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Substance use and substance use disorders in Africa:An epidemiological approach to the review of existing literature

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2022年第10期12卷 1268-1286页

作者： Olakunle James onaolapo Anthony Tope Olofinnade Foluso Olamide Ojo Olufunto Adeleye Joshua Falade adejoke yetunde onaolapo Behavioral Neuroscience Unit Neuropharmacology SubdivisionDepartment of PharmacologyLadoke Akintola University of TechnologyOgbomoso 210214 OyoNigeria Department of Pharmacology Therapeutics and ToxicologyLagos State UniversityIkeja 100001LagosNigeria Department of Anatomy Ladoke Akintola University of TechnologyOgbomoso 210214OyoNigeria Department of Mental Health Afe Babalola UniversityAdo-Ekiti 360282EkitiNigeria Behavioral Neuroscience Unit Neurobiology SubdivisionDepartment of AnatomyLadoke Akintola University of TechnologyOgbomoso 210214OyoNigeria

The relationship between man and substances that have abuse potentials,and whose use has been associated with the development or progression of substance use disorders has continued to evolve in terms of geography,economic implications,and *** shows that local plants with psychoactive constituents can get exported worldwide through global travel,commerce,or even *** and globalization also change people’s relationship with substances of abuse;hence,an area that was initially alien to certain substances might evolve to becoming a trafficking hub,and then a destination.A case in point is Africa where a rapidly increasing prevalence of substance use/abuse and substance use disorder among adolescents and young adults is putting enormous strain on the economy,healthcare system,and society at ***,there appears to be a paucity of scientific literature and data on the epidemiology,risk assessment,and contributing factors to substance use and the development of substance use disorders across *** this narrative review,we examine extant literature(PubMed,Google scholar,Medline)for information on the prevalence,trends,and influencers of substance use and the development of substance use *** is with a view of understanding the determinants of substance use and factors that influence the development of substance use disorders in the region,and how this information can be channeled towards developing a comprehensive intervention and treatment program.

关键词： Addiction Cannabis Catha edulis Datura metal Drug dependence Novel psychoactive substances

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Nutrition,nutritional deficiencies,and schizophrenia:An association worthy of constant reassessment

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2021年第28期9卷 8295-8311页

作者： Olakunle James onaolapo adejoke yetunde onaolapo Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit Department of PharmacologyLadoke Akintola University of TechnologyOsun State 234Nigeria Department of Anatomy Ladoke Akintola University of TechnologyOsun State 234Nigeria

Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder that occurs worldwide,cutting across cultures,socioeconomic groups,and geographical *** the details of the neurochemical basis of schizophrenia,factors that contribute to it and possible measures for intervention are areas of ongoing ***,what has become more evident is the fact that in targeting the neurochemical imbalances that may underlie schizophrenia,the type of response seen with currently available phamacotherapeutic agents does not provide all the answers that are ***,the possible contribution of non-pharmacological approaches to schizophrenia management is worthy of *** recent times,research is beginning to show nutrition may play a possibly significant role in schizophrenia,affecting its development,progression and management;however,while attempts had been made to examine this possible relationship from different angles,articles addressing it from a holistic point of view are not *** this review,we examine existing scientific literature dealing with the possible relationship between nutrition and schizophrenia,with a view to elucidating the impact of diet,nutritional deficiencies and excesses on the aetiology,progression,management and outcome of ***,the effect of nutritional supplements in prevention,as sole therapy,or adjuncts in schizophrenia management are examined.

关键词： Diet Brain Mental health Nutritional psychiatry Psychosis Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

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Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2021年第7期11卷 297-315页

作者： adejoke yetunde onaolapo Olakunle James onaolapo Behavioural Neuroscience Unit Neurobiology SubdivisionDepartment of AnatomyLadoke Akintola University of TechnologyOyo State 234Nigeria Behavioural Neuroscience Unit Neuropharmacology SubdivisionDepartment of PharmacologyLadoke Akintola University of TechnologyOyo State 234Nigeria

