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Etiology of Diarrhea among Severely Malnourished Infants and Young Children: Observation of Urban-Rural Differences over One Decade in Bangladesh

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013年第3期4卷 233-239页

作者： Sumon Kumar Das Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Sayeeda Huq Mohammad ab.ul Malek Mohammed ab.us Salam Tahmeed Ahmed ab. syed golam faruque International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Dhaka Bangladesh.

There is inadequate information on the etiology of diarrhea in severely malnourished (SM) young children. Thus, the study aimed to determine the etiology of diarrhea among severely malnourished (z score ?3.00 SD) children in rural and urban Bangladesh. From the datab.se (2000-2011) of Diarrheal Disease Surveillance Systems (DDSS) at rural Matlab.and urban Dhaka hospitals of icddr,b, 2234 and 3109 under-5 children were found severely malnourished (underweight, stunted or wasted) respectively. Two comparison groups [moderately malnourished (MM) and well-nourished (WN)] were randomly selected in a ratio of 1:1:1. Children with all categories of SM were more likely to be infected with Vibrio cholerae (rural—11%;urban—15%), Shigella (16%;9%), Salmonella (1%;2%) and Campylobacter (3%;4%);and less likely to have rotavirus (25%;20%) compared to only one SM category. Isolation rate of Vibrio cholerae was significantly higher among SM both in rural and urban children (7%;13%) than those of MM (5%;10%) and WN (2%;8%) and lower for rotavirus (30%;31%), (34%;43%), (35%;47%) respectively (p 0.01). However, for Shigella it was only higher among rural SM children (11%) [MM (9%), and WN (8%) (p 0.01)]. The isolation rate of Salmonella in SM (2%) was similar to that in MM (2%;p = 0.72) but significantly higher than that in WN (1%;p 0.01) among urban children. Isolation rates of bacterial enteric pathogens were higher but rotavirus was lower in SM children in both rural and urban area with geographical heterogeneity.

关键词： Diarrhea Under-5 Children Rural Severe Malnutrition Urban

Gender Disparity in Second Language Learning： Reality or Illusion？

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Sino-US English Teaching 2016年第11期13卷 860-868页

作者： syed Md golam Faruk Rajib Saha Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education Chittagong Bangladesh Chittagong City Corporation Premier College Chittagong Bangladesh

The paper draws a comparison between female and male students＇ language learning capab.lities in the backdrop of age-old idea that males are better than females in language learning on the one hand, and some recent study findings indicating females＇ superiority over males on the other. To this end, 43 female and 80 male higher secondary students＇ 468 answer scripts of their regular English exams were collected. For the traditional question pattern, the collected data could measure only ＂remembering＂ and ＂understanding＂ of the examinees. Therefore, the students were compared only on the basis of these two lowest levels of Bloom＇s taxonomy. The participants were of same age, studying at the same level （Grade 11）, and were taught by the same teacher. The study finds that if other variab.es remain the same, there is no essential difference between male and female regarding learning English as a second language.

关键词： female students male students learning English as a second language Bloom's taxonomy Bangladesh

Acceptab.lity and Compliance to a 10-Day Regimen of Zinc Treatment in Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013年第4期4卷 357-364页

作者： Shahnawaz Ahmed Dilruba Nasrin Farzana Ferdous Fahmida Dil Farzana Guddu Kaur Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Sumon Kumar Das ab. syed golam faruque Centre for Vaccine Development (CVD) University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore USA International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Dhaka Bangladesh University of Sydney Sydney Australia

