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DTFab:A Digital Twin based Approach for Optimal Reticle Management in Semiconductor Photolithography

Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2023年第3期32卷 320-351页

作者： Chandrasekhar Komaralingam Sivasubramanian Robert Dodge aditya ramani David Bayba Mani Janakiram Eric Butcher Joseph Gonzales Giulia Pedrielli School of Computing and Augmented Inteligence Arizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA Intel Corporation ChandlerAZUSA

Photolithography is among the key phases in chip *** is also among the most expensive with manufacturing equipment valued at the hundreds of millions of *** is paramount that the process is ran efficiently,guaranteeing high resource utilization and low product cycle times.A key element in the operation of a photolithography system is the effective management of the reticles that are responsible for the imprinting of the circuit path on the *** reticles means determining which are appropriate to mount on the very expensive scanners as a function of the product types being released to the *** the importance of the problem,several heuristic policies have been developed in the industry practice in an attempt to guarantee that the expensive tools are never ***,such policies have difficulties reacting to unforeseen events(e.g.,unplanned failures,unavailability of reticles).On the other hand,the technological advance of the semiconductor industry in sensing at system and process level should be harnessed to improve on these"expert policies".In this manuscript,we develop a system for the real time reticle management that not only is able to retrieve information from the real system,but also is able to embed commonly used policies to improve upon *** develop a new digital twin for the photolithography process that efficiently and accurately predicts the system performance,thus allowing our system to make predictions for future behaviors as a function of possible *** results demonstrate the validity of the developed model,and the feasibility of the overall approach demonstrating a statistically significant improvement of performance as compared to the current policy.

关键词： Semiconductor manufacturing reinforcement learning reticle management digital twin

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A spatial model for the assessment of debris flow susceptibility along the Kodaikkanal-Palani traffic corridor

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2020年第2期14卷 326-343页

作者： Evangelin ramani SUJATHA Centre for Advanced Research on Environment School of Civil EngineeringSASTRA Deemed UniversityThanjavur 613401India

Debris flow is one of the most destructive water related mass movements that affects the development of mountain terrains.A reliable assessment of debris flow susceptibility requires adequate data,but in most developing countries like India,there is a dearth of such extensive scientific *** study presents a novel approach for assessing debris flow using the analytical network process(ANP)in data insufficient regions.A stretch of hill road between Kumburvayal and Vadakaunchi along the Kodaikkanal-Palani Traffic Corridor(M171)was considered for this *** significant factors including the nature of slope forming materials,hydraulic conductivity,slope,vegetation,and drainage density were identified from intense field surveys and inspections in order to assess the susceptibility of the terrain to debris *** model endorsed the interdependencies between the selected *** resulting debris flow susceptibility map delineated regions highly prone to debris flow occurrences,which constituted nearly 23%of the selected road stretch.

关键词： analytical network process(ANP) debris flow hydraulic conductivity GIS Kodaikkanal infinite slope stability model steady state hydrologic model

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Cognitive Radios： A Survey On Spectrum Sensing, Security and Spectrum Handoff

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China Communications 2017年第11期14卷 185-208页

作者： Vishakha ramani Sanjay K.Sharma ECE Department University Institute of Technology Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Ringgold Standard Institution Airport Bypass Road Bhopal Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Bhopal 462036 India

Pervasive wireless computing and communication have created an ever-increasing demand for more radio spectrum. Since, most of the spectrum is underutilized, it motivated the introduction of the concept of cognitive radios, a dynamic spectrum access enabling technology. The first stage of cognitive radio is to sense the environment and determine which parts of the spectrum are available. This is achieved through spectrum sensing. However, spectrum sensing poses the most fundamental challenge in cognitive radios. Moreover, cognitive radios suffer from many vulnerabilities and the security attacks can severely degrade the performance of cognitive radios. This paper surveys state-of-theart research on spectrum sensing and security threats in cognitive radios. Lastly, we also consider the analysis of issues related to spectrum handoffs in cognitive radios.

