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Development and evaluation of an individual tree growth and yield model for the mixed species forest of the Adirondacks Region of New York, UsA

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Forest Ecosystems 2017年第1期4卷 66-82页

作者： aaron Weiskittel Christian Kuehne John Paul McTague Mike Oppenheimer University of Maine School of Forest Resources Orono ME 04469 USA. Rayonier Forest Research Center Yulee FL 32041 USA Rayonier Foresl Resources Fernandina Beach FL 32035 USA. University of Maine 5755 I Nutting Hall Orono ME 04469-5755 USA.

Background： Growth and yield models are important tools for forest planning. Due to its geographic location, topology, and history of management, the forests of the Adirondacks Region of New York are unique and complex. However, only a relatively limited number of growth and yield models have been developed and/or can be reasonably extended to this region currently. Methods： in this analysis, 571 long-term continuous forest inventory plots with a total of 10 - 52 years of measurement data from four experimental forests maintained by the state University of New York College of Environmental science and Forestry and one nonindustrial private forest were used to develop an individual tree growth model for the primary hardwood and softwood species in the region. species-specific annualized static and dynamic equations were developed using the available data and the system was evaluated for long-term behavior. Results： Equivalence tests indicated that the Northeast Variant of the Forest Vegetation simulator （FVs-NE） was biased in its estimation of tree total and bole height, diameter and height increment, and mortality for most species examined. In contrast, the developed static and annualized dynamic, species-specific equations performed quite well given the underlying variability in the data. Long-term model projections were consistent with the data and suggest a relatively robust system for prediction. Conclusions： Overall, the developed growth model showed reasonable behavior and is a significant improvement over existing models for the region. The model also highlighted the complexities of forest dynamics in the region and should help improve forest planning efforts there.

关键词： Individual tree growth model Mixed species Forest vegetation simulator

EFFICIENCY AND COMFORT THROUGH DEEP ENERGY RETROFITs: BALANCING ENERGY AND MOIsTURE MANAGEMENT

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Journal of Green Building 2010年第3期5卷 3-15页

作者： aaron Lubeck Francis Conlin Duke University’s Nicholas school for the Environment southern Energy Management(sEM)

Homes that survived to be called“historic”did so because they worked;that is,they delivered a level of performance that met the owner’s expectations and tolerance level without catastrophic damage to the home,pocketbook,or surrounding *** performance expectations have changed and now include a desire to use less energy while at the same time realizing a level of comfort that includes air conditioning and constant temperatures in all *** order to meet these performance expectations,old homes often require some“re-engineering.”Increasing insulation will advance energy efficiency goals,reduce costs,and make a home more sustainable but by itself is insufficient,and,often,it can also upset the moisture balance resulting in unexpected mold and sick building *** in moisture management design is a critically important consideration whenever energy efficiency is increased;however,many projects fail to address moisture *** article will walk through the process of insulating and air sealing a house(two very different activities,sometimes combined,sometimes not),and shed particular light on how different approaches encourage or discourage moisture problems.

关键词： air barrier energy auditing energy retrofits envelope historic retrofits insulation moisture control old houses recommissioning reengineering residential design thermal wall systems

Dietary fibre effects and the interplay with exogenous carbohydrases in poultry nutrition

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 231-240页

作者： Michael R.Bedford Birger svihus aaron J.Cowieson AB Vista Feed Ingredients Ltd MarlboroughUnited Kingdom Norwegian University of Life sciences ÅsNorway DsM Nutritional Products KaiseraugstSwitzerland

A comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fibre in non-ruminant animal production is *** and conflated definitions of fibre coupled with significant analytical complexity,interact with poorly defined host and microbiome *** fibre is known to influence gut development,feed intake and passage rate,nutrient absorption,microbiome taxonomy and function,gut p H,endogenous nutrient loss,environmental sustainability,animal welfare and *** significant gaps persist in our understanding of fibre in non-ruminant animal production,there is substantial interest in optimizing the fibre fraction of feed to induce high value phenotypes such as improved welfare,live performance and to reduce the environmental footprint of animal production *** order to achieve these aspirational goals,it is important to tackle dietary fibre with the same level of scrutiny as is currently done for other critical nutrient classes such as protein,minerals and *** chemical,mechanical and nutritional role of fibre must be explored at the level of monomeric sugars,oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of varying molecular weight and decoration,and this must be in parallel to standardisation of analytical tools and definitions for *** further complicate subject,exogenous carbohydrases recognise dietary fibre as a focal substrate and have varying capacity to generate lower molecular weight carbohydrates that interact differentially with the host and the enteric *** short review article will explore the interactive space between dietary fibre and exogenous carbohydrases and will include their nutritional and health effects with emphasis on functional development of the gut,microbiome modulation and host metabolism.

