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Net effect of air pollution controls on health risk in the Beijing-Tianjin-hebei region during the 2022 winter Olympics and Paralympics

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 560-569页

作者： changqing Lin Peter K.K.Louie Alexis K.h.Lau Jimmy c.h.fung Zibing Yuan Minghui Tao Xuguo Zhang Md.Shakhaoat hossain chengcai Li Xiang Qian Lao Division of Environment and Sustainability The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina Environmental Protection Department Hong Kong Government SARHong KongChina Department of civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina Guangdong-hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina Department of Mathematics The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina School of Environment and Energy South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China hubei Key Laboratory of critical Zone Evolution School of Geography and Information EngineeringChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Public health and Informatics Jahangirnagar UniversityDhaka 1342Bangladesh Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Jockey club School of Public health and Primary care The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina

Due to the non-linearity in ozone(O_(3))formation,reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))may increase O_(3) concentration.Given the counteractive O_(3) response to NO_(x) reduction,overall impact of air pollution controls can be ambiguous when the assessments focus on the changes in pollutant concentrations.In this study,a risk-based method was used to gauge the net effect of air pollution controls on mortality risk in the Beijing–Tianjin–hebei(BTh)region during the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics(WOP).This mega-event presents a unique opportunity to investigate the efficacy of deep cuts in pollutant emissions.Results show that O_(3) concentrations greatly increased as nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))concentrations decreased in the BTh.Due to the active photochemical formations,O_(3) became the dominant pollutant that affected human health during the WOP.Despite the substantial O_(3) increases,the health benefits of NO_(2) reductions overwhelmed the adverse health effects of O_(3) increases in most regions of the BTh(at 81 out of 112 stations).After considering the impacts of particulate matter,the integrated health risk of air pollution mixtures declined almost everywhere in the BTh.Our results underscore the great necessity of changing the assessment paradigm of pollution control from using concentration-based methods to using risk-based methods.Together with the carbon neutrality policy,stringent control of NO_(x)emission from combustion sources is a promising way to achieve synergistic control solutions for air pollution and climate change.

关键词： Ozone Nitrogen dioxide health risk carbon neutrality Mega-events

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Impacts of pollution heterogeneity on population exposure in dense urban areas using ultra-fine resolution air quality data

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第3期125卷 513-523页

作者： Wenwei che Yumiao Zhang changqing Lin Yik him fung Jimmy c.h.fung Alexis KhLau Division of Environment and Sustainability The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongChina Department of Mathematics The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongChina Department of civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongChina Guangdong-hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongChina

Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter(PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)),nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2)), and ozone(O_(3)) in hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District council constituency Areas(DccAs) in hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities.

关键词： Particulate matter Nitrogen dioxide Ozone Pollution heterogeneity Urban area

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A Distributionally Robust Optimization Scheduling Model for Regional Integrated Energy Systems considering hot Dry Rock co-Generation

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computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第8期140卷 1387-1404页

作者： hao Qi Mohamed Sharaf Andres Annuk adrian Ilinca Mohamed A.Mohamed college of Electrical and New Energy China Three Gorges UniversityYichang443002China Department of Industrial Engineering College of EngineeringKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11421Saudi Arabia Institute of Forestry and Engineering Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu51006Estonia Department of Mechanical Engineering école de Technologie SupérieureMontréalQC H3C 1K3Canada Electrical Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringMinia UniversityMinia61519Egypt

hot dry rock(hDR)is rich in reserve,widely distributed,green,low-carbon,and has broad development potential and prospects.In this paper,a distributionally robust optimization(DRO)scheduling model for a regionally integrated energy system(RIES)considering hDR co-generation is proposed.First,the hDR-enhanced geothermal system(hDR-EGS)is introduced into the RIES.hDR-EGS realizes the thermoelectric decoupling of combined heat and power(chP)through coordinated operation with the regional power grid and the regional heat grid,which enhances the system wind power(WP)feed-in space.Secondly,peak-hour loads are shifted using price demand response guidance in the context of time-of-day pricing.Finally,the optimization objective is established to minimize the total cost in the RIES scheduling cycle and construct a DRO scheduling model for RIES with hDR-EGS.By simulating a real small-scale RIES,the results show that hDR-EGS can effectively promote WP consumption and reduce the operating cost of the system.