关键词： cogntive radio spectrum sesning security spectrum handoff

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Understanding Spatial Genome Organization:Methods and Insights

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2016年第1期14卷 7-20页

作者： Vijay ramani Jay Shendure Zhijun Duan Department of Genome Sciences University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98109USA Division of Hematology University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA Department of Medicine University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute SeattleWA 98195USA

The manner by which eukaryotic genomes are packaged into nuclei while maintaining crucial nuclear functions remains one of the fundamental mysteries in biology. Over the last ten years, we have witnessed rapid advances in both microscopic and nucleic acid-based approaches to map genome architecture, and the application of these approaches to the dissection of higher- order chromosomal structures has yielded much new information. It is becoming increasingly clear, for example, that interphase chromosomes form stable, multilevel hierarchical structures. Among them, self-associating domains like so-called topologically associating domains （TADs） appear to be building blocks for large-scale genomic organization. This review describes features of these broadly-defined hierarchical structures, insights into the mechanisms underlying their formation, our current understanding of how interactions in the nuclear space are linked to gene regulation, and important future directions for the field.

关键词： Chromatin ChromosomeEpigenomics 4D nucleomeHi-C

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Watershed Prioritization of Palar Sub-watershed Based on the Morphometric and Land Use Analysis

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第4期11卷 906-916页

作者： Evangelin ramani SUJATHA Radhakrishnan SELVAKUMAR Balasubramaniam RAJASIMMAN School of Civil Engineering SASTRA University Thanjavur 613 401Tamilnadu India Centre for Remote Sensing Bharathidasan UniversityTiruchirapalli 620003 India

Morphometric analysis is an indispensable tool for hydrological investigation that involves the development and management of drainage basin. This study characterizes the micro watersheds in the Palar sub-watershed using morphometric analysis and assesses its risk by land use and land cover features in a particular micro watershed. Palar sub-watershed is divided into 6 micro watersheds for prioritization based on morphometric and land use analysis. Several morphometric parameters （linear, shape and relief） are determined from the drainage map; ranks are assigned based on their capacity to induce erodability and degradation. Final ranking is based on the composite index calculated from the sum of the ranks of each morphometric parameter. Morphometric analysis reveals micro watersheds 5 and 6 as most susceptible and 2 and 3 as low susceptible. Land use is mapped using IRS ID LISS III satellite data. The risk in terms of watershed degradation involved to each micro watershed is based on the ranks of each land use feature, obtained from a similar composite index as that of morphometric analysis. Land use analysis shows that micro watersheds 2 and 4 fall under high priority category while 5 and 6 under low priority category. Integration of the morphometric and land use analysis shows that only microwatershed 1 falls under the same category in both analyses. Control measures are suggested to contain degradation depending on its specific land use pattern and morphometric features. This study ean be used to prepare a comprehensive watershed plan for the development or for planning resource conservation strategies, by integrating land use features with the drainage characteristics of the region, in particular for a hill ecosystem as the prioritization is at micro level.

关键词： Morphometric analysis Watersheddeterioration risk Land use Palar sub-watershed Kodaikkkanal

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Effect of seaweed coating on quality characteristics and shelf life of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill)

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2020年第2期9卷 176-183页

作者： Thahira Banu A Sri ramani P Aswini Murugan School of Sciences Department of Home ScienceThe Gandhigram Rural Institute–(Deemed to be University)Gandhigram624302DindigulTamil NaduIndia