关键词： Fibre Carbohydrase Nutrition Microbiome Gastro-intestinal development Feed

IMPROVING 9-INTERsECTION MODEL BY REPLACING THE COMPLEMENT WITH VORONOI REGION

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Geo-spatial Information science 2000年第1期3卷 1-10页

作者： CHEN Jun LI Chengming LI Zhilin gold C M National Geomatics Center of China Beijling China

9-intersection model is the most popular framework used for formalizing the spatial relations between two spatial objectsA andB. It transforms the topological relationships between two simple spatial objectsA andB into point-set topology problem in terms of the intersections ofA’s boundary (?A), interior (A 0) and (A ?) withB’s boundary (?B), interior (B 0) and exterior (B ?). It is shown in this paper that there exist some limitations of the original 9-intersection model due to its definition of an object’s exterior as its complement, and it is difficult to distinguish different disjoint relations and relations between complex objects with holes, difficult or even impossible to compute the intersections with the two object’s complements (?A∩B ?,A 0∩?B ?,A ?∩?B,A ?∩B 0 andA ?∩B ?)since the complements are infinitive. The authors suggest to re-define the exterior of spatial object by replacing the complement with its Voronoi region. A new Voronoi-based 9-intersection (VNI) is proposed and used for formalizing topological relations between spatial bojects. By improving the 9-intersection model, it is now possible to distinguish disjoint relations and to deal with objects with holes. Also it is possible to compute the exterior-based intersections and manipulate spatial relations with the VNI.

关键词： 9-intersection model Voronoi region topological relationship

Cross-talk between the thyroid and liver:A new target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第45期19卷 8238-8246页

作者： Yue-Ye Huang aaron M Gusdon shen Qu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY 10065 United States Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Nanjing Medical University

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has been recognized as the most common liver metabolic disease,and it is also a burgeoning health problem that affects one-third of adults and is associated with obesity and insulin resistance *** hormone(TH)and its receptors play a fundamental role in lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in the *** is found that thyroid receptor and its isoforms exhibit tissue-specific expression with a variety of ***β1 is predominantly expressed in the brain and adipose tissue and TRβ2 is the major isoform in the liver,kidney and *** have different functions and play important roles in lipid ***,there are many studies on the treatment of NAFLD with TH and its *** review here that thyroid hormone and TR are a potential target for pharmacologic *** metabolism and lipid accumulation can be regulated and reversed by TH and its analogues.

关键词： Thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone receptor Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Obesity

Evaluation of NAsA GIss Post-CMIP5 single Column Model simulated Clouds and Precipitation Using ARM southern Great Plains Observations

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2017年第3期34卷 306-320页

作者： Lei ZHANG Xiquan DONG aaron KENNEDY Baike XI Zhanqing LI College of Global Change and Earth system science Beijing Normal University Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic sciences University of MarylandCollege Park Department of Atmospheric sciences University of North Dakota

The planetary boundary layer turbulence and moist convection parameterizations have been modified recently in the NAsA Goddard Institute for space studies （GIss） Model E2 atmospheric general circulation model （GCM; post-CMIP5, hereafter P5）. In this study, single column model （sCM_P5） simulated cloud fractions （CFs）, cloud liquid water paths （LWPs） and precipitation were compared with Atmospheric Radiation Measurement （ARM） southern Great Plains （sGP） groundbased observations made during the period 2002-08. CMIP5 sCM simulations and GCM outputs over the ARM sGP region were also used in the comparison to identify whether the causes of cloud and precipitation biases resulted from either the physical parameterization or the dynamic scheme. The comparison showed that the CMIP5 sCM has difficulties in simulating the vertical structure and seasonal variation of low-level clouds. The new scheme implemented in the turbulence parameterization led to significantly improved cloud simulations in P5. It was found that the sCM is sensitive to the relaxation time scale. When the relaxation time increased from 3 to 24 h, sCM_P5-simulated CFs and LWPs showed a moderate increase （10%-20%） but precipitation increased significantly （56%）, which agreed better with observations despite the less accurate atmospheric state. Annual averages among the GCM and sCM simulations were almost the same, but their respective seasonal variations were out of phase. This suggests that the same physical cloud parameterization can generate similar statistical results over a long time period, but different dynamics drive the differences in seasonal variations. This study can potentially provide guidance for the further development of the GIss model.