The versatility of glutamate as the brain’s foremost excitatory neurotransmitter and modulator of neurotransmission and function is considered common *** of research have continued to uncover glutamate’s effects and roles in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders,including *** had been considered that a deeper understanding of the roles of glutamate in depression might open a new door to understanding the pathological basis of the disorder,improve the approach to patient management,and lead to the development of newer drugs that may benefit more *** review examines our current understanding of the roles of endogenous and exogenous sources of glutamate and the glutamatergic system in the aetiology,progression and management of *** also examines the relationships that link the gut-brain axis,glutamate and depression;as it emphasizes how the gut-brain axis could impact depression pathogenesis and management via changes in glutamate ***,we consider what the likely future of glutamate-based therapies and glutamate-based therapeutic manipulations in depression are,and if with them,we are now on the final chapter of understanding the neurochemical milieu of depressive disorders.

关键词： Brain Gut microbiome Mental health Mood disorders Neurotransmitters

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Dexamethasone Regimens Alter Spatial Memory and Anxiety Levels in Mice

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2014年第4期4卷 159-167页

作者： Olakunle James onaolapo adejoke yetunde onaolapo Olufunmi Racheal Akinola Tolulope Oluwakemi Anisulowo Department of Human Anatomy Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomosho Nigeria Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Oshogbo Nigeria

Acute and sub chronic effects of oral dexamethasone on anxiety and memory in mice were evaluated using the elevated plus maze, Y maze and radial arm maze. Adult male Swiss albino mice assigned to five groups were given vehicle (normal saline), a standard drug (Diazepam or Scopolamine) or one of three selected doses of dexamethasone (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg) daily for a period of 14 days. Behavioral tests were carried out on days 1 and 14 after administration. Results were analysed using a one-way ANOVA followed by a posthoc test (Student-Newman-Keul) and expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Elevated plus maze test showed a significant reduction in the time spent in the open arm and in the number of open arm entries compared to control. Results of radial arm and Y maze tasks showed an improvement in spatial memory following dexamethasone administration. Y maze locomotor activity was significantly increased, although radial arm maze exploration did not increase significantly. The study concluded that oral dexamethasone given either acutely or sub chronically has both anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects.

关键词： Neurobehavior Dexamethasone Animal Models Anxiety

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Oral Amodiaquine, Artesunate and Artesunate Amodiaquine Combination Affects Open Field Behaviors and Spatial Memory in Healthy Swiss Mice

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第8期3卷 569-575页

作者： adejoke yetunde onaolapo Olakunle James onaolapo Emmanuel O. Awe Samuel Oloyede Ayomide Joel Department of Human Anatomy Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University Ogbomoso Nigeria Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University Oshogbo Nigeria

Effects of amodiaquine, artesunate and artesunate amodiaquine combination on open field novelty-induced behaviors and spatial memory in healthy mice were studied. Forty mice were used in the open field and fifty each in the radial arm maze and Y maze;mice were assigned into four or five groups of ten each, Group A served as control (distilled water), Groups B, C and D received artesunate (4 mg/kg), amodiaquine (10 mg/kg) and artesunate-amodiaquine combination (4 mg/kg and10 mg/kg) respectively, while Group E animals (for the cognition tests) were given scopolamine (2 mg/kg). Drugs and vehicle were administered orally for three days. Results were analysed by one way analysis of variance followed by a posthoc test. Results showed that artesunate and amodiaquine either in combination or administered singly caused a significant increase in open field novelty-induced horizontal locomotion and rearing. Grooming in the open field showed increments in the artesunate alone and artesunate amodiaquine groups while significant reductions in spatial memory were also seen in the cognition models used.

