 详细信息

rong>Introduction: rong>Intestinal parasitic infections significantly affect paediatric population globally with over 800 million children at risk. The chronic nature of these infestations is associated with chronic disabilities approaching 9 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Co-infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and intestinal parasitic infections adorned the pre-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAArT) era resulting in impaired nutritional state and dysfunctional immune system, especially amongst affected children. The success of HAArT in conjunction with other life-saving measures has improved the outcome of children living with HIV. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of parasitic infections among children living with HIV in Lagos. rong>Methodology: rong>Consecutive children attending the paediatric anti-retroviral clinic were enrolled. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics elicited from the clinical examination were recorded. Fresh stool samples of the children were obtained and examined for intestinal parasites. Data were analyzed with the Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 software. rong>results: rong>A total of 102 children participated in the study with a majority being males (52.9%), in primary school (73.5%) and living in urban settings (82.4%). Six children were found to harbour intestinal parasites giving a prevalence of 5.9% with Ascaris lumbricoides (50%) and entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) being the prevalent parasites seen. Children with a Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-score gher estimates of intestinal parasitic infestations [p value r 10.27, CI 1.72 - 61.20].rong> Conclusion:rong> The prevalence of intestinal infestation was 5.9% with Ascariasis being the commonest intestinal parasitosis in our study. Malnutrition was found to be significantly associated with its occurrence.

关键词： Intestinal Parasitic Infections Infestations Paediatric HIV Lagos

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COVID-19 Pandemic through the Lenses of Nurses and Midwives in Zambia: exploring Depression, Anxiety and Stress

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2022年第1期12卷 11-22页

作者： Lonia Mwape Kestone Lyambai esther Chirwa Mavis Mtonga Patricia Katowa-Mukwato agatha Lloyd School of Nursing Sciences Levy Mwanawasa Medical University Lusaka Zambia School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Lusaka District Health Office Lusaka Zambia

Following the declaration of COVID-19 as an international health emergency, Zambia like many other countries implemented measures to limit human interaction and curb the spread of the disease. In the midst of these measures, nurses and midwives continue to provide care to suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19, which puts them at risk of contracting the disease and compromising their psychological wellbeing. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by nurses and midwives working in health facilities in two districts of Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This descriptive cross-sectional study involving 187 nurses and midwives was conducted between July and December 2020 in selected health facilities in Lusaka and Chilanga Districts. The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) 21 was used to collect the data which was analysed using univariate analysis. Majority of the respondents were female (84%) and mean age at 30.1 (SD 9.05) years, 58.3 percent were married, and 50.84 percent had children. The mean work experience was 6.63 (SD 4.75) years, and 54 percent had worked for less than five years. Overall, 22.5 percent of nurses and midwives reported depression, 52.4 percent had anxiety and almost half (42.2%) had varying levels of stress. Anxiety and stress correlated significantly with working in COVID Isolation departments (P = 0.001). Strategies such as strict adherence to infection prevention measures, seeking help from family and friends and recognition by hospital management were a significant supportive measure (P rses and Midwives working directly with COVID-19 patients reported greater incidence of depression, anxiety and stress, similar to findings from previous research around the world. Therefore, efforts should be focused on developing and providing counselling and other support services to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and enhance psychological wellbeing for health professions.

关键词： COVID-19 Pandemic Nurses Midwives Depression Anxiety and Stress

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迎来卖方市场——2015年会议行业趋势预测

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中国会展 2015年第4期 52-54页

作者： agatha gilmore

世界上并没有可以预测2015年会议行业趋势的水晶球。美国《成功会议》杂志通过分析不同的数据、采访行业专家与会议组织者们找到了一些今年行业发展方向的蛛丝马迹。

关键词：行业趋势卖方市场预测年会行业发展方向行业专家组织者

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<i>Fasciola hepatica</i>and Associated Parasite, <i>Dicrocoelium dendriticum</i>in Slaughter Houses in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2018年第1期8卷 1-9页

作者： Florence Oyibo Iyaji Clement Ameh Yaro Mercy Funmilayo Peter agatha eleojo Onoja Abutu Department of Zoology and environmental Biology Faculty of Natural Sciences Kogi State University Anyigba Nigeria Department of Zoology Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria Department of Biology education Kogi State of Education Technical Kabba Nigeria

