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Influence of Continental Atmospheric Forcing on the decadal Variability of the West African Monsoon

Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 1-28页

作者： Adjoua Moïse Landry Famien Sandrine djakouré Bi Tra Jean Claude Youan Serge Janicot abé delfin ochou Arona diedhiou département des Sciences et Techniques Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouaké Bouaké C&#244te d’Ivoire LASMES-UFR SSMT Université Félix Houphou&#235t Boigny d’Abidjan Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire LSS-UFR SSMT Université Félix Houphou&#235t Boigny d’Abidjan Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques Sorbonne Université IRD CNRS MNHN Paris France Université Grenoble Alpes IRD CNRS Grenoble INP IGE Grenoble France UFHB-IRd Joint International Laboratory of Research on NEXUS Climate Water Energy and Agriculture and Development of Cli-mate Services African Centre of Excellence CCBAD (Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture) Université Félix Houphou&#235t-Boigny Abidjan C&#244te D’Ivoire

The West African Monsoon (WAM) is characterized by strong decadal and multi-decadal variability and the impacts can be catastrophic for the local populations. One of the factors put forward to explain this variability involves the role of atmospheric dynamics, linked in particular to the Saharan Heat Low (SHL). This article addresses this question by comparing the sets of preindustrial control and historical simulation data from climate models carried out in the framework of the CMIP5 project and observations data over the 20th century. Through multivariate statistical analyses, it was established that decadal modes of ocean variability and decadal variability of Saharan atmospheric dynamics significantly influence decadal variability of monsoon precipitation. These results also suggest the existence of external anthropogenic forcing, which is superimposed on the decadal natural variability inducing an intensification of the signal in the historical simulations compared to preindustrial control simulations. We have also shown that decadal rainfall variability in the Sahel, once the influence of oceanic modes has been eliminated, appears to be driven mainly by the activity of the Arabian Heat Low (AHL) in the central Sahel, and by the structure of the meridional temperature gradient over the inter-tropical Atlantic in the western Sahel.

关键词： Influence of Continental Atmospheric Forcing on the decadal Variability of the West African Monsoon

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Understanding the Variability of Z-R Relationships Caused by Natural Variations in Raindrop Size distributions (dSd): Implication of drop Size and Number

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences（大气和气候科学） 2011年第3期

作者： abé d ochou Eric-Pascal Zahiri Bakary Bamba Manlandon Koffi

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Consistency in <i>Z</i>-<i>R</i>Relationship Variability Regardless Precipitating Systems, Climatic Zones Observed from Two Types of disdrometer

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2014年第5期4卷 941-955页

作者： Bakary Bamba abé delfin ochou Eric-Pascal Zahiri Modeste Kacou Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics and Fluid Mechanics University Félix Houphouet-Boigny Abidjan Cote d’Ivoire Geosciences Environment Toulouse (GET) University Paul Sabatier of Toulouse III Toulouse France

data from rain drop Size distributions gathered on five sites in Africa as well as those of the pilot site in Kourou (French Guyana, South America), located in different climatic zones, and collected by two types of disdrometer (the impact JW Rd-69 disdrometer and the Optical Spectro-Pluviometer, OSP) are used to study the consistency of the reflectivity factor-rain rate at the ground (Z-R) relationship variability. The results clearly confirm that the relationship Z-R knows a large spatial variability, from a type of precipitation to another and within the same precipitation regardless the type of disdrometer used for dSd measurements. Base on the similarity of the relations reflectivity factor-rain rate and ratio median volume diameter over the total number of drops-rain rate, the variability of the Z-R coefficients (A, b) through the simultaneously implication of the size and number of drops which characterize the dSd was exhibited. It was shown that the relationships A-α and b-β designed to understand the involvement of parameters d0 and NT of dSd in the variability of the relationship Z-R are similar regardless the types of disdrometer used. However, the relations A-α in the Sahelian region appear to deviate from those of Guinean, equatorial and Soudanian zones. The plausible reasons were discussed.

关键词： drop Size distributions Consistency in Z-R Relationship Variability Squall Lines Thunderstorm Stratiform Rain JW Rd-69 disdrometer Optical Spectro-Pluviometer OSP

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Improving Radar Rainfall Estimation by Accounting for Microphysical Processes Using a Micro Rain Radar in West Africa

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2021年第4期11卷 658-688页

作者： Ghislain Kouadio Eric-Pascal Zahiri Modeste Kacou Augustin Kadjo Koffi abé delfin ochou Paul Assamoi Laboratoire de Physique de l’Atmosphère et de Mécanique des Fluides (LAPA-MF) UFR SSMT Université Félix Houphou&#235 t-Boigny Abidjan C&#244 te d’Ivoire

This study evaluates the improvement of the radar Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) by involving microphysical processes in the determination of Z-R algorithms. Within the framework of the AMMA campaign, measurements of an X-band radar (Xport), a vertical pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) to investigate microphysical processes and a dense network of rain gauges deployed in Northern Benin (West Africa) in 2006 and 2007 were used as support to establish such estimators and evaluate their performance compared to other estimators in the literature. By carefully considering and correcting MRR attenuation and calibration issues, the Z-R estimator developed with the contribution of microphysical processes and non-linear least-squares adjustment proves to be more efficient for quantitative rainfall estimation and produces the best statistic scores than other optimal Z-R algorithms in the literature. We also find that it gives results comparable to some polarimetric algorithms including microphysical information through dSd integrated parameter retrievals.

