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作者： Omid Joneydi Shariatzadeh afshin abrishamkar Aliakbar Joneidi Jafari the Department of Energy Technology Lappeenranta University of Technology the Department of Chemical Technology Lappeenranta University of Technology the Department of Energy Technology School of TechnologyAalto University

The converging-diverging nozzles play a significant role in a supersonic wind tunnel,where they draw air from a gas *** to the back pressure conditions through the convergent section,air reaches sonic conditions at *** conditions lead this stream to flow further through the divergent section where the flow Mach number *** the determinative variables such as area ratio and back pressure,the obtained Mach number may be *** this work a comprehensive simulation of a flow in a typical supersonic converging-diverging nozzle has been *** the respective nozzle,flow suddenly contracts at a certain point and then expands after *** the simulation endeavors have been carried out by ANSYS FLUENT utilizing the mesh geometries previously and precisely accomplished in *** simulations have been conducted in either 2D or 3D domains to provide better comparative ***,the influence of the turbulence model,differentiation and computational grid to the solution has been ***,the numerical comparison between CFD modeling results and corresponding available measured data has been *** comparison analysis of the data demonstrates an accurate enough coordination between the experimental data and the simulation results,which is applied more to the 3D endeavors than 2Ds.

关键词： ANSYS FLUENT? computational fluid dynamics converging-diverging nozzle numerical validation turbulence models

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Spironolactone in preventing hypokalemia following traumatic brain injury

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2010年第6期13卷 336-340页

作者： Saeid abrishamkar Mehdi Shafiei Mohammad Shafiei Department of Neurosurgery Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran 2.School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran School of Medicine Isfahan University of MedicalSciences Isfahan Iran

Objective： Hypokalemia is a frequent complication observed after traumatic brain injury （TBI）.We evaluated the effect of spironolactone on preventing hypokalemia following moderate to severe ***： Patients with moderate to severe TBI, whose Glasgow Coma Scale （GCS） scores of 9-12 and ＜9,respectively, were equally randomized into intervention and control groups, matching with severity of trauma and baseline serum level of potassium. For the intervention group, we administrated spironolactone （1 mg/kg per day）on the second day of admission or the first day of gavage tolerance and continued it for seven days. No additional intervention was done for controls. Hypokalemia （mild： 3-3.5 mg/L, moderate： 2.5-3 mg/L, and severe：＜2.5 mg/L serum K＋） and other electrolyte abnormalities were compared between the two groups at the end of the ***： Sixty-eight patients （58 males and 10 females）were included with mean age=（33.1±11.8） years, and GCS=7.6±2.8. The two groups were similar in baseline *** who received spironolactone were significantly less likely to experience mild, moderate, or severe hypokalemia （8.8%, 2.9%, and 0） compared with controls （29.4%, 11.7%,and 2.9%, respectively, P＜0.05）. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the occurrence of other electrolyte abnormalities, hyperglycemia or ***： Spironolactone within the first week of head injury could prevent the occurrence of late hypokalemia with no severe side effects.

关键词： Hypokalemia Spironolactone Brain injuries

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