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Identification of Microorganisms in Poultry Farms in N’djamena and the Border Areas of Hadjer-Lamis and Chari-Baguirmi Chad

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2024年第2期13卷 223-234页

作者： abakar Abbo Zakaria Bebanto Antipas Ban-Bo Nadine Terei Bongo Naré Richard Gandolo Abdelsalam Adoum Doutoum Labortoire de Rattachement IRED (Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Dé veloppement) University of N&#8217Djamena N&#8217Djamena Chad Laboratory of Biochemistry-Cellular and Molecular Biology-Microbiology (L2BCM) Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences University of N&#8217Djamena N&#8217Djamena Chad Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED) N&#8217Djamena Chad Adam Barka University of Abé ch&#233 Ab&#233ch&#233 Chad

Introduction: On the outskirts of Ndjamena, semi-industrial poultry farming and traditional poultry farming are practised informally on almost all poultry farms in Chad. This type of poultry farming is faced with real health problems attributable to a lack of monitoring of the vaccination schedule, inadequate compliance with biosecurity measures and poor application of the Ichikawa rule based on the 5 M’s. Objective: The aim of this article is to identify the microorganisms responsible for contamination of poultry farms in the study area. Method: The study was carried out from 28/04/2022 to 31/01/2023 on the basis of 300 samples taken from feed, drinking water, droppings and scrapings from poultry housing surfaces in the 30 farms that served as a framework for our research. Sampling was of the simple random type, and farms were selected on the basis of the farmers’ consent. The data were recorded on pre-established survey forms. Our study was cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective. Bacteria were isolated using the reference method NF EN ISO 6579 for Salmonella spp. and cultured on the specific medium eosin methylene blue (EMB) for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Citrobacter freundii. Results: The following results emerged from this study: Escherichia coli (5.33%), Pseudomonas (1.33%), Citrobacter freundii (12%) and Salmonella paratyphi (21.68%). Conclusion: Of the 300 samples analysed, 121 (40.33%) were contaminated with pathogens. This high level of contamination is a health problem. The study shows that biosecurity is less satisfactory on the farms visited. Nevertheless, farms with a very satisfactory level of biosafety ensure food safety and variety for the population.

关键词： Microorganisms Identification Poultry Farms N’Djamena Hadjer-Lamis Chari-Baguirmi(Chad)

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The Current Conservation Efforts and Future Prospects for the Endangered Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana ibex) in Sudan

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第1期15卷 39-62页

作者： Lubna Mohammed Abdallah Hassan Mutasim Essa Abdallah Adam Latifa Altigani Adam abakar Nasir Yousif Gaboush Brema Wildlife Research Center Animal Resource Research Corporation Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries Bahri Sudan Sudanese Wildlife Society Bahri Khartoum Sudan Department of Wildlife—Central Darfur State Faculty of Forestry Sciences University of Zalingei Zalingei Sudan

A comprehensive action plan for the conservation of the endangered species, the Nubian ibex in Sudan, can be developed by gaining a thorough understanding of their current status, conservation strategy, and relevant laws and regulations, as well as raising awareness about the importance of protecting endangered species. The Nubian ibex is listed as an endangered species on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, highlighting the need for further research on population conservation efforts due to insufficient population data. To address this knowledge gap, a questionnaire was conducted with various stakeholders, including police officers, researchers, and lecturers, representing a diverse range of organizations and universities. The findings revealed that hunting is the primary factor contributing to endangerment. Mammals account for 80% of endangered species, while reptiles comprise less than one-tenth. Research centers are recognized as the main governing body, and 85% of participants are concerned about the declining population. Hunting accounted for less than half of the threats to the ibex population in Sudan, while habitat loss made up a quarter. Mining, climate change, human activity, and agriculture were also identified as risks. However, there were no plans, strategies, procedures, or measures in place to conserve the Nubian ibex. There were also no initiatives to preserve its biodiversity, and awareness about endangered species was lacking. Although participants believed that laws were effective in protecting the ibex, no licenses were issued for its conservation, and annual surveys were not conducted. Additionally, there were no recorded instances of Mukhalfat related to the Nubian ibex. In light of these findings, we propose various conservation measures to address these challenges. These measures include the implementation of laws and regulations, conducting annual surveys to monitor population trends, protecting habitats, est

