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Use of the 13C/12C, 15N/14N and 18O/16O Isotopic Ratios of Theobromine and Caffeine in the Characterization of Geographic Origin

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021年第4期12卷 87-95页

作者： Didier Diomandé adjon kouassi Jacques Sagne Akpa Ingrid Antheaume Maë l Leroux Illa Tea Gérald S. Remaud Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM) UFR SSMT Université Félix Houphou&euml t Boigny Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry (EBSI) Group CEISAM University of Nantes-CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology (LSTE) Jean Lorougnon Guédé University Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

The aim of this work is to characterize the geographical origin of cocoa beans and coffee beans. This study aims to contribute to the traceability of raw materials in order to fight against falsification. For this purpose, we based our work on the measurement of isotope ratios in 13C, 15N and 18O. The multi-element isotope ratios have been evaluated as a means to distinguish fermented cocoa beans of different geographic and varietal origins. The isotopic ratios of 13C, 15N and 18O were measured in theobromine obtained from samples of fermented cocoa beans. Twenty-two (22) samples of different geographical origins covering the four mainland cocoa producing areas were analyzed on the one hand and on the other hand, 16 caffeine samples from various origins were also analyzed. The treatment of the values resulting from these isotopic analyzes by statistical methods, namely the principal component analysis (PCA) makes it possible to visualize the discriminations between the different origins. The most discriminating variables identified as responsible for the geographic and varietal differences were the δ15N, δ13C and δ18O values of cocoa beans and certain extracts and tissues. We have shown that the isotope ratios are correlated with the altitude and precipitation conditions encountered in the different cocoa growing regions.

关键词： Cocoa Beans Traceability Isotopic Analyzes Theobromine Caffeine

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Sensitivity Study of the RegCM4’s Surface Schemes in the Simulations of West Africa Climate

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2022年第1期12卷 86-104页

作者： adjon Anderson kouassi Brahima Kone Siélé Silue Alima Dajuma Toure E. N’datchoh Marcellin Adon Arona Diedhiou Véronique Yoboue Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologie de l’Environnement (LSTE) Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa C&#244 te d’Ivoire Laboratoire des Sciences de la Matière de l’Environnement et de l’Energie Solaire (LASMES) Université Félix Houphou&#235 t-Boigny Abidjan C&#244 te d’Ivoire Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly Korhogo C&#244 te d’Ivoire Université Grenoble Alpes IRD CNRS Grenoble INP IGE Grenoble France

Two simulations of five years (2003-2007) were conducted with the Regional Climate models RegCM4, one coupled with Land surface models BATS and the other with CLM4.5 over West Africa, where simulated air temperature and precipitation were analyzed. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of RegCM4 coupled with the new CLM4.5 Land surface scheme and the standard one named BATS in order to find the best configuration of RegCM4 over West African. This study could improve our understanding of the sensitivity of land surface model in West Africa climate simulation, and provide relevant information to RegCM4 users. The results show fairly realistic restitution of West Africa’s climatology and indicate correlations of 0.60 to 0.82 between the simulated fields (BATS and CLM4.5) for precipitation. The substitution of BATS surface scheme by CLM4.5 in the model configuration, leads mainly to an improvement of precipitation over the Atlantic Ocean, however, the impact is not sufficiently noticeable over the continent. While the CLM4.5 experiment restores the seasonal cycles and spatial distribution, the biases increase for precipitation and temperature. Positive biases already existing with BATS are amplified over some sub-regions. This study concludes that temporal localization (seasonal effect), spatial distribution (grid points) and magnitude of precipitation and temperature (bias) are not simultaneously improved by CLM4.5. The introduction of the new land surface scheme CLM4.5, therefore, leads to a performance of the same order as that of BATS, albeit with a more detailed formulation.

关键词： Regional Climate Model Land Surface Scheme West Africa Climate RegCM Precipitation West African Monsoon Simulated Data

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Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon Concentration in Rural and Urban Environments: Cases of Lamto and Abidjan

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2021年第11期12卷 855-872页

作者： adjon A. kouassi Madina Doumbia Siélé Silue Eric M. Yao Alima Dajuma Marcellin Adon N'datchoh E. Touré Véronique Yoboue Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology (LSTE) Jean Lorougnon Guede University Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University Korhogo C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Laboratory of Matter Sciences Environment and Solar Energy (LASMES) Félix Houphou&euml t-Boigny University Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

Black carbon is one of the primary aerosols directly emitted from biomass known to have strong absorbing properties. The INDAAF and PASMU observational field campaigns which took place (2018) in Abidjan (urban area) and Lamto (rural area) allow the analysis of Black carbon concentration at different time scales through real-time measurements using an analyzer named Aethalometer AE-33. Results presented here show at Lamto: 1) for the diurnal scale an average of 1.71 ± 0.3 μg⋅m-3 (0.34 ± 0.09 μg⋅m-3) in the dry (wet) season;2) for the monthly scale an average of 1.14 ± 0.84 μg⋅m-3;3) on the seasonal scale, an average of 2.2 ± 0.02 μg⋅m-3 (0.6 ± 0.19 μg⋅m-3) in the dry (wet) season. The black carbon variation at Lamto is seasonal with an amplification factor of 85.6. Regarding the urban area of Abidjan, due to sampling issues, our analyses were limited to daily, diurnal and weekly time scales. We observed: a) at a daily scale an average of 5.31.± 2.5 μg⋅m-3, b) diurnal scale, an average ranging from 6.87 to 13.92 μg⋅m-3. The analysis indicated that emissions from urban areas are more related to social and economic activities, with weekday concentrations (7.24 μg⋅m-3) higher than concentrations over the weekend (e.g. Saturday 6.59 μg⋅m-3 and Sunday 6.00 μg⋅m-3). Moreover, BC concentration in Abidjan is quite noticeable compared to that of rural areas (Lamto). The ratio between the maximum values of the two areas is of the order of 5.86. In addition, concentrations in some urban areas are slightly above the daily threshold set by the WHO (10 μg⋅m-3). Therefore, the levels of urban BC concentrations are alarming whilst rural BC concentrations remain below daily WHO thresholds and are of the same magnitude as those of West African megacities. This study underlies that BC concentrations at Lamto are mainly related to biomass combustion sources while those

关键词： Carbonaceous Aerosols Black Carbon Source Apportionment Fossil Fuel Biomass Burning

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Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon Concentration in Rural and Urban Environments: Cases of Lamto and Abidjan

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2021年第11期

作者： adjon A. kouassi Madina Doumbia SiéléSilue Eric M. Yao Alima Dajuma Marcellin Adon N'datchoh E. Touré Véronique Yoboue

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