关键词： single column model model evaluation cloud fraction turbulence parameterization

Anti-bat tiger moth sounds:Form and function

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Current Zoology 2010年第3期56卷 358-369页

作者： aaron J.CORCORAN William E.CONNER Jesse R.BARBER Department of Biology Wake Forest University Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation BiologyColorado State University

The night sky is the venue of an ancient acoustic battle between echolocating bats and their insect prey. Many tiger moths （Lepidoptera： Arctiidae） answer the attack calls of bats with a barrage of high frequency clicks. some moth species use these clicks for acoustic aposematism and mimicry, and others for sonar jamming, however, most of the work on these defensive functions has been done on individual moth species. We here analyze the diversity of structure in tiger moth sounds liom 26 spe- cies collected at three locations in North and south America. A principal components analysis of the anti-bat tiger moth sounds reveals that they vary markedly along three axes：（1） frequency, （2） duty cycle （sound production per unit time） and frequency modulation, and （3） modulation cycle （clicks produced during flexion and relaxation of the sound producing tymbal） structure. Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups： one with low duty cycle and few clicks per modulation cycle that supports an acoustic aposematism function, and a second with high duty cycle and many clicks per modulation cycle that is con- sistent with a sonar jamming function. This is the first evidence from a community-level analysis to support multiple functions for tiger moth sounds. We also provide evidence supporting an evolutionary history for the development of these strategies. Further- more, cross-correlation and spectrogram correlation measurements failed to support a ＂phantom echo＂ mechanism underlying sonar jamming, and instead point towards echo interference [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 358-369, 2010].

关键词： Acoustic aposematism sonar jamming Arctiidae Cross-correlation Autocorrelation

Arabidopsis FtsZ2-1 and FtsZ2-2 Are Functionally Redundant, But FtsZ-Based Plastid Division Is Not Essential for Chloroplast Partitioning or Plant Growth and Development

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Molecular Plant 2009年第6期2卷 1211-1222页

作者： aaron J. schmitz Jonathan M. Glynn Bradley J.s.C. Olson Kevin D. stokes Katherine W. Osteryoung Department of Plant Biology 166 Plant Biology Bldg Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824-1312 USA Cell and Molecular Biology Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA Genetics Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA Present address: The salk Institute for Biological studies Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory La Jolla CA 92037 USA Present address: Mycobacteria and Brucella section NVSL/APHIS/USDA 1920 Dayton Ave Ames IA 50010 USA

FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 are phylogenetically distinct families of FtsZ in plants that co-localize to mid-plastid rings and facilitate division of chloroplasts. In plants, altered levels of either FtsZ1 or FtsZ2 cause dose-dependent defects in chloroplast division; thus, studies on the functional relationship between FtsZgenes require careful manipulation of FtsZ levels in vivo. To define the functional relationship between the two FtsZ2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, FtsZ2-1 and FtsZ2-2, we expressed FtsZ2-1 in an ftsZ2-2 null mutant, and vice versa, and determined whether the chloroplast division defects were rescued in plants expressing different total levels of FtsZ2. Full rescue was observed when either the FtsZ2-1 or FtsZ2-2 level approximated total FtsZ2 levels in wild-type （WT）. Additionally, FtsZ2-2 interacts with ARC6, as shown previously for FtsZ2- 1. These data indicate that FtsZ2-1 and FtsZ2-2 are functionally redundant for chloroplast division in Arabidopsis. To rigorously validate the requirement of each FtsZ family for chloroplast division, we replaced FtsZ1 with FtsZ2 in vivo, and vice versa, while maintaining the FtsZ level in the transgenic plants equal to that of the total level in WT. Chloroplast division defects were not rescued, demonstrating conclusively that FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 are non-redundant for maintenance of WT chloroplast numbers. Finally, we generated ftsZtriple null mutants and show that plants completely devoid of FtsZ protein are viable and fertile. As plastids are presumably essential organelles, these findings suggest that an FtsZ-independent mode of plastid partitioning may occur in higher plants.

关键词： Chloroplast plastid division FtsZ ARC6 PDV1.

DEM Fusion using a modified k-means clustering algorithm

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2016年第12期9卷 1242-1255页

作者： Colleen E.Fuss aaron A.Berg John B.Lindsay Department of Geography University of GuelphGuelphCanada

Digital elevation models(DEMs)are a necessary dataset for modelling the Earth’s surface;however,all DEMs contain *** can reduce this error using DEM fusion techniques since numerous DEMs can be available for a ***,the use of a clustering algorithm in DEM fusion has not been previously *** this study a new DEM fusion algorithm based on a clustering approach that works on multiple DEMs to exploit consistency in the estimates as indicators of accuracy and precision is *** fusion approach includes slope and elevation thresholding,k-means clustering of the elevation estimates at each cell location,as well as filtering and smoothing of the fusion *** of the input DEMs,and the products of each step of the fusion algorithm,with a higher accuracy reference DEM enabled a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of the DEM fusion *** main findings of the research were:the k-means clustering of the elevations reduced the precision which also impacted the overall accuracy of the estimates;the number of final cluster members and the standard deviation of elevations before clustering both had a strong relationship to the error in the k-means estimates.

关键词： DEM fusion k-means clustering DEM error