关键词： drop distribution Micro Rain Radar Calibration Microphysical Processes Z-R Relationships Rainfall Estimation

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Understanding the Variability of Z-R Relationships Caused by Natural Variations in Raindrop Size distributions(dSd):Implication of drop Size and Number

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2011年第3期1卷 147-164页

作者： abe d.ochou Eric-Pascal Zahiri Bakary Bamba Manlandon Koffi Laboratoire de Physique de l’Atmosphere et Mecanique des fluides(LAPA-MF) Universite de Cocody-AbidjanAbidjanCote d’Ivoire Institut National Polytechnique Houphouet-Boigny YamoussoukroCote d’Ivoire

In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter d0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.

关键词： Raindrop Size distribution Radar Reflectivity Factor Rain Rate Median Volume diameter Total Number of drops Per Unit Volume Z-R Relationship Convective Rain Stratiform Rain Squall Lines Thunderstorm

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Rainfall Variability Patterns in West Africa： Case of Cote d＇lvoire and Ghana

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 2011年第9期5卷 1229-1238页

作者： K.Y. Kouadio A. Aman A.d. ochou K.E. Ali P.A. Assamoi Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics and Fluid Mechanics University of Cocody Abidjan 225 C6te d ＇Ivoire

This study is focused first on the rainfall variability in C6te d＇Ivoire and in Ghana; second, on the determination of the climatic zones of these areas. Monthly rainfall heights recorded in 43 weather stations from 1964 to 2000 is carried out. This study suggests a sudivision in three climatic zones which are： the littoral zone that borders the tropical Atlantic, the center zone that is located in the central region of both countries, and the northern zone whose seasonal cycle is close to that of the Sahel of West Africa. The study of the interannual variability of the rainfall shows some patterns which are differently influenced by sea surface temperature. Such work could be useful for agricultural activities and to better quantify the role of the vegetation dynamics.

关键词： Rainfall variability climatic zoning West Africa Cote d'Ivoire Ghana.

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Ankle Arthrodesis in the Treatment of Neglected Ankle Fractures

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2022年第4期12卷 123-130页

作者： M’bra Kouamé Innocent Krah Koffi Leopold Kouassi Kouamé Jean-Eric Yao Loukou Blaise Akobé Jean Regis Achie ochou Pierre Germain Jr Sery Bada Justin Léopold Kouassi Aya Adélaïde Michel Kodo Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery of the University Hospital of Bouaké Bouaké C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

Introduction: Neglected ankle fractures are common in our regions. Patients first consult traditional healers and it is when the signs persist that they consult the surgeon for a swollen and painful ankle. Initially we always performed anatomical repairs with osteosynthesis, but the majority of patients still complained of pain and disability. We wondered whether a primary arthrodesis would not be indicated in old ankle fractures to avoid disabling pain for patients. We therefore performed a series of arthrodesis on neglected post-traumatic ankles. The objective of our study was to describe the results of arthrodesis on an old post-traumatic ankle and to propose a therapeutic indication in the face of any neglected ankle fracture. Material and Method: This was a prospective study over 8 years between december 2012 and November 2020, involving 36 cases of neglected ankle fractures treated by arthrodesis using Meary’s technique. We used AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score) preoperatively and postoperatively for an objective assessment. Results: The average follow-up was 4.2 years and our results were satisfactory (94.4%) with an average AOFAS score ranging from 27.8 preoperatively to 76.7 postoperatively. The fusion rate was 97.2%. discussion: Arthrodesis appears here as an important alternative in the treatment of neglected ankle fractures with significant trophic disorders.

关键词： Arthrodesis Ankle Neglected Fracture Osteosynthesis Traditional Healers

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Severe Musculoskeletal Injuries in Children during Play

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2022年第11期12卷 393-399页

作者： Soumahoro Ibrahim Akobé Achié Jean Régis Krah Koffi Léopold Kouassi Kouamé Jean-Eric Bénié Adoubs Célestin Kouassi Aya Adelaïde Natacha ochou Jr Pierre Germain digbeu Ogou Kevin Elie Traoré Ibrahim Traoré abdoul Massandjé Norah Soro Zolopégué Marcel Blé Gbalé Yannick Akpro Sédy Louess de Randolphe Kodo Michel Orthopaedics-Traumatology department of the University Hospital of Bouaké (Cô te d’Ivoire)/Alassane Ouattara University Bouake Ivoiry Coast Paediatric Surgery Unit of the CHU of Bouaké (Cô te d’Ivoire)/Alassane Ouattara University Bouake Ivoiry Coast

Introduction: Musculoskeletal injuries are common in children but rarely severe. Their treatment varies according to the type of injury observed. The aim was to describe the epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of severe musculoskeletal injuries in children during play. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted in the Orthopaedic-Traumatology department and the Paediatric Surgery Unit of the University Hospital of Bouaké between January 2018 and december 2020. It concerned patients less than 16 years of age hospitalised for more than 24 hours for a musculoskeletal trauma following a gambling accident. The variables studied were epidemiological and therapeutic. Results: A total of 53 patients were collected. The frequency was 2.9%. The mean age was 9 ± 3.99 years. There were 38 (71.7%) boys and 15 (28.3%) girls. The sex ratio was 2.5. The patients were attending school in 79.3% (n = 42). The circumstances of occurrence were dominated by falls during play accidents (n = 35;66%). Football was observed in 93.5% (n = 49). The thoracic limb (n = 35;66%) was the preferred site of these injuries. The injuries were closed (86.7%) with a predominance of forearm fractures (n = 22;41.6%). The average hospital stay was 2.8 ± 1.4 days. Most of the patients were treated orthopedically (n = 37;69.9%). The evolution was favourable without complications. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal injuries during play were infrequent (2.9%). The circumstances were dominated by falls during play. The injuries were mainly closed fractures, most of which were treated orthopedically.

关键词： Children Fractures Musculoskeletal Trauma Orthopaedic Treatment

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