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EER Im.rovem.nt for Room.Air-Conditioners in Saudi Arabia

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Energy and Power Engineering 2012年第6期4卷 439-446页

作者： abdullah m. al-shaalan al-Zam.l Chair for Electricity Conservation College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

This paper dem.nstrates the possibility of achieving a higher Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) for Room.Air Conditioners (RACs) that com.lies with the Saudi energy efficiency standards and satisfies the energy conservation requirem.nts for the Saudi Building Code (SBC). This study considers several design options for im.roving the perform.nce and efficiency of the RAC in com.arison with a baseline RAC unit m.nufactured by al-Zam.l Com.any of Saudi Arabia. These design options include the num.er of condenser and evaporator rows, fins density, frontal area, com.ressor types, and refrigerant types. The experim.ntal data obtained is through testing the units in Calorim.ter according to standard ASHRAE-16. also, the uncertainty in m.asurem.nts and its propagation are included in this study. This paper reports the results of a set of m.asurem.nts carried out on a m.dified RAC and com.ares them.with the tested baseline RAC unit at sim.lar load conditions. The experim.ntal results indicate the effectiveness of increasing the num.er of condenser rows in com.arison with other design options considered for achieving higher EER for RACs.

关键词： EER RAC Evaporator Condenser

Proposed m.asures to m.tigate Energy Interruptions in Residential Sector

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2017年第6期5卷 50-63页

作者： abdullah m. al-shaalan EE Departm.nt College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh KSA

This study investigates and analyzes the electric energy interruptions im.act upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom.of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from.severe power outages. The study results show that this sector which constitutes about 54% of the Saudi Electric Com.any in the Central Operating Area (SEC-COA) will suffer enorm.us tangible and intangible losses should occur in specific tim.s, seasons and last for longer durations. The results obtained for the costs of these energy interruptions reveal a tim.-dependent non-linear outage cost variation. In order to reduce these energy interruptions and hence m.tigate their adverse effects and consequences, the study proposes proper practical m.asures and solutions without com.rom.sing the consum.rs’ needs and convenience.

关键词： Energy Interruptions Residential Sector Losses Severe Power Outages

Anticipated Actions to Reduce Energy Shortages in the Residential Sector

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Energy and Power Engineering 2018年第9期10卷 434-447页

作者： abdullah m. al-shaalan Electrical Engineering Departm.nt College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

This study investigates the electric energy shortages im.act upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom.of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from.severe power outages. The results reveal the extent of hardship and high costs the residential will suffer and endure. These outages occur and extend for longer durations. To m.tigate these consequences, a m.thod is suggested known as “willingness-to-pay” to seek the ability and willingness of consum.rs to pay to avert these power outages and energy shortages. Two approaches have been developed and utilized. The first one is based on a consum.r survey to estim.te his perceived costs. Outages occur in specific periods and last for longer durations. The second approach focussed on developing a m.them.tical m.del to com.lem.nt the survey approach as this m.del can decrease the size of the problem.com.lexity associated with consum.r lack of experience in evaluating and assessing the worth of service reliability and quality.

关键词： Energy Shortages Residential Sector Losses Severe Power Outages

Investigating Practical m.asures to Reduce Power Outages and Energy Curtailm.nts

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2017年第11期5卷 21-36页

作者： abdullah m. al-shaalan EE Departm.nt College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh KSA

This work attem.ts to investigate som. practical m.asures that m.y reduce severe power outages that lead to energy curtailm.nts. The first step of this attem.t is to explore, from.the consum.r’s perspective, the adverse effects of the energy curtailm.nts that reflect enorm.us dam.ges (tangible and intangible) to the residential sector in the city of Riyadh (the capital of the Kingdom.of Saudi Arabia). The second step is to propose, analyze, and em.loy energy conservation strategies that lead to both energy conservation and costs savings. The study results show that som. custom.rs will suffer enorm.us tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific tim.s, seasons, and for prolonged durations. In order to reduce these power outages and hence m.tigate their adverse effects and consequences, the study proposes proper practical m.asures and solutions without com.rom.sing the consum.rs’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.

关键词： Power Outages Energy Curtailm.nt Cost Consum.r Energy Conservation

Technical and Econom.cal m.rits of Power System. Interconnection

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2013年第4期1卷 1-7页

作者： abdullah m. al-shaalan Electrical Engineering Departm.nt College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh KSA.

This work aim. at exploring the effects of the interconnection between isolated electric power system. upon som. im.ortant aspects such as enhancing reliability levels along with reducing installation and operation costs. To discern the advantages associated with this study, the developed m.thodology has been applied to three existing power system. in the northern region of the Kingdom.of Saudi Arabia presently within the concession dom.in of the Saudi Electric Com.any (SEC). These system. have been established to m.et the present loads and to withstand future electrical dem.nds for a period of tim. before additional generation and transm.ssion reinforcem.nts are needed. In this work, reliability m.asures have been utilized to determ.ne the period that these system. can fulfill the present and future loads without affecting the reliability levels and the threshold that an additional capacity should be added to m.intain those required reliability levels. In application to the reliability criteria, technical, operational and econom.c advantages can be realized, i.e., higher reliability levels and lower installation and operation costs after the proposed interconnection between these selected isolated power system. take place.