关键词： Neurobehavior Artesunate Amodiaquine Antimalaria Novelty-Induced Behaviors Cognition

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Antidepressant-like potential of silymarin and silymarin-sertraline combination in mice:Highlighting effects on behaviour,oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation

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World Journal of Pharmacology 2022年第3期11卷 27-47页

作者： adejoke yetunde onaolapo Hameed Sulaiman Anthony Tope Olofinnade Olakunle James onaolapo Department of Anatomy Ladoke Akintola University of TechnologyOyo State 234Nigeria Department of Pharmacology Ladoke Akintola University of TechnologyOyo State 234Nigeria

BACKGROUND Currently,there is increasing advocacy for the use of diet,dietary supplements,and herbal remedies in depression *** To determine the antidepressant effects of standardized silymarin(SILY)extract either as a sole agent or as an adjunct in depression *** Adult mice were assigned into three main groups based on the neurobehavioural models;and each main group had ten treatment groups of 10 mice *** groups were:Vehicle control group,oral sertraline(SERT)group,two groups fed SILY)-supplemented diet(SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed,respectively),dexamethasone(DEX;i.p.)group,DEX/SERT group,two groups of DEX/SILY(SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed,respectively),and another two groups of(SERT/DEX/SILY)(SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed,respectively,plus *** plus SERT).Duration of the study was 7 wk,and treatments were administered *** SILY(alone)increased body weight,open field locomotor activity,rearing,and grooming;it also enhanced spatial working memory while decreasing anxietyrelated behaviours and behavioural *** also improved antioxidant status while decreasing lipid peroxidation,acetylcholinesterase activity,and inflammatory *** integrity of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was ***,when administered alone or with SERT,SILY counteracted DEX-induced behavioural and biochemical changes while preserving neuromorphological *** In conclusion,SILY is beneficial in mitigating DEX-induced central nervous system and other related changes in mice.

关键词： Behavioural despair Depression Mental Health Neurobehaviour Neuromorphology

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Circadian dysrhythmia-linked diabetes mellitus: Examining melatonin's roles in prophylaxis and management

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World Journal of Diabetes 2018年第7期9卷 99-114页

作者： adejoke Y onaolapo Olakunle J onaolapo Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit Department of Anatomy Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit Department of Pharmacology Ladoke Akintola University of Technology

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, life-threatening metabolic disorder that occurs worldwide. Despite an increase in the knowledge of the risk factors that are associated with diabetes mellitus, its worldwide prevalence has continued to rise; thus, necessitating more research into its aetiology. Recent researches are beginning to link a dysregulation of the circadian rhythm to impairment of intermediary metabolism; with evidences that circadian rhythm dysfunction might play an important role in the aetiology, course or prognosis of some cases of diabetes mellitus. These evidences thereby suggest possible relationships between the circadian rhythm regulator melatonin, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we discuss the roles of the circadian rhythm in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and other macronutrients; with emphasis on the importance of melatonin and the impacts of its deficiency on car-bohydrate homeostasis. Also, the possibility of using melatonin and its analogs for the "prophylaxis" or management of diabetes mellitus is also considered.

关键词： Chronobiology Dysmetabolism Insulin Pancreatic beta cell Melatonin receptors

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Melatonin in drug addiction and addiction management: Exploring an evolving multidimensional relationship

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2018年第2期8卷 64-74页

作者： Olakunle J onaolapo adejoke Y onaolapo Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuroph- armacology Unit Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit Department of Anatomy Ladoke Akintola University of Technology

Melatonin is a pleiotropic signalling molecule that regulates several physiological functions, and synchronises biological rhythms. Recent evidences are beginning to reveal that a dysregulation of endogenous melatonin rhythm or action may play a larger role in the aetiology and behavioural expression of drug addiction, than was previously considered. Also, the findings from a number of animal studies suggest that exogenous melatonin supplementation and therapeutic manipulation of melatonin/melatonin receptor interactions may be beneficial in the management of behavioural manifestations of drug addiction. However, repeated exogenous melatonin administration may cause a disruption of its endogenous rhythm and be associated with potential drawbacks that might limit its usefulness. In this review, we examine the roles of melatonin and its receptors in addictive behaviours; discussing how our understanding of melatonin's modulatory effects on the brain rewards system and crucial neurotransmitters such as dopamine has evolved over the years. Possible indications(s) for melatonergic agents in addiction management, and how manipulations of the endogenous melatonin system may be of benefit are also discussed. Finally, the potential impediments to application of melatonin in the management of addictive behaviours are considered.

关键词： Dopamine Drug dependence Biological rhythms Neuroplasticity Brain reward

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