Fasciola hepatica is a parasite of clinical and veterinary importance which causes fascioliasis that leads to reduction in milk and meat production. Bile samples were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for ten (10) minutes in a centrifuge machine and viewed microscopically to check for F. hepatica eggs. A total of 300 bile samples of cattle which included 155 males and 145 females were collected from the abattoir. results were analyzed using chi-square (p > 0.05). The prevalence of F. gigantica and Dicrocoelium dentriticum is 33.0% (99) and 39.0% (117) respectively. Age prevalence of F. hepatica revealed that 0 - 2 years (33.7%, 29 cattle) were more infected than 2 - 4 years (32.7%, 70 cattle) while for D. dentriticum age 2 - 4 years were more infected than 0 - 2 years with prevalence of 40.2% (86) and 36.0% (31) respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) existed in prevalence in ages of the cattle. Out of the 300 bile samples examined, 22.3% (67 cattle) were co-infected with F. hepatica and D. dendriticum. Males were more co-infected than females having a prevalence of 24.5% (38 cattle) and 20.0% (29 cattle) respectively. Based on the age, samples of age 0 - 2 years were more co-infected than those of age 2 - 4 years with a prevalence of 23.3% (20 cattle) and 22.0% (47 cattle) respectively. The findings of this present study revealed that efforts to alleviate problems of animal health and productivity are yet to make any significant impact as this poses threat on human health. Investigation on the pattern of infections in cattle slaughtered should be strengthened.

关键词： Fasciola gigantica Dicrocoelium dendriticum Parasites Fascioliasis Kogi State

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KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors with a long term follow-up:A new subgroup does exist

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World Journal of gastroenterology 2007年第7期13卷 1098-1102页

作者： Katerina Kontogianni-Katsarou Constantina Lariou eugenia Tsompanaki Christina Vourlakou evi Kairi-Vassilatou Costas Mastoris georgia Pantazi agatha Kondi-Pafiti Department of Pathology Athens Medical School Areteion University Hospital 76 Vas. Sophias Ave. Athens 11528 Greece Department of Pathology Evaggelismos General Hospital Ipsiladou 45-47 Athens 10676 Greece Department of Statistics School of Economics and Business Athens University Patision 76 Athens 10434 Greece

AIM： To investigate the incidence of KIT immunohostochemical staining in （gI） stromal tumors （gISTs）, and to analyze the clinical manifestations of the tumors and prognostic indicators. MeTHODS： We retrospectively analyzed 50 cases of previously diagnosed gISTs. Tissue samples were assessed with KIT （CDl17 antigen）, CD34, SMA, desmin, S-100, NSe, PCNA, Ki-67, and BCL-2 for immunohistochemical study and pathological characteristics were analyzed for prognostic factors. reSULTS： Fifteen tumors （30%） were negative in KIT staining. A significant association was observed between gender （male patients： 14/15） and KIT-negative staining （P = 0.003）.The patients＇s mean age was 56.6 years. Tumors developed in stomach （n = 8）, small intestine （n = 5）, large intestine （n = 1） and oesophagus （n = 1）. The mean tumor size was 5.72 cm. The mitotic count ranged from 0-29/50 HPF （mean： 3.4） and 73% of tumors showed no necrosis. The majority of the tumors （67%） had dual or epithelioid differentiation. Tumors were classified as very low or low risk （n = 7）, intermediate risk （n = 5）, and high risk （n = 3） groups. Twelve （80%） patients were alive without evidence of residual tumor for an average period of 40.25 mo （12-82 too）; three patients developed metastatic disease to the liver and eventually died within 2-12 mo （median survival： 8.6 too）.CONCLUSION： A small subgroup of gISTs fulfils the clinical and morphological criteria of these tumors, and lacks KIT expression. These tumors predominantly developed in the stomach, being dual or epithelioid in morphology, which are classified as low risk tumors and presented a better survival status than KIT-positive tumors. The ability to diagnose gISTs still depends on immunohistochemical staining but the research should extend in gene mutations.