关键词： Nubian Ibex Sudan Endangered Species Conservation Status Law Regulations Awareness

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Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Study of Medicinal Plants Sold in the Markets of the City of N’Djamena

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2024年第4期14卷 121-144页

作者： Djibrine Adoum Oumar Teissir Ibrahim abakar Hama Cissé Salomon Madjitoloum Betoloum Adama Sawadogo Jean-Ulrich Muandze Nzambe Elisée Mbayngone Abdelsalam Tidjani Aly Savadogo Natural Substances Research Laboratory (NSRL) Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FEAS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABI) Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Food Science and Nutrition Research Laboratory (FSNRL) Faculty of Human Health Sciences (FHHS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad

The use of medicinal plants occupies an important place in traditional Chadian medicine, this study was carried out with the aim of listing the medicinal plants sold in the markets of the city of N’Djamena, and knowledge of the medicinal flora Chad, such as the leaves of Guiera senegalensis in Arabic called Khibeche, the roots of Cassia occidentalis called Am kwala-Kinkéliba in Arabic;the bark of Khaya senegalensis (Desv) A. Juss called Muraї in Arabic and the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum called Helbé in Arabic in order to treat the most frequently cited diseases such as malaria, the common cold, mother and newborn care, and typhoid. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted from September to December 2022, in three markets in the city of N’Djamena, based on individual interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire, with 30 herbalists and traditional practitioners. Phytochemical screening analyses of the organs of four plants were carried out in the chemistry and biology laboratory of the Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FSEA) following a standard protocol established by [1] and slightly modified by [2] [3]. The results of the surveys identified 68 species divided into fifty-five (55) genera and twenty-seven (27) families, the most represented of which were Caesalpiniaceae (10 species), Mimosaceae (5 species) and Combretaceae (4 species). The leaves were the most commonly used parts (43%), with decoction (70%) the most frequently used method of preparation. The oral route was the most popular with 73% of recipes. The phytochemical study revealed a wealth of secondary metabolites such as Trapezoidal Sterols, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Free Quinones, Anthocyane, Anthraquinones, Saponosides and Heterosides. These results can be considered as a source of information for scientific research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

关键词： Chad (N’Djamena) Medicinal Plants Ethnobotany Screening Phytochemistry

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Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used for Treating Urinary Tract Infections in N’Djamena (Chad)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第1期15卷 46-55页

作者： Alhadj Djidda Mahamat Soudy Imar Djibrine Hamit Mht Alio abakar tadjadin. Emmanuel Issa Issa Ramat Adam Abdel-Aziz Arada Baroua Abouna Elisabeth Ngo Bum Laboratory of the Faculty of Human Health Sciences of the University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Faculty of Sciences of the University of Maroua Maroua Cameroun Food Quality Control Centre (CECOQDA) N’Djamena Chad National Reference University Hospital of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Lute Sectorial Programme against AIDS and Hepatitis (PSLS) N’Djamena Chad Research and Livestock Institute for Development (IRED) N’Djamena Chad