关键词： Energy harvesting integrated energy systems optimum scheduling time-of-use pricing demand response geothermal energy

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Baseline gut microbiota and metabolome predict durable immunogenicity to SARS-coV-2 vaccines

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第10期8卷 5085-5095页

作者： Ye Peng Lin Zhang chris K.P.Mok Jessica Y.L.ching Shilin Zhao Matthew K.L.Wong Jie Zhu chunke chen Shilan Wang Shuai Yan Biyan Qin Yingzhi Liu Xi Zhang chun Pun cheung Pui Kuan cheong Ka Long Ip adrian c.h.fung Kenneth K.Y.Wong David S.c.hui Francis K.L.chan Siew c.Ng hein M.Tun Microbiota I-center(Maglc) Hong KongChina Jockey club School of Public health and Primary care The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina Li Ka Shing Institute of health Sciences Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina Department of Surgery LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina Stanley ho centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina centre for Gut Microbiota Research The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina

The role of gut microbiota in modulating the durability of cOVID-19 vaccine immunity is yet to be characterised.In this cohort study,we collected blood and stool samples of 121 BNT162b2 and 40 coronaVac vaccinees at baseline,1 month,and 6 months post vaccination(p.v).Neutralisation antibody,plasma cytokine and chemokines were measured and associated with the gut microbiota and metabolome composition.

关键词： vaccine immunity vaccines

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NhE7 upregulation potentiates the uptake of small extracellular vesicles by enhancing maturation of macropinosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma

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cancer communications 2024年第2期44卷 251-272页

作者： Yue Yao Yi Xu Liang Yu Ting-Mao Xue Zhi-Jie Xiao Pui-chi Tin hiu-Ling fung hoi-Tang Ma Jing-Ping Yun Judy Wai Ping Yam Department of Pathology School of Clinical MedicineLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongP.R.China Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjingP.R.China Department of hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjingP.R.China State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South china Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China Department of hepatobiliary Surgery II Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China Scientific Research center The Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongP.R.China State Key Laboratory of Liver Research The University of Hong KongHong KongP.R.China Department of Pathology Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China

Background:Small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)mediate intercellular commu-nication that contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma(hcc)progression via multifaceted pathways.The success of cell entry determines the effect of sEV on recipient cells.here,we aimed to delineate the mechanisms underlying the uptake of sEV in hcc.Abbreviations:AF,Alexa Fluor;ANOVA,analysis of variance;ATP9A,ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 9A;BcEcF-AM,2’,7’-bis-(2-barboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein,acetoxymethyl ester;BSA,bovine serum albumin;ccMR,centre for comparative Medicine Research;cRISPR,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats;cTL,ctrl;cXcR4,c-X-c chemokine Receptor Type 4;DAPI,4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole;DFS,disease-free survival;DMEM,Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium;DMSO,dimethyl sulfoxide;Dox,doxycycline;EEA1,early endosome antigen 1;EIPA,5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride;FBS,fetal bovine serum;FITc,fluorescein isothiocyanate;GAPDh,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase;GM130,Golgi matrix protein 130;hcc,hepatocellular carcinoma;hEPES,4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid;hPRT1,hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1;h-score,histoscore;IAA,indole-3-acetic acid;KD,knockdown;KO,knockout;mAID,mini-auxin-inducible degron;MTT,3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide;NhE7,Na(+)/h(+)exchanger 7;ns,non-significant;OD,optical density;OS,overall survival;PBS,phosphate-buffered saline;PcR,polymerase chain reaction;phe,endosomal ph;phi,intracellular ph;PKh67,Paul Karl horan 67;Rab21,Ras-associated binding protein 21;RIPA,radioimmunoprecipitation assay;SAM,synergistic activation mediator;SEMs,standard error of the means;sEVs,small extracellular vesicles;sgRNA,single-guide RNA;shRNA,short-hairpin RNA;SLc9,solute carrier gene 9;SLicE,Seamless Ligation cloning Extract;TcGA,The cancer Genome Atlas;TcL,total cell lysates;TGN,trans-Golgi network;TMA,tissue microarray;TMR,tetramethyl rhodamine;TSG101,tumor susceptibility gene 101.Yue Yao and Yi Xu contributed equally to this work.Methods