We hypothesised that the promotion of blister packs of zinc may be carried out by health personnel in health care facilities to the mothers of children suffering from diarrhea. We predicted that good acceptab.lity and good compliance to zinc treatment in rural Bangladesh would be over 75% and at least 60%, respectively. Between January and December 2011, six hundred and thirty five children aged 6 - 59 months who presented with acute diarrhea received a 10-day zinc regimen. Determination of acceptab.lity and compliance of a dispersible zinc tab.et in children 6 - 59 months old was main point of the study. In-home follow-ups started within 2 - 3 weeks after the regimen began. Seventy seven percent of the mothers/caretakers perceived that the taste of the zinc tab.ets was the same or better than that of other medicines given to their children and expressed willingness to use zinc in the future (good acceptab.lity). Sixty-two percent of the children completed full 10-day course of zinc treatment by taking one tab.et a day that had been completely dissolved in a small amount of water (good compliance). There was 63% excess risk for poor compliance to zinc if father stays at home with the family [OR = 1.63 (95%CI;1.09, 2.46) p = 0.019]. Despite vomiting, 33% children continued to receive zinc tab.et [OR = 0.67 (95%CI;(0.47, 0.97, 0.032)] after adjusting for co-variates. Both acceptab.lity and compliance to dispersible zinc tab.ets in childhood diarrheal illnesses are still not at the expected level in rural Bangladesh.

关键词： Acceptab.lity Compliance Diarrhea Young Children Zinc

Prolonged acute diarrhea in adults: Decades of observation from epidemiological perspective in urban Bangladesh

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第3期3卷 208-213页

作者： Sumon Kumar Das Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Shahnawaz Ahmed Mohammad ab.ul Malek Fahmida Dil Farzana Farzana Ferdous Jonathan Latham ab. syed golam faruque Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS) International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddrb) Dhaka Bangladesh London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK

The study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and etiology of adults aged ≥20 years presented with prolonged acute diarrhea (≥7 days). A total of 18,210 adults aged ≥20 years were enrolled in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of icddr,b between 1993-2012 and included into the analysis. Of these, 17,631 (97%) had duration of diarrhea ≤6 days, 418 (2%) diarrhea presented with a duration of 7 - 13 days and rest 161 (1%) had history of diarrhea ≥14 days. A higher proportion of adult individuals who had duration of diarrhea ≥14 days (70% vs. 56%;p male. At least 73% of all patients used oral rehydration solution;but proportion was lower among prolonged acute diarrhea groups. Use of antimicrobials was higher among those with duration 7 - 13 days (81%) and ≥14 days (81%). Diarrhea lasting ≥14 days, 47% were suffering from chronic energy deficiency and 30% had history of smoking. Individuals with diarrhea ≥7 days less frequently presented with vomiting, watery stool, frequency of stool >10 times/24 hours, drowsy or lethargy, fast breathing, some or severe dehydration, received intravenous saline for initial corrections of dehydration and stayed for longer duration in hospital (≥24 hours) but more often presented with ab.ominal pain. Stool microscopic examination showed less frequent presence of red blood cells (36% vs. 44%;p = 0.043) and fecal leucocytes (50% vs. 59%;p = 0.029) among individuals with diarrhea ≥14 days compared to those with ≤6 days. None was infected with Vibrio cholerae (≥14 days) (3% for 7 - 13 days);however, isolation rate of Aeromonas was higher among adults with duration for ≥14 days (11%). Only 15% with ≥14 days were positive for Shigella contrary to 19% (7 - 13 days) and 56% (≤6 days). Differences in sociodemographic, clinical presentation and etiology varied with duration of diarrhea among adults.

关键词： Adult Bangladesh Diarrhea Prolonged Acute Diarrhea

Health and Nutritional Status of Young Foster Children Attending a Diarrhea Treatment Hospital in Bangladesh

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013年第8期4卷 785-790页

作者： Durdana Akhter Sumon Kumar Das Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Gazi Imran Fahmida Dil Farzana Shahnawaz Ahmed Farzana Ferdous Mohammad ab.ul Malek ab. syed golam faruque Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS) icddrb Dhaka Bangladesh Centre for Vaccine Sciences (CVS) International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddrb) Dhaka Bangladesh Dhaka Shishu (Children’s) Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh

There is scarcity of evidence-based information ab.ut socio-demographic as well as ailment factors associated with foster children in Bangladesh. Thus the aim of the present study was to determine the socio-economic, health and nutritional status of young foster children in urban Dhaka. A total of 208 (1%;n = 208/28,948) under-5 foster children were enrolled in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of icddr,b between 1993-2012. Randomly selected under-5 children (n = 624) with a ratio of 1:3 were extracted and constituted as comparison group. Forty-three percent (n = 90) foster children were male. Lack of formal schooling of mother was higher among foster children compared to non-foster children (52% vs. 35%;p ab.lity of fostering was 7 times (95% CI: 3.96-13.33) higher among mothers with a median age of 25 years. The findings of our study clearly demonstrate the existing health and nutritional problems of foster children. Therefore, appropriate health and nutrition interventions are critical for foster children in Bangladesh.