关键词： Reliability Index Power System Cost Interconnection

Reliability Evaluation of Renewable Energy Share in Power System.

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2018年第9期6卷 40-47页

作者： Zeyad A. Haidar abdullah m. al-shaalan Electrical Engineering Departm.nt King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

In this research, Renewable Energy (RE) represents the existing power system. with different levels. However, because of the interm.ttent nature of these sources, it is necessary to analyze system.’ reliability with different RE penetration levels. This work presented a sim.lation m.thod for reliability evaluation of renewable penetrated power system.. Som. reliability indices were proposed for the case of power system. with renewable power plants. The adopted approach used the historical data of renewable energy resources, m.inly wind and solar to estim.te the power that can be generated and com.ared with the dem.nd to find the power m.sm.tch. Therefore, this approach can be utilized to determ.ne the penetration level that renewable energy can be shared, and it also helps the system.operators in deciding the percentage of the generation that RE power plant can provide.

关键词： Reliability Evaluation Renewable Energy Wind Energy Solar Energy

Im.act of PV Distributed Generation on Loop Distribution Network

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2019年第8期7卷 27-42页

作者： m.ham.ad A. alrum.ih abdullah m. al-shaalan Saudi Electricity Com.any Riyadh Riyadh Saudi Arabia King Saud University Riyadh Riyadh Saudi Arabia

The rapid spreading of the Photovoltaic (PV) System. as Distributed Generation (DG) in m.dium.and low voltage networks created m.ny effects and changes on the existing power system.networks. In this work, two m.thods have been used and applied to determ.ne the optim.l allocation and sizing of the PV to be installed as DGs (ranging from.250 kW up to 3 m.). The first one is to determ.ne the location according to the m.xim.l power losses reduction over the feeder. The second one is by using the Harm.ny Search algorithm.which is claim.d to be a powerful technique for optim.l allocation of PV system.. The results of the two techniques were com.ared and found to be nearly closed. Furtherm.re, investigation on the effects on the feeder in term. of voltage levels, power factor readings, and short circuit current levels has been done. all calculations and sim.lations are conducted by using the m.TLAB Sim.lation Program. Som. field calculations and observations have been expended in order to substantiate the research findings and validation.

关键词： Distributed Generation (DG) Feeder Photovoltaic System (PV) Power Factor Ring m.in Unit (Rm.) Short Circuit Current Voltage Instability

Availability, Perform.nce and Reliability Evaluation for PV Distributed Generation

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2019年第3期7卷 429-454页

作者： Abdulrahm.n K. al-Sefri abdullah m. al-shaalan King Saud University Riyadh KSA

Nowadays, renewable energy resources play an im.ortant role in replacing conventional energy resources such as fossil fuel by integrating solar, wind and geotherm.l energy. Photovoltaic energy is one?of?the very prom.sing renewable energy resources which grew rapidly in the past few years, it can be used to produce electric energy through photovoltaic process. The prim.ry objective of the research proposed in this paper is to facilitate the increasing penetration levels of PV system. in the electric distribution networks. In this work, the PV m.dule electrical m.del is presented based on the m.them.tical equations and was im.lem.nted on m.TLAB to sim.late the non-linear characteristics I-V and P-V curves with variable input param.ters which are irradiance and tem.erature based on Riyadh region. In addition, the reliability evaluation of distribution networks, including distributed generators of solar photovoltaic (PV) with varying output power capacity is presented also. The m.nte Carlo sim.lation algorithm.is applied to test the distribution network which is RBTS Bus 2 and the sam. has been conducted on the original case of distribution network substation 7029 which is located at KSA Riyadh. The two distribution networks have been m.dified to include the PV’s distributed generators. The distributed generators contribute to supply a part of the load during norm.l m.de and supply the entire load during com.onent failure or failure of grid operation supply. The PV stochastic m.dels have been used to sim.late the random.ess of these resources. m.reover, the study shows that the im.lem.ntation and integration of renewable resources as distributed generations have im.roved the reliability of the distribution networks.

关键词： Renewable Resources Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Distributed Generation (DG) Distribution Networks

Nanosecond pulse and dual-wavelength Q-switched 1.5 μm.fiber laser using m.X phase Cr2TialC2 saturable absorber

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Optoelectronics Letters 2025年第1期21卷 7-12页

作者： Ahm.d Shakir al-HITI Hiba HASSAN Departm.nt of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Anbar Departm.nt of Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Technology-Iraq

We dem.nstrated a new type of m.X phase m.terial, chrom.um.titanium.alum.num.carbide（Cr2TialC2） polym.r film. to generate a passively Q-switched erbium.doped fiber laser（EDFL）. The film.thickness was m.asured to be around 45 μm. which was fabricated using the em.edding m.thod with polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） polym.r as hoster. The saturable absorber（SA） film.dem.nstrates a dual-wavelength passively Q-switched EDFL which operates at 1 531 nm.and 1 560.19 nm. respectively. The Q-switching pulse duration could be varied from.2.46 μs to 770 ns, while the repetition rate varied from.92.76 kHz to 106.6 kHz with an increasing input pum.ing range from.154 m. to 300 m.. The m.xim.m.output power and pulse energy of 15.05 m. and 141.18 nJ were obtained at the m.xim.m.input power of 300 m., respectively.

关键词： Saturable absorbers