关键词： hepatocellular carcinoma small extracellular vesicles macropinocytosis ph regulation sodium-hydrogen exchanger

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Long-Term Trends in Pre-Summer Daytime and Nocturnal Extreme hourly Rainfall in a coastal city of South china

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2023年第1期29卷 39-54页

作者：苏琳李俊鲁黄伟健冯志雄 School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-sen Universityand Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)ZhuhaiGuangdong 519082 China Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmospheric-Ocean System Ministry of EducationZhuhaiGuangdong 519082 China Earth OceanAtmosphere Sciences ThrustThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(Guangzhou):Guangzhou 511453 China hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(SAR)China Division of Environment and Sustainability The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong SARChina Department of Mathematics The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong SARChina

The long-term trends in the occurrence frequency of pre-summer daytime and nocturnal extreme hourly rainfall(EXhR) during 1988-2018 in hong Kong and their spatial distributions are examined and analyzed. Despite a significant increasing trend observed in the occurrence frequency of pre-summer EXhRs during the investigated period,the increase in daytime and nocturnal EXhRs show distinct spatial patterns. Nocturnal EXhRs show uniform increasing trends over the entire hong Kong. however, the increase in daytime EXhRs is concentrated over the northern or eastern areas of hong Kong, indicating a downstream shift of pre-summer EXhRs in hong Kong with regard to the prevailing southwesterly monsoonal flows in south china. The clustering of weather types associated with daytime and nocturnal EXhRs further reveals that the increase in EXhRs over hong Kong are mainly contributed by the increase of the events associated with southwesterly monsoonal flows with relatively high speeds. During the past few decades, the southwesterly monsoonal flows at coastal south china have undergone a substantial weakening due to the increased surface roughness induced by the urbanization over the Guangdong-hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area since 1990s,leading to enhanced low-level convergence and thus significant increase in EXhRs at coastal south china. Meanwhile,daytime sea-wind circulation at coastal south china is markedly enhanced during the investigated period, which is the main reason for the northward shift of daytime EXhRs in hong Kong. In addition, the blocked southwesterly monsoonal flows at coastal south china are detoured eastward, leading to stronger convergence and increase in EXhRs at eastern coast of hong Kong, especially during daytime, when the easterly sea winds prevail at the region.

关键词： extreme hourly rainfall diurnal rainfall cycle linear trend coastal Pearl River Delta

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A Model of the Sea-Land Transition of the Mean Wind Profile in the Tropical cyclone Boundary Layer considering climate changes

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2023年第3期14卷 413-427页

作者： Jiayao Wang Tim K.T.Tse Sunwei Li Jimmy chfung Department of civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHongKong999077China Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China Department of Mathematics The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHongKong 999077China

The tropical cyclone boundary layer(TcBL)connecting the underlying terrain and the upper atmosphere plays a crucial role in the overall dynamics of a tropical cyclone system.When tropical cyclones approach the coastline,the wind field inside the TcBL makes a sea-land transition to impact both onshore and offshore structures.So better understanding of the wind field inside the TcBL in the sea-land transition zone is of great importance.To this end,a semiempirical model that integrates the sea-land transition model from the Engineering Sciences Data Unit(ESDU),huang's refined TcBL wind field model,and the climate change scenarios from the coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(cMIP6)is used to investigate the influence of climate changes on the sea-land transition of the TcBL wind flow in hong Kong.More specifically,such a semiempirical method is employed in a series of Monte-carlo simulations to predict the wind profiles inside the TcBL across the coastline of hong Kong under the impact of future climate changes.The wind profiles calculated based on the Monte-carlo simulation results reveal that,under the influences of the most severe climate change scenario,slightly higher and significantly lower wind speeds are found at altitudes above and below 400 m,respectively,compared to the wind speeds recommended in the hong Kong Wind code of Practice.Such findings imply that the wind profile model currently adopted by the hong Kong authorities in assessing the safety of low-to high-rise buildings may be unnecessarily over-conservative under the influence of climate change.On the other hand,the coded wind loads on super-tall buildings slightly underestimate the typhoon impacts under the severe climate change conditions anticipated for coastal southern china.