关键词： Bangladesh Diarrhea Foster Children Malnutrition

Changing Trend of Overweight and Obesity and Their Associated Factors in an Urban Population of Bangladesh

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013年第6期4卷 678-689页

作者： Sumon Kumar Das Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Sayeeda Huq Mohammad ab.ul Malek Lana Vanderlee Mohammed ab.us Salam Tahmeed Ahmed ab. syed golam faruque ab.ullah Al Mamun International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Dhaka Bangladesh School of Population Health University of Queensland Brisbane Australia. School of Public Health and Health Systems University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada

There is a scarcity of information examining the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population of Bangladesh. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate the changing trends and socio-demographic characteristics of overweight and obese individuals among an urban population inDhaka,Bangladesh. The present study included data from 49,532 patients enrolled in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) at theDhakaHospitalfrom 1993-2011. Overweight and obese was categorized among under-5 children (n = 508), 5 19 years (n = 96), and >19 years (n = 1330). Data was compared with normal weight and malnourished individuals of respective age strata. The proportion of overweight and obese increased from 0.64% 5.15% among children 0.001), 0.80% 6.70% among 5 19 years (p 0.001), and 3.66% 16.94% (p 0.001) among >19 years. Among those under-5, males [OR = 1.31 (95%CI 1.08, 1.57)] those with higher socio-economic status [1.99 (1.02, 3.82)], higher monthly mean family income [3.76 (2.41, 5.86)], non-slum residence [2.01 (0.74, 5.51)], high maternal literacy rate [3.66 (2.31, 5.79)], and using sanitary toilet [1.47 (1.07, 2.01)] were at higher risk of being overweight and obese compared to well-nourished and malnourished children. Among individuals 5 19 years, those with higher socioeconomic status and use of sanitary toilet were at higher risk of being overweight and obese. Among those >19 years, additionally males were less likely to be overweight and obese [0.59 (0.49, 0.68)]. Over the last two decades the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Dhaka city has increased at least five folds and it was much higher among those with better socioeconomic status.

关键词： Bangladesh Obesity Overweight Urban

Socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics of people with typhoidal and non-typhiodal<i>Salmonella</i>gastroenteritis in urban Bangladesh

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2013年第8期6卷 834-842页

作者： Sumon Kumar Das Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Mohammad ab.ul Malek Shahnawaz Ahmed Fahmida Dil Farzana Farzana Ferdous K. M. Shahunja Mohammed ab.us Salam Tahmeed Ahmed ab. syed golam faruque Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS) International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddrb) Dhaka Bangladesh

Typhoidal (Salmonella enterica serover Typhi and Para-typhi A and B) (TS) and non-typhiodal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis are less reported in Bangladesh. There is also a lack of report on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of Bangladeshi people with typhoid fever and those with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis. Thus, the present study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, and seasonal variations between TS and NTS infections among patients attending at a large diarrheal disease hospital in urban Bangladesh. Information were extracted from the datab.se of icddr,b in two different age stratums (0-14 years, and 15 years and ab.ve) as 54 with TS and 199 with NTS;and 65 with TS and 239 with NTS respectively after excluding all other pathogens. Randomly selected individuals with diarrhea but without any pathogen in stool constituted the control group (n = 253 and n = 304 respectively). Among 0-14 years, fever [aOR-4.35 (95% CI-1.45-13.06)] and drink unboiled water [aOR-0.22 (95% CI-0.06-0.83)] significantly differed between TS and NTS. Significant associations were observed with lower socio-economic context [aOR-10.02 (95% CI-3.79-26.45)], unbolied drinking water [aOR-2.16 (95% CI-1.05-4.43)], fever [aOR-4.54 (95% CI-1.71-12.03)], pneumonia [aOR-21.57 (95% CI-1.90-245.01)], wasting [aOR-2.60 (95% CI-1.21-5.57)], presence of RBC [aOR-0.09 (95% CI-0.02-0.33], leucocytes [aOR-3.97 (95% CI-1.76-8.99)] and macrophage [aOR-10.71 (95% CI-2.80-41.06)] in stool and alkaline pH [aOR-2.07 (95% CI-1.08-3.97)] when compared with control group. Among ≥15 years, TS was more frequently isolated from individuals with poor socio-economic background [aOR-2.09 (95% CI-1.0-4.33)] and use non-tap drinking water [aOR-0.29 (95% CI-0.13-0.66] compared to their NTS counterparts. Reported lack of formal schooling [aOR-0.65 (95% CI-0.44-0.96)], fever [aOR-2.10 (95% CI-1.03-4.31)], hospital stay (>24 hours) [aOR-1.66 (95% CI-1.05-2.62