Introduction: Infection disease is a real publique health problem. The rise of resistance for modern antibiotic in infections treatment imposed us order alternatives. The study objective was to contribute in the knowledge of medicinal plants uses in urinary infections treatment in N’Djamena (Chad) in view for amelioration the traditional medicine in future. Methodology: The study was conducted in the city of N’Djamena in the Republic of Chad that interviewed 60 traditherapists on using 11 plants for urinary tract infections treatment. The methodology of this study consisted of the knowledge of medicinal plants that used by traditherapists, and the plants identification was done in the laboratory of IRED at Farcha. Results: A total of 60 traditherapists was interrogated on the plants used in the treatment of urinary tract infections among the population of N’Djamena. The majority of traditherapists interrogated in this study were male with the rate of 61.67% against female with the rate of 38.33%. The age range of traditherapists was between 20 to 80 years, 25 (41.67%) from the age range between 30 - 50 years and 35 (58.33%) in age range from 50 to 70 years. For the origin of their knowledge, the study showed that 72% of traditherapists inherited the knowledge from their family, while 15% inherited from the family and from training. The ethnic groups of the traditherapists were Sara (16%), Maraba (12%) and Massa (11%). According to the results, 18.33% were illiterates, 49% attended primary school and 33.34% the secondary school. Our study found that 11 species of plants belonging to 11 families were used in the treatment of urinary tract infection and the Ziziphus spina-christi was the most represented. According to traditherapists the Ziziphus spina-christi, Cassia obovata and Euphorbia hirta were the most frequent plants used in the urinary tract infections treatment. The parts of plants used in the treatment were leaves and bark, grained leaves and entire plants w

关键词： Urinary Infections Medicinal Plant and Traditherapists

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Simulation Study on Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition During Gas Injection in Reservoir

Simulation Study on Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition ...

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作者： abakar Youssouf Adoum 中国石油大学(北京)

学位级别：硕士

Oil is an essential element of global economic *** technology for enhanced oil recovery being developed to increase the volume of recoverable *** injection is among the most common EOR methods,but the injection of gas can cause asphaltene precipitation,which can cause serious reservoir *** main problem to be solved in this study is the formation of asphaltene during gas for recovering more *** to the seriousness of the situation,we wanted to do the study with the goal of determining and recommending the best of these two new processes of EOR gas injection,gas-alternating gas(GAG),triple-alternating gas alternating gas(TAG),and the conventional water-alternating gas(WAG).The main parameters taken into consideration for carrying out this study are the injection pressure,the injection rate,and the cycle *** is essential to create a asphaltene precipitation and deposition model in porous reservoir *** model is based on specific properties of petroleum fluid and asphaltene precipitation data collected in literature *** is considered a pure *** component of the fluid is based on representing the precipitated asphaltene as a pure dense phase and dividing the heavy components of the fluid sample into non-precipitating and precipitating *** property data is validated and mapped to the equations of state(EO).In the simulation runs,the effect of each GAG,WAG,and TAG parameter was acclaimed by adjusting the input one at a time while retaining the others *** results showed that the information with the most significant influence is just the injection *** greater injection pressure,the fewer asphaltene precipitates and *** other variables have a minor impact on the precipitate *** to the findings,it is possible to conclude that adjusting the pressure of the gas injection and the cycle of the injection will regulate the number of asphaltenes will precipitate and deposit

关键词： Asphaltene Precipitation Deposition Gas injection(WAG,GAG,TAG process) CMG/GEM

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Optimization Techniques in University Timetabling Problem:Constraints,Methodologies,Benchmarks,and Open Issues

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第3期74卷 6461-6484页

作者： Abeer Bashab Ashraf Osman Ibrahim Ibrahim abakar Tarigo Hashem Karan Aggarwal Fadhil Mukhlif Fuad A.Ghaleb Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud Faculty of Computer Science&Information Technology Alzaiem Alazhari University13311KhartoumSudan Faculty Computing and Informatics Universiti Malaysia SabahKota Kinabalu88400SabahMalaysia Department of Computer Science University of SharjahSharjah27272United Arab Emirates Electronic and Communication Engineering Department Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be UniversityMullanaAmbala133207HaryanaIndia Information Assurance and Security Research Group(IASRG) School of ComputingFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia81310JohorMalaysia Department of Information Systems King Khaled UniversityMuhayel61913AseerSaudi Arabia