Seaweeds are the natural marine algae which have several properties to act as natural preservatives to extend the shelf life of perishable foods without affecting their quality and causing side *** available and cheap fruits such as tomato are perishable very easily due to its high water *** gel coating is a good choice,easily available and cheap natural preservative abundantly available in the Indian *** present study was undertaken to extend the shelf life of the tomatoes using seaweed gel coating at different *** seaweeds namely Kappaphycus alvarezii(red algae)and Sargassum tenerrimum(brown algae)was selected due to their high gelling *** seaweeds were collected in dry form from Aqua Agri Processing Limited,Mana Madurai(SIPCOT)Tamil Nadu,*** seaweed extracts were tested for phytonutrients,antibacterial and anti-fungal activity using standard *** shelf life of seaweed coated tomatoes using different concentrations of the seaweed extract(gel)was *** the results,it is understood that the phytonutrients namely flavonoids,steroids,saponins and tannins are present in both the selected *** and antifungal activity of Kappaphycus alvarezii showed higher inhibition zone than *** against common *** characteristics and shelf life evaluation was based on water loss,texture,ascorbic acid content,juice content,total soluble solids(TSS),total acidity and TSS/total acidity ratio,*** results pointed out that *** was the most effective in maintaining the quality characteristics of tomato fruits and it also supports the fruit quality during storage period than ***,from the results of the study it is concluded that the better quality characteristics and shelf life of tomatoes can be increased by coating seaweed gel and it can be used as a bio preservative in fruit and vegetable preservation.

关键词： Seaweeds Preservatives Antibacterial Antifungal Phytonutrients Inhibition

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Geotechnical investigation of low-plasticity organic soil treated with nano-calcium carbonate

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第2期15卷 500-509页

作者： Govindarajan Kannan Brendan C.O’Kelly Evangelin ramani Sujatha Centre for Advanced Research in Environment School of Civil EngineeringSASTRA Deemed to be UniversityThanjavurTamil Nadu613401India Department of Civil Structural and Environmental EngineeringTrinity College DublinDublinD02 PN40Ireland

Soil stabilization using nanomaterials is an emerging research area although,to date,its investigation has mostly been laboratory-based and therefore requires extensive study for transfer to practical field *** present study advocates nano-calcium carbonate(NCC)material,a relatively unexplored nanomaterial additive,for stabilization of low-plasticity fine-grained soil having moderate organic *** plasticity index,compaction,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),compressibility and permeability characteristics of the 0.2%,0.4%,0.6%and 0.8%NCC-treated soil,and untreated soil(as control),were determined,including investigations of the effect of up to 90-d curing on the UCS and permeability *** terms of UCS improvement,0.4%NCC addition was identified as the optimum dosage,mobilizing a UCS at 90-d curing of almost twice that for the untreated *** treated soil,particle aggregation arising from NCC addition initially produced an increase in the permeability coef-ficient,but its magnitude decreased for increased curing owing to calcium silicate hydrate(CSH)gel formation,although still remaining higher compared to the untreated soil for all dosages and curing periods *** index decreased for all NCC-treated soil *** micro-graphs indicated the presence of gel patches along with particle aggregation.X-ray diffraction(XRD)results showed the presence of hydration products,such as *** increases in UCS are initially attributed to void filling and then because of CSH gel formation with increased curing.

关键词： Organic silt Calcium carbonate Nano-calcium carbonate(NCC) Calcium silicate hydrate(CSH) Soil stabilization

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Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Hypsizygus ulmarius polysaccharide on alcoholic liver injury in rats

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2021年第4期10卷 523-535页

作者： Sudha Govindan Angu Jayabal Jayasakthi Shanmugam Prasanna ramani Department of Biochemistry School of BiosciencesPeriyar UniversitySalemIndia Department of Biochemistry Kongunadu Arts and Science CollegeBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia Dhanvanthri Lab Department of SciencesAmrita School of EngineeringCoimbatoreAmrita Vishwa VidyapeethamIndia Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials&Green Technologies(CoE–AMGT) Amrita School of EngineeringCoimbatoreAmrita Vishwa VidyapeethamIndia

Hypsizygus ulmarius polysaccharide(HUP)is a water-soluble polysaccharide obtained by hot water extraction,followed by precipitation and *** characteristics of HUP,antioxidant activity and liver protection against alcohol-induced liver damage were *** characteristics indicate that the HUP is a pyran-type polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 2076 *** antioxidant scavenging assay,HUP showed moderate DMPD radical scavenging activity,cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effect against lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent *** in vivo hepatoprotective activity,compared with the ethanol induction group,pre-treatment of low and high doses of HUP signifi cantly reduced the behaviours of serum enzymes,lowered the levels of hepatic oxidative stress markers,restored the levels of biochemical constituents,enhanced the levels of liver and serum enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants,and improved the serum lipid levels of alcohol-intoxicated *** hepatoprotective effect of HUP was comparable to positive control ***,HUP pre-treatment signifi cantly normalized the histopathological changes induced by *** results indicate that HUP could be used as a functional food and may protect the biological system from oxidative stress through its antioxidant activity,thus having a signifi cant protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury.