关键词： climate change hong Kong Sea-land transition Tropical cyclone boundary layer Wind speed profile

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Effects of SARS-coV-2 infection on incidence and treatment strategies of hepatocellular carcinoma in people with chronic liver disease

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World Journal of hepatology 2024年第2期16卷 211-228页

作者： Lung-Yi Mak Matthew Shing hin chung Xue Li Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai Eric Yuk Fai Wan celine Sze Ling chui Franco Wing Tak cheng Esther Wai Yin chan ching Lung cheung Ivan chi ho Au Xi Xiong Wai-Kay Seto Man-fung Yuen carlos King ho Wong Ian chi Kei Wong Department of Medicine The University of Hong KongHong KongChina State Key Laboratory of Liver Research The University of Hong KongHong KongChina Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong KongHong KongChina Laboratory of Data Discovery for health(D24h) Hong Kong Science and Technology ParkHong KongChina Department of Family Medicine and Primary care The University of Hong KongHong KongChina School of Nursing The University of Hong KongHong KongChina School of Public health The University of Hong KongHong KongChina Research Department of Practice and Policy University College LondonLondon WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom Aston School of Pharmacy Aston UniversityBirmingham B47ETUnited Kingdom

BAcKGROUND chronic liver disease(cLD)was associated with adverse clinical outcomes among people with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-coV-2)infection.AIM To determine the effects of SARS-coV-2 infection on the incidence and treatment strategy of hepatocellular carcinoma(hcc)among patients with cLD.METhODS A retrospective,territory-wide cohort of cLD patients was identified from an electronic health database in hong Kong.Patients with confirmed SARS-coV-2 infection[coronavirus disease 2019(cOVID-19)+cLD]between January 1,2020 and October 25,2022 were identified and matched 1:1 by propensity-score with those without(cOVID-19-cLD).Each patient was followed up until death,outcome event,or November 15,2022.Primary outcome was incidence of hcc.Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality,adverse hepatic outcomes,and different treatment strategies to hcc(curative,non-curative treatment,and palliative care).Analyses were further stratified by acute(within 20 d)and post-acute(21 d or beyond)phases of SARS-coV-2 infection.Incidence rate ratios(IRRs)were estimated by Poisson regression models.RESULTS Of 193589 cLD patients(>95%non-cirrhotic)in the cohort,55163 patients with cOVID-19+cLD and 55163 patients with cOVID-19-cLD were included after 1:1 propensity-score matching.Upon 249-d median follow-up,cOVID-19+cLD was not associated with increased risk of incident hcc(IRR:1.19,95%cI:0.99-1.42,P=0.06),but higher risks of receiving palliative care for hcc(IRR:1.60,95%cI:1.46-1.75,Pcompared to cOVID-19-cLD.In both acute and post-acute phases of infection,cOVID-19+cLD were associated with increased risks of allcause mortality(acute:IRR:7.06,95%cI:5.78-8.63,Pcute:IRR:1.24,95%cI:1.14-1.36,Phepatic outcomes(acute:IRR:1.98,95%cI:1.79-2.18,Pcute:IRR:1.24,95%cI:1.13-1.35,Pcompared to cOVID-19-cLD.cONcLUSION Although cLD patients with SARS-coV-2 infection were not associated with increased risk of hcc,they were more likely to receive palliative treatment

关键词： SARS-coV-2 infection chronic liver disease Long cOVID Post-cOVID-19 syndrome cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma

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Observation of a single protein by ultrafast X-ray diffraction