University timetabling problems are a yearly challenging task and are faced repeatedly each *** problems are considered nonpolynomial time(NP)and combinatorial optimization problems(COP),which means that they can be solved through optimization algorithms to produce the aspired optimal *** techniques have been used to solve university timetabling problems,and most of them use optimization *** paper provides a comprehensive review of the most recent studies dealing with concepts,methodologies,optimization,benchmarks,and open issues of university timetabling *** comprehensive review starts by presenting the essence of university timetabling as NP-COP,defining and clarifying the two formed classes of university timetabling:University Course Timetabling and University Examination Timetabling,illustrating the adopted algorithms for solving such a problem,elaborating the university timetabling constraints to be considered achieving the optimal timetable,and explaining how to analyze and measure the performance of the optimization algorithms by demonstrating the commonly used benchmark datasets for the *** is noted that meta-heuristic methodologies are widely used in the ***,recently,multi-objective optimization has been increasingly used in solving such a problem that can identify robust university timetabling ***,trends and future directions in university timetabling problems are *** paper provides good information for students,researchers,and specialists interested in this area of *** challenges and possibilities for future research prospects are also explored.

关键词： University timetabling timetabling approaches meta-heuristics combinatorial optimization

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Peraluminous granitoids within the Hangloa area,Adamawa-YadéDomain,Cameroon:Petrogenesis and tectonic implication

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Acta Geochimica 2022年第6期41卷 1104-1122页

作者： Yaya Fodoué Mero Yannah Rigobert Tchameni Wadjou Jacques Wassouo Amadou Diguim Kepnamou Joseph Penaye abakar Mahamat Emmnuel Nomo Negue Institute of Geology and Mining Research P.O Box 4110NlongkakYaoundeCameroon Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of NgaoundereP.O.Box 454NgaoundereCameroon Department of Earth Science University of Yaounde IYaoundeCameroon

Hangloa granitoids form part of the wide range calc-alkaline Pan-African granitic suites within the Adamawa Yade Domain(AYD)in *** are several reports on metaluminous granitoids within this *** peraluminous suite has been locally reported and their petrogenesis is not fully *** and whole-rock geochemistry were used to study the petrogenesis/formation of granitic rocks within this *** results show that the granitoids are composed of quartzo-feldspathic,made up of granites,monzonites and quartz monzonites which were intruded in the Paleoproterozoic orthogneissic *** major and trace element compositions show that they are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonites,with S-type *** molar ratio A/CNK is>1.1,while the ratio of CaO+Na_(2)O/Al_(2)O_(3) is generally<1 making them strongly *** REE shows enrichment in the LREE over the HREE,with(La/Yb)N varying from 11.9 to 53.32,(Dy/Yb)N from 0.77 to 2.13 and moderately negative Eu anomaly((Eu/Eu^(*))N range from 0.42 to 0.93).Most granite samples show depletion in P,with CaO/Na_(2)O<0.3 and Rb/Sr≤1 indicative of clay-poor metapelitic source,while the others show clay-rich metagreywackes *** strong peraluminosity,S-type affinity,high Ba/Sr,Ba/Rb and low Rb/Sr indicate they are *** compositional variation might be induced by the partial melting of different source materials followed by fractional crystallization of the granitic *** source nature requires fragments of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks derived from the collision between the north-central Cameroon block and the Congo Craton during the Pan-African.

关键词： Petrography Geochemistry Peraluminous Hangloa Adamawa-Yade-Domain

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Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Power Generation System

Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Sys...

