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Dietary fibre effects and the interplay with exogenous carbohydrases in poultry nutrition

Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 231-240页

作者： Michael R.Bedford Birger Svihus aaron j.Cowieson AB Vista Feed Ingredients Ltd Norwegian University of Life Sciences DSM Nutritional Products

A comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fibre in non-ruminant animal production is elusive. Equivocal and conflated definitions of fibre coupled with significant analytical complexity,interact with poorly defined host and microbiome relationships. Dietary fibre is known to influence gut development, feed intake and passage rate, nutrient absorption, microbiome taxonomy and function, gut p H, endogenous nutrient loss, environmental sustainability, animal welfare and more. Whilst significant gaps persist in our understanding of fibre in non-ruminant animal production, there is substantial interest in optimizing the fibre fraction of feed to induce high value phenotypes such as improved welfare,live performance and to reduce the environmental footprint of animal production systems. In order to achieve these aspirational goals, it is important to tackle dietary fibre with the same level of scrutiny as is currently done for other critical nutrient classes such as protein, minerals and vitamins. The chemical,mechanical and nutritional role of fibre must be explored at the level of monomeric sugars, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of varying molecular weight and decoration, and this must be in parallel to standardisation of analytical tools and definitions for speciation. To further complicate subj.ct, exogenous carbohydrases recognise dietary fibre as a focal substrate and have varying capacity to generate lower molecular weight carbohydrates that interact differentially with the host and the enteric microbiome. This short review article will explore the interactive space between dietary fibre and exogenous carbohydrases and will include their nutritional and health effects with emphasis on functional development of the gut, microbiome modulation and host metabolism.

关键词： Fibre Carbohydrase Nutrition Microbiome Gastro-intestinal development Feed

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Chronic Lyme Disease: Persistent Clinical Symptoms Related to Immune Evasion, Antibiotic Resistance and Various Defense Mechanisms of Borrelia burgdorferi

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Open j.urnal of Medical Microbiology 2014年第4期4卷 252-260页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale AZ USA

There are several factors involved in the ability of Borrelia burgdorferi to retain a persistent infection within a mammalian host. These factors of immune evasion include regulation of membrane proteins, variable epitopes of surface proteins, protection against the immune system through tick saliva, the ability to migrate to regions where it is not exposed to the immune system or antibiotics, invagination or invasion within various cells, pleomorphic forms, and the potential to produce biofilms. The window of conventional treatment for Lyme disease is short and has the potential to display different symptoms depending on the strain of Borrelia bugdorferi. These symptoms are dependent on the localization of Borrelia burgdorferi which correlates to the significance of diagnosing Lyme disease early to prevent such a spread throughout the body. Such complications of Borrelia burgdorferi may demand new clinical treatment discoveries for patient fighting the chronic form.

关键词： Borrelia burgdorferi Immune Response Antibiotics Surface Proteins Pleomorphism Ixode Tick

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Cancer and Infectious Causes

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Open j.urnal of Medical Microbiology 2014年第3期4卷 161-177页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale AZ USA

Various kinds of organisms, including viruses, bacteria, trematodes and fungi are known carcinogens that cause cancer. Infectious identification related to cancer may lead to better treatment for both the prevention and targeting of cancer therapy. Although nearly 20% of all cancers are caused by an infection of a microbe, the amount of evidence and information regarding the mechanisms associated with oncogenesis varies dramatically from one organism to the next. This review cannot be exhaustive because we are not aware of all infections worldwide in addition to their potential mechanisms for oncogenesis. More research is required for all of the species mentioned in this review.

关键词： Epstein Bar Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus Human Herpes Virus 6 Human Herpes Virus 8 Human Papillomavirus Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Chlamydia pneumonia Helicobacter pylori Mycoplasma Salmonella typhi-1 Streptococcus bovis Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis viverrini Schistosoma haematobium Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus parasiticus Cancer Oncogenesis

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Borreliaburgdorferi: Cell Biology and Clinical Manifestations in Latent Chronic Lyme

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Open j.urnal of Medical Microbiology 2014年第4期4卷 210-223页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale AZ USA

Chronic Lyme disease is predicated by an infection with Borrelia burgdorferi via tick vector. B. burgdorferi has been extensively researched with regard to its genome and cell biology. There are many unique characteristics to the bacteria itself;however, serological diagnostics and diagnosis based on symptoms can be complicated and potentially misleading. Other promising diagnostics were also evaluated in this review. Treatment of the chronic Lyme disease can be complicated and at times ineffective. The purpose of this review is to examine B. burgdorferi from a biological and clinical perspective.

