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Thermophysical Characterization of Local Materials from a Locality in Chad for Use in Eco-Building

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Open Journal of Civil Engineering 2024年第3期14卷 486-497页

作者： abderahman adoum oumar Malloum Soultan Abdallah Dadi Togdjim Jonas Mahamat Saleh Abdel-Khadir Mahamoud Youssouf Khayal Salif Gaye Laboratoire de Recherche en Energtique et Matriaux (LREM) de lINSTA Institut National Suprieur des Sciences et Techniques dAbch Abch Chad Ecole Doctorale Science Technique et Environnement Universit de NDjamena NDjamena Tchad Laboratoire CABET (Construction Alternative Basse Energie au Tchad) NDjamena Chad Laboratoire de Matriaux dnergtique dlectricit et dconomie (LM3E) Universit Iba Der Thiam de This This Sngal

With the aim of enhancing the value of local building materials, the subject of this paper is a thermophysical study of natural Chadian clay from the eastern region of Chad, “Abeche”. Samples were taken from a brickwork in Abeche from a depth of 1 m, then using a clay brick-making press, 4 × 5 × 8 cm3 clay test tubes were made with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% cow dung, and a 100% clay sample was used as a control. These samples underwent thermophysical characterization using the hot-wire method with a hot-plane option, yielding results that could improve thermophysical performance. The thermal conductivity of the test sample is in the order of 0.715 to 0.420 W/m. K, at 8% for cow dung, so the addition of cow dung as a percentage in the clay matrix enabled us to obtain various satisfactory thermal parameters.

关键词： Soils Characterization Thermophysical Local Building

Quantification of Total Phenols, Total Flavonoids, Total Anthocyanins and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of Detarium Senegalense Extracts from Chad

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2024年第1期14卷 1-15页

作者： Salomon Madjitoloum Betoloum Séverin Mbaihougadobe Abel Mbaiogaou Djibrine adoum oumar Mbaindiguim Dagoto Yaya Mahmout Laboratory of Research on Natural Substances Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (F.E.A.S) University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Department of Chemistry University of Moundou Moundou Chad

The aim of the present work is to assess the value of Detarium Senegalense by determining the content of total phenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins, and by evaluating the free radical scavenging activity of Detarium Senegalense extracts. For this purpose, sequential extraction using solvents of increasing polarity was essential. The various extracts obtained underwent phytochemical and biochemical analyses. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, anthocyanins and steroids/terpenes. Quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins yielded the following results: total flavonoids (0.803 ± 0029 mg EQ/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 0.871 ± 0.401 mg EQ/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total polyphenols (23.298 ± 12.68 mg EAG/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 24.69 ± 0.49 401 mg EAG/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total monomeric anthocyanins (44.697 ± 0.939 mg EC3G/100g P and 16.699 ± 0.193 mg EC3G/100g P respectively for acetone and methanol extracts of stem bark). DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 1.674 ± 0.023 mg/mL for the acetone extract and 0.934 ± 0.24 mg/mL for the methanol extract of roots. .

关键词： Total Phenols Total Flavonoids Total Anthocyanins Antioxidant and Anti-Radical Activities Detarium Senegalense Chad

Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Study of Medicinal Plants Sold in the Markets of the City of N’Djamena

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2024年第4期14卷 121-144页

作者： Djibrine adoum oumar Teissir Ibrahim Abakar Hama Cissé Salomon Madjitoloum Betoloum Adama Sawadogo Jean-Ulrich Muandze Nzambe Elisée Mbayngone Abdelsalam Tidjani Aly Savadogo Natural Substances Research Laboratory (NSRL) Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FEAS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABI) Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Food Science and Nutrition Research Laboratory (FSNRL) Faculty of Human Health Sciences (FHHS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad

The use of medicinal plants occupies an important place in traditional Chadian medicine, this study was carried out with the aim of listing the medicinal plants sold in the markets of the city of N’Djamena, and knowledge of the medicinal flora Chad, such as the leaves of Guiera senegalensis in Arabic called Khibeche, the roots of Cassia occidentalis called Am kwala-Kinkéliba in Arabic;the bark of Khaya senegalensis (Desv) A. Juss called Muraї in Arabic and the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum called Helbé in Arabic in order to treat the most frequently cited diseases such as malaria, the common cold, mother and newborn care, and typhoid. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted from September to December 2022, in three markets in the city of N’Djamena, based on individual interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire, with 30 herbalists and traditional practitioners. Phytochemical screening analyses of the organs of four plants were carried out in the chemistry and biology laboratory of the Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FSEA) following a standard protocol established by [1] and slightly modified by [2] [3]. The results of the surveys identified 68 species divided into fifty-five (55) genera and twenty-seven (27) families, the most represented of which were Caesalpiniaceae (10 species), Mimosaceae (5 species) and Combretaceae (4 species). The leaves were the most commonly used parts (43%), with decoction (70%) the most frequently used method of preparation. The oral route was the most popular with 73% of recipes. The phytochemical study revealed a wealth of secondary metabolites such as Trapezoidal Sterols, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Free Quinones, Anthocyane, Anthraquinones, Saponosides and Heterosides. These results can be considered as a source of information for scientific research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

关键词： Chad (N’Djamena) Medicinal Plants Ethnobotany Screening Phytochemistry

Characterization and Assessment of the Quality of the Water and Sediments of the Islands (Moudou and Birguime) of Lake Fitri in Chad and Confirmation of the Strains Isolated by the PCR Method

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Advances in Microbiology 2024年第9期14卷 430-447页

作者： Djibrine adoum oumar Adama Sawadogo Atteib Adam Baye Hama Cissé Muandze Nzambe Jean Ulrich Zongo oumaro Brahim Boy Jacques Etame Abdelsalam Tidjani Zongo Cheikna Aly Savadogo Natural Substances Research Laboratory (NSRL) Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FEAS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABI) Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Geosciences Natural Resources and Environment Laboratory University of Douala Douala Cameroon Food Science and Nutrition Research Laboratory (FSNRL) Faculty of Human Health Sciences (FHHS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad

The problem of access to quality water is a major challenge, as it has a major impact on the socio-economic conditions of people in developing countries. The water from the islands of Lake Fitri is one of the main sources of drinking water for the population. The aim of this study is to characterise and assess the quality of the water and sediment from the islands (Moudou and Birguime) of Lake Fitri, and to confirm the strains isolated using the PCR method. A total of fifty (50) samples of water and fifty (50) sediments from the islands of Lake Fitri were analyzed. Standard methods of microbiological and biochemical analysis of water and sediments were used. Isolated Enterobacteriaceae strains were characterized by API 20 E and API Staph galleries and Salmonella was confirmed by PCR method. Antibiotic resistance was determined using a technique recommended by the antibiogram committee of the French microbiology society (CA-SFM, 2019). The microbiological results for the water showed an abundance of total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF) (4.31 × 106 ± 8.05 × 105 and 5.29 × 106 ± 2.55 × 105) on the Birguime and Moudou islands successively. The microbiological results for the sediment from Birguime and Moudou islands showed an abundance of thermotolerant coliforms (E. coli) (2.05 × 105 ± 5.43 × 104 and 2.27 × 105 ± 3.49 × 104) alternately. The results obtained after incubation of the biochemical tests by the API 20E, API Staph gallery and their numerical profile proposed by the Api software confirmed the contamination. The antibiogram results showed the emergence of certain resistances to the antibiotics Tobramycin, Flucytosine, Amikacin and Teicoplani. The PCR results for Salmonella spp strains were confirmed. As a result, strict monitoring of the water on the various islands of Lake Fitri must be carried out throughout the annual cycle, by specialized personnel, to ensure proper bio-monitoring of these ecosystems.

关键词： Lake Fitri (Chad) Characterization Microbiological Biochemical Resistance and PCR