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作者：黎柯(Elham abakar Ali Malik) 东南大学

学位级别：硕士

增加的能源效率与电能质量问题,太阳能并网发电光伏系统在世界各地都很好。光伏并网基于SVPWM技术的三相并网系统逆变器,SVPWM在三相逆变器上的实现和仿真该技术的优点是调制指数较高,切换较低。逆变器输出电流的损耗和谐波失真较小。... 详细信息

增加的能源效率与电能质量问题,太阳能并网发电光伏系统在世界各地都很好。光伏并网基于SVPWM技术的三相并网系统逆变器,SVPWM在三相逆变器上的实现和仿真该技术的优点是调制指数较高,切换较低。逆变器输出电流的损耗和谐波失真较小。比例积分控制器与模糊逻辑控制器已经投入使用。仿真结果表明:PI控制器和FLC在传递来自PV阵列在不同温度和辐照下也相继注入。电力负载和电网。仿真结果表明采FLC的逆变器控制系统在生产中非常有效。电压和电流稳定的60赫兹正弦波形。此外,逆变器能够将可用的PV功率传输到公用电网。此外,逆变器已经成功地检测到电网扰动的发生。并且能够将其从电网断开,从而为两者提供保护。设备与人员,系统与在系统中显示稳定的模糊控制器也减少了系统中的纹波电流分量,因此提高了整个系统效率。本研究提出一种基于一个70千瓦并网光伏系统,该系统包括70千瓦光伏阵列。采用增量电导的最大功率点跟踪升压变换器积分法与网格连接逆变器及其控制系统设计LCL滤波器,使逆变器的输出,三相变压器是升压变换器用于将逆变器连接到电网,升压变换器受控。由增量电导算法负责提取最大值在任何天气条件下,光伏阵列都可使用电力。连接的电网逆变器负责维持直流环节电压恒定。到完成并网逆变器任务,采用控制结构;外部控制回路是直流电压回路,而内部控制回路是直流轴逆变器电流分量,采用无功功率控制器。用备用逆变器的无功功率支持电网一无功控制器也用于支持电网的无功控制。功率来自备用逆变器容量。控制无功功率的转移对电网,正交轴逆变器电流分量进行控制。一采用比例积分(PI)和模糊逻辑控制器(FLC)进行控制。直流环节电压、直轴电流和正交轴电流控制。在这项研究中,我们使用PV阵列由54个并行串组成,每个字符串具有8个南京DAQO新的。能量DQ240PSCB模块串联,每个模块60个单元。最大值功率输出为240.09瓦,开路电压(VOC)为37伏,最大功率点电压(VMP)为30.2电压,短路电流(ISC)是8.55 Amper,在最大功率点(IMP)的电流是7.95 Amper,VOC的温度系数为0.22781(%/℃C°),温度(ISC)系数为0.079404(%/℃C°)。本论文的研究主要围绕基于最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制的并网光伏发电系统(PV-GCGS),该系统包含两级变换器,升压DC/DC变换器MPPT控制提升PV电压,再由DC/AC变换器实现三相电压的逆变输出。并网逆变器承担着维持直流母线电压恒定的任务,控制系统采用级联结构:外环采用定直流母线电压控制,内环采用电流解耦控制。通过经典比例积分控制器(PI)和模糊逻辑控制器(FLC)来控制直流母线电压。为了在电网中实现良好的系统组件设计,通过将逆变器输出电压幅值调节到等于电网电压,以使变压器漏抗所消耗的无功功率最小化。模糊逻辑的性能控制和PI控制器的暂态和稳态评价稳定直流环节电压以确保低纹波的响应逆变器交流输出波形。此外,PV中泄漏电流还将带来交流系统电流失真和谐波的问题,配电系统中非线性负载的存在也会增大系统谐波含量。为降低系统谐波含量,本文采用空间矢量脉宽调制策略(SVPWM)。利用SVPWM策略对三相电流进行控制的仿真结果也分析了系统在PI和FLC控制器下的性能特点,并在Matlab/Simulink环境下进行了仿真验证。

关键词：光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪升压变换器 LCL滤波器模糊逻辑控制器

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油页岩在不同催化剂预热处理条件下热解研究

油页岩在不同催化剂预热处理条件下热解研究

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作者： RABIEA abakar YAHYA abakar 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