关键词： Hypsizygus ulmarius polysaccharide Antioxidant activity Hepatoprotective behaviour Ethanol consumption Liver damage

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Leaf Photosynthetic Activity and Antioxidant Defense Associated with Sub1 QTL in Rice Subjected to Submergence and Subsequent Re-aeration

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Rice science 2012年第2期19卷 108-116页

作者： Debabrata PANDA ramani Kumar SARKAR Division of Biochemistry Plant Physiology and Environmental SciencesCentral Rice Research Institute Rubber Research Institute of India Tura Meghalaya-794 001India

The influence of submergence on photosynthesis and antioxidant capacities in rice varieties Swarna and Swarna-Subl with or without Sub1 QTL were evaluated under control, simulated complete submergence and subsequent re-aeration. The leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased in the both varieties during the progression of submergence as compared to the control plants, but significant varietal differences were observed after 1 d of submergence. Submergence also altered the PSII activity, as reflected in a decrease in the values of Fo, Fm and Fv/Fm and degradation of chlorophyll, more in Swarna than in Swarna-Subl. During early submergence period, the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR）, glutathione reductase （GR） against reactive oxygen species were increased in the both varieties. However, with the progress of submergence period （after 7 d）, the activities of SOD, catalase （CAT）, APX, guaiacol peroxidase （GPX）, GR and DHAR declined, more in Swarna than in Swarna-Subl. During re-aeration, Swarna-Subl showed significant increase of above antioxidant enzymes but not in Swarna, Swarna-Subl improves photosynthetic activity, showing higher photosynthetic rate compared to Swarna under submergence and subsequent re-aeration because of less degradation of chlorophyll, higher stomatal conductance, and efficient PSII activity along with better antioxidant protection from oxidative damage.

关键词： antioxidant chlorophyll fluorescence photosynthesis submergence tolerance

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Key morphological changes and their linkages with stream power and land-use changes in the Upper Tapi River basin, India

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2021年第5期36卷 602-615页

作者： Resmi Saseendran ramani Prem Lal Patel Prafulkumar Vasharambhai Timbadiya Department of Civil Engineering Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology

Knowledge on spatio-temporal variations in planform, hydraulic geometry, and bed-level variations of alluvial streams is required for planning and development of hydraulic structures and bank protection works. In the current study, a Geographic Information System(GIS) has been used to analyze topographical maps, multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery, and hydrologic and hydraulic data to extract the morphological parameters of the Upper Tapi River, India. The river has been found to have consistent migration towards the northern direction, with erosion/deposition on right/left banks. The river has not experienced any major meander except in the lower reaches of the Upper Tapi Gorge and minor braiding conditions at the location where the river emerges from mountainous topography to the plain *** analyzed river cross sections were found to be depth dominated, and contain large flows within the channel banks. The cross-sections exhibited moderate channel bed adjustments in 1994, 2006, and 2007 wherein excessive sediment flux and stream power were capable of causing morphological changes in the river. High intensity rainfall in the subcatchment resulted in high sediment flux into the river during1994, which was reported to cause significant aggradation at the downgauging station. The analysis of sediment flux into the river in conjunction with decadal land use land cover, revealed that sediment yield from the catchment was reduced during 2000 e2010 due to an increase in water bodies in the form of minor hydraulic structures. The entry of comparatively less sediment laden water into the river, resulted in moderate bed degradation especially in 2006 and 2007 as observed at the downstream station. The methodology applied in the current study is generic in nature and can be applied to other rivers to identify their morphological issues.

关键词： Planform Hydraulic geometry Hatnur reservoir Land use/land cover Sediment yield

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