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第1期13卷 80-90页

作者： Tomas Ekeberg Dameli Assalauova Johan Bielecki Rebecca Boll Benedikt J.Daurer Lutz A.Eichacker Linda E.Franken Davide E.Galli Luca Gelisio Lars Gumprecht Laura h.Gunn Janos hajdu Robert hartmann Dirk hasse Alexandr Ignatenko Jayanath Koliyadu Olena Kulyk Ruslan Kurta Markus Kuster Wolfgang Lugmayr Jannik Lübke adrian P.Mancuso Tommaso Mazza carl Nettelblad Yevheniy Ovcharenko Daniel E.Rivas Max Rose Amit K.Samanta Philipp Schmidt Egor Sobolev Nicusor Timneanu Sergey Usenko Daniel Westphal Tamme Wollweber Lena Worbs Paul Lourdu Xavier hazem Yousef Kartik Ayyer henry N.chapman Jonas A.Sellberg carolin Seuring Ivan A.Vartanyants Jochen Küpper Michael Meyer Filipe R.N.c.Maia Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3(Box 596)SE-75124 UppsalaSweden Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 8522607 HamburgGermany European XFEL Holzkoppel 422869 SchenefeldGermany Diamond Light Source Harwell Science&Innovation CampusDidcot OX110DEUK University of Stavanger Centre Organelle ResearchRichard-Johnsensgate 44021 StavangerNorway Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology(hPI) Centre for Structural Systems BiologyNotkestraße 8522607 HamburgGermany Dipartimento di Fisica“Aldo Pontremoli” Universitàdegli Studi di Milanovia Celoria 1620133 MilanoItaly center for Free-Electron Laser Science DESY22607 HamburgGermany Plant Biology Section School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA PNSensor Gmbh Otto-Hahn-Ring 6D-81739 MünchenGermany Biomedical and X-Ray Physics Department of Applied PhysicsAlbaNova University CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-10691 StockholmSweden ELI Beamlines/IoP Institute of Physics AS cR v.v.i.Na Slovance 218221 Prague 8Czech Republic Multi-User cryoEM Facility Centre for Structural Systems BiologyNotkestr.8522607 HamburgGermany University Medical center hamburg-Eppendorf(UKE) Martinistrasse 5220246 HamburgGermany The hamburg center for Ultrafast Imaging Universität HamburgLuruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGermany Department of Physics Universität HamburgLuruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGermany Department of chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVIC 3086Australia Division of Scientific computing Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Information TechnologyUppsala UniversityBox 337SE-75105 UppsalaSweden European Molecular Biology Laboratory c/o DESYNotkestrasse 8522607 HamburgGermany Department of Physics and Astronomy Uppsala UniversityBox 516SE-75120 UppsalaSweden Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter Luruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGe

The idea of using ultrashort X-ray pulses to obtain images of single proteins frozen in time has fascinated and inspired many.It was one of the arguments for building X-ray free-electron lasers.According to theory,the extremely intense pulses provide sufficient signal to dispense with using crystals as an amplifier,and the ultrashort pulse duration permits capturing the diffraction data before the sample inevitably explodes.This was first demonstrated on biological samples a decade ago on the giant mimivirus.Since then,a large collaboration has been pushing the limit of the smallest sample that can be imaged.The ability to capture snapshots on the timescale of atomic vibrations,while keeping the sample at room temperature,may allow probing the entire conformational phase space of macromolecules.here we show the first observation of an X-ray diffraction pattern from a single protein,that of Escherichia coli GroEL which at 14 nm in diameter is the smallest biological sample ever imaged by X-rays,and demonstrate that the concept of diffraction before destruction extends to single proteins.From the pattern,it is possible to determine the approximate orientation of the protein.Our experiment demonstrates the feasibility of ultrafast imaging of single proteins,opening the way to single-molecule time-resolved studies on the femtosecond timescale.

关键词： smallest intense ultrafast

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china＇s Outward Direct and Portfolio Investments

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china & World Economy 2007年第6期15卷 53-68页

作者： hung-Gay fung Qingfeng wilson Liu Erin h. c. Kao Professor College of Business Administration ＆ Center for International Studies University of Missouri-St. Louis USA. Department of Finance and Business Law college of Business James Madison University USA. Department of Finance Ling Tung University Taiwan.

这份报纸由检验中国 firmsoverseas 获得分析与中国的向外直接、金融的投资有关的开发和趋势，中国美国财政证券的资源，并且最近正式运行了合格国内机构的投资者程序。策略应该被开发达成最佳的决定为直接并且公事包投资。我们主张那... 详细信息

这份报纸由检验中国 firmsoverseas 获得分析与中国的向外直接、金融的投资有关的开发和趋势，中国美国财政证券的资源，并且最近正式运行了合格国内机构的投资者程序。策略应该被开发达成最佳的决定为直接并且公事包投资。我们主张那个中国应该有一个长术语的看法为直接并且公事包投资，当维持它的持续生长目的时，在亚洲成为领导人的创新中国。当做公事包和直接投资决定时，中国应该在亚洲契约市场和亚洲货币资金的发展重重地投资。

关键词：中国对外直接投资投资方式投资人

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