石油资源的逐渐枯竭、低油价和巨大的储存量,甚至是全球能源的预期增长,在近几年,引起了全球范围内越来越多对油页岩的利用的关注,油页岩被看作是缓解石油供应压力的主要的可选择来源。在这项研究中,评估了桦甸(HD)油页岩与不同催化剂(... 详细信息

石油资源的逐渐枯竭、低油价和巨大的储存量,甚至是全球能源的预期增长,在近几年,引起了全球范围内越来越多对油页岩的利用的关注,油页岩被看作是缓解石油供应压力的主要的可选择来源。在这项研究中,评估了桦甸(HD)油页岩与不同催化剂(即氢氧化钠和硝酸钠),金属氯化物(即亚锡、钼和锌的氯化物)以及(硝酸钾)相互作用的的动力学参数。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、热重量(TGA)分析、气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)、元素分析和扫描电子显微镜进行了表征油页岩和固体残留物。另外,通过Coats-Redfern方法对动力学参数(活化能E和频率因子A)进行计算。结果显示,对油页岩的热解高温分解来说,添加金属氯化物的影响大于其他催化剂的作用。用催化剂处理的样品的活化能表现出最高的下降。与未经催化剂处理的样品相比,特别是样品相比,金属氯化物催化剂的存在(SnCl2、MoCl5和ZnCl2),分别下降15.1 kJ mol-1,10.66 kJ mol-1,20.58 kJ mol-1。此外,硝酸钠和硝酸钾降低约7.26 kJ mol-1和4.98 kJ mol-1。这项研究打开了一个崭新且可利用的方法,使得油页岩可以在低温下被处理,以及提高桦甸油页岩的利用率来生产在催化状态下的液态和气态的油页岩。

关键词：油页岩催化剂热重动力学分析活化能

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Evaluation of the diuretic effects of crude stem bark extraction of Zanthoxylum heitzii(Rutaceae) in Wistar rats

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2015年第5期13卷 326-335页

作者： Fidèle Ntchapda Maguirgue Kakesse Michel Archange Tagne Fokam Olivier Mbouemboue Pancha Djedouboum abakar Théophile Dimo Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science University of Ngaoundéré Cameroon Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Ngaoundéré Cameroon Department of Animal Biology and Physiology Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I

OBJECTIVE： Zanthoxylum heitzii is a medicinal plant widely used in central Africa for the treatment of many diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The diuretic effects of crude stern bark extraction were determined and its safety in rats was evaluated. METHODS： The diuretic effects of crude stem bark extraction of Z. heitzii were investigated in Wistar rats （250 g ＋ 10 g） of both sexes. The crude stem bark extraction of Z. heitzii at the doses of 225, 300 and 375 mg/kg was administered to rats at 5 mL/kg body weight. Urine volume was determined 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 h after administration of the extract. Kinetics of electrolyte elimination in response to a single oral administration dose of acute treatment was measured. The experiments were performed under the same conditions with two synthetic pharmacological diuretics considered as reference （furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide）. Urinary and plasma concentrations of sodium and potassium ions were determined using flame photometry. Concentrations of creatinine, urea, glucose, albumin and electrolytes in the plasma and urine samples were evaluated using a two-way digital bidirectional spectrophotometer. The osmolarity of plasma and urine samples was measured by cytometry using an osmometer. Aldosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS： The plant extract accelerated the elimination of overloaded fluid and increased urine volume and the excretion of Na＋, K＋ and CI 24 h after administration （P〈0.05）. The increase in elimination of Na＋, K＋, and Cl- induced by the extract caused alkalinization of the urine, and showed a strong inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase and saluretic. These effects were mainly observed at the dose of 375 mg/kg. At the maximum diuretic response, urinary osmolarity decreased significantly （P 〈 0.05） when compared to controls. The stability of aldosterone level, the absence of correlation with the plasma levels of Na＋, and increased clearance of free water in t

关键词： Zanthoxylum heitzii diuretic urine volume urine pH electrolytes temperature rectal

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