关键词： Bangladesh Diarrhea Non-Typhiodal Salmonella Typhoidal Salmonella Urban

Association of Television Watching Practices of Mothers on Overweight and Obesity of Their Under-5 Offspring in Urban Bangladesh

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2014年第19期5卷 1811-1817页

作者： Jui Das Sumon Kumar Das Shahnawaz Ahmed Mohammod Jobayer Chisti Mohammad Hab.bur Rahman Sarker Fahmida Dil Farzana Farzana Ferdous Mohammad ab.ul Malek Aminur Rahman ab. syed golam faruque ab.ullah Al Mamun International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddrb) Dhaka Bangladesh School of Population Health The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan

Childhood overweight and obesity, is an emerging public health concern in developing countries like Bangladesh. However, regular television watching by child’s mother and its impact on excess weight gain or overweight and obesity to their offspring is not reported elsewhere. The aim of the present analysis was to determine the socio-demographic characteristics among overweight and obese children based on those mothers who watch television regularly and compare this finding with malnourished and well-nourished under-5 children. A total of 20,800 under-5 children were enrolled during 1996 to 2012 in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) of Dhaka Hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). Mean weight-for-age z-score (–1.61 vs. –2.30;mean difference: ?0.69;p < 0.001), height-for-age z-score (–1.42 vs. –1.99;–0.57;<0.001), weight-for-height z-score (–1.59 vs. –1.07;–0.53;<0.001), BMI-for-age z-score (–1.09 vs. –1.61, –0.52;<0.001) differed significantly between the children whose mother did and did not watch television regularly. Under-5 children whose mother watched television regularly (2%) compared to those who did not (1%), had 2.28 [(95% CI-1.61 - 3.24) p < 0.001] times increased odds of being overweight and obese. Television watching of mothers is associated with childhood overweight and obesity and is one of the most public health concerns in Bangladesh. These changes may be in part of better socio-economic condition, changes in life style behaviour and dietary pattern.

关键词： Childhood Overweight and Obesity Mother’s Watching of Television Urban Bangladesh

ab.initio calculations of structural,electronic,and optical properties of Zn_3(VO_4)_2

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Chinese Physics B 2018年第3期27卷 220-224页

作者： Nisar Ahmed S Mukhtar Wei Gao syed Zafar Ilyas Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Department of Physics Allama Iqbal Open University Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering the University of Auckland

The structural, electronic, and optical properties of Zn3（VO4）2 are investigated using full potential linearized aug- mented plane wave （FP-LAPW） method within the framework of density functional theory （DFT）. Various approaches are adopted to treat the exchange and correlation potential energy such as generalized gradient approximation （GGA）, GGA＋U, and the Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson （TB-mBJ） potential. The calculated band gap of 3.424 eV by TB- mBJ is found to be close to the experimental result （3.3 eV）. The optical anisotropy is analyzed through optical constants, such as dielectric function and ab.orption coefficient along parallel and perpendicular crystal orientations. The ab.orption coefficient reveals high ab.orption （1.5 ×10^6cm^-1） of photons in the ultraviolet region.

关键词： density functional theory Zn3(V04)2 electronic structure optical properties