关键词： gastrointestinal stromal tumors CD 117antigen Immunohistochemistry Survival

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Purinergic receptors in Basal ganglia Diseases:Shared Molecular Mechanisms between Huntington’s and Parkinson’s Disease

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2020年第11期36卷 1299-1314页

作者： Talita glaser roberta Andrejew agatha Oliveira-giacomelli Deidiane elisa ribeiro Lucas Bonfim Marques Qing Ye Wen-Jing ren Alexey Semyanov Peter Illes Yong Tang Henning Ulrich Department of Biochemistry Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Sao PauloAv.Prof.Lineu Prestes 74&Sao PauloSP 05508-000Brazil Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology Chengdu 610075China Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow 117997Russia Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow 119992Russia rudolf-Boehm-Institut ftir Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Universitat LeipzigLeipzig 04107Germany International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu 610075China

Huntington’s(HD)and Parkinson’s diseases(PD)are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the death of gABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia leading to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic symptoms,*** review here the participation of purinergic receptors through intracellular Ca^2+signaling in these neurodegenerative *** adenosine A2A receptor stimulates striatopallidal gABAergic neurons,resulting in inhibitory actions on gABAergic neurons of the globus pallidus.A2A and dopamine D2 receptors form functional heteromeric complexes inducing allosteric inhibition,and A2A receptor activation results in motor ***,the A2A receptor physically and functionally interacts with glutamate receptors,mainly with the mglu5 receptor *** interaction facilitates glutamate release,resulting in NMDA glutamate receptor activation and an increase of Ca2+influx.P2X7 receptor activation also promotes glutamate release and neuronal ***,modulation of purinergic receptor activity,such as A2A and P2X7 receptors,and subsequent aberrant Ca^2+signaling,might present interesting therapeutic potential for HD and PD.

关键词： Purinergic receptor Central nervous system Huntington’s disease Parkinson’s disease 6-hydroxydopamine

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Influence of the Precursor Concentration on the Characteristics of Silica Powder Obtained from Na2SiO3 by a Facile Low Temperature Synthesis Process

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材料科学与工程（中英文B版） 2012年第8期2卷 429-436页

作者： Chieko Yamagata Daniel ricco elias Mayara rafaela Soares Paiva agatha Matos Misso Sonia regina Homem Mello Castanho Nuclear and energy research Institute Department of Science and Materials Technology CCTM S6o Paulo Brazil

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Are symptoms of anxiety and depression associated with colorectal screening perceptions and behaviors among older adults in primary care?

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014年第2期4卷 78-89页

作者： Hind A. Beydoun Suraj Khanal May A. Beydoun Alan B. Zonderman ravinder Mohan agatha Parks-Savage Department of Family Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk USA graduate Program in Public Health Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk USA National Institute on Aging Baltimore USA Office of graduate Medical education Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk USA

Despite the existence of colorectal cancer (CrC) screening guidelines, population-based studies have consistently shown under-utilization of CrC screening procedures among older adults in the United States. We examined whether symptoms of anxiety and depression are associated with colorectal cancer (CrC) screening perceptions and behaviors among older adults in a primary care setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a sample of 143 family medicine patients who completed an 88-item anonymous self-administered questionnaire covering symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as CrC screening perceptions (defined based on the Health Belief Model) and behaviors (defined as ever use of or adherence to CrC testing). Moderate-to-clinically significant anxiety and depressive symptoms were, respectively, prevalent in 47% and 42% of participants. Perceived benefits and barriers were the only Health Belief Model constructs associated with anxiety. Perceived barriers were positively associated with anxiety symptoms after adjustment for confounders, including age, gender, race/ ethnicity, marital status, education, smoking history, body mass index and self-rated health. By contrast, perceived benefits were negatively associated with anxiety symptoms only in the unadjusted model. Neither anxiety nor depression was associated with ever use of or adherence to CrC testing. Symptoms of anxiety, but not depression, may potentially influence CrC screening perceptions, with implications for behavioral interventions targeting CrC testing.

关键词： Anxiety Behavior Colorectal Cancer Depression Health Belief Model Perception Screening

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