关键词： Lyme Disease Borrelia Burgdorferi Genome Cellular Process Epidemiology CD57 C4a Diagnostics Treatment

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Genetically Targeted Fractionated Chemotherapy

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j.urnal of Cancer Therapy 2015年第2期6卷 182-198页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale USA

Complex and late stage cancer patients are in need of novel methods of selecting and administering chemotherapy particularly for those patients who are refractory to current treatment methods. The use of biomarkers to enhance decision making with regard to the molecular profile of a person’s cancer is becoming more important in the practice of oncology. The standard for the last several decades is to elect chemotherapeutic agents based on staging and histological identification of the primary cancer site alone versus utilizing the genetic and molecular profile information along with histological primary cancer site and staging to select chemotherapy regimens. Cancers are caused by mutations that occur within cells and therefore selecting treatment based on mutations and not primary cancer site alone can provide advantages that may have gone overlooked. As time progresses, more biomarkers continue to be discovered which can lead to more targets for drugs either currently on the market or clinical trials. In addition to advancements made in the progression of cancer treatment with utilizing molecular profiles effectively, there are other therapeutic strategies that have been postulated as advanced effective ways to administer chemotherapy. These strategies provide chemotherapy to patients while fasting, giving insulin or other biological response modifiers adj.nctively prior to chemotherapy for enhanced targeting, and giving chemotherapy in micro-doses to allow for increased frequency of administration and the utilization of multiple targeted chemotherapeutic agents concurrently. In this paper we will discuss these topics and explain their benefits in addition to the evidence that supports these treatments. A review on biomarkers and cancer cell metabolism is discussed as it relates to providing a framework for what constitutes a biomarker in addition to what metabolic processes are related to fasting and administering insulin with chemotherapy. The information provid

关键词： Biomarkers Molecular Profile Cancer Chemotherapy Glycolysis Insulin

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Multiple Actions of Curcumin Including Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial and Enhancement via Cyclodextrin

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j.urnal of Cancer Therapy 2015年第3期6卷 257-272页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale USA

Curcumin is a naturally occurring phytotherapeutic that has broad uses including the treatment of cancer and as a potent antimicrobial agent. Its dynamic ability to treat very different kinds of disease has spawned a significant increase in inquiry on how curcumin accomplishes these feats. Thousands of peer reviewed papers were published in the past few years regarding the various functions of curcumin. Unlike most pharmaceuticals, curcumin has a multi-range of different targets that it interacts with. Since curcumin’s bioavailabilty is limited, methods of increasing curcumin’s bioavailabilty are discussed. Mechanisms of action regarding curcumin’s ability to effect cancer are discussed including upstream and downstream mechanisms starting with epigenetics to its effect on signal transduction pathways and apoptosis. Curcumin also works adj.vantly with chemotherapy to reduce resistance and enhance the mechanism of certain chemotherapeutic agents. Curcumin’s antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral capability is also discussed with regard to curcumin’s dynamic ability to treat infections. Curcumin use in cancer adj.nctive care and its anti-infectious capabilities make it a unique phytotherapeutic agent with promise.

关键词： Curcumin Cancer Chemotherapy Anti-Inflammatory Antimicrobial Cyclodextrin

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Novel Approach to Chemotherapy and Administration Selection with Metronomic/Fractionated Dosing

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j.urnal of Cancer Therapy 2015年第5期6卷 455-465页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale AZ USA

Metronomic dosing of chemotherapy was introduced in the early 2000s and has since gained recognition as a potential game changer in the manner of which chemotherapy can be administered. There are several known candidates for metronomic dosing of chemotherapy with the potential for many more to be elucidated in the future. Minimized overall side effects, longer durations of treatment, potential minimization of multidrug resistance (MDR) mutations, potential less refractory responses, and the potential to safely use more than one chemotherapy treatments also make metronomic dosing of chemotherapy attractive. Metronomic dosing reduces common side effects and has the potential to reduce neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, and cognitive changes associated with maximum tolerated dosages (MTD). Methods of enhancing chemotherapy including fasting and administration of insulin are also discussed. Metronomic dosing combined with a patient’s molecular profile derived from biomarkers is particularly exciting. It holds significant potential with regard to administrating the most relevant chemotherapies and offers maximal beneficial results.

关键词： Metronomic Dosing Chemotherapy Multidrug Resistance Neutropenia Lymphocytopenia Insulin Biomarkers Cognitive Changes

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Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment

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Open j.urnal of Medical Microbiology 2014年第3期4卷 178-191页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale AZ USA

Various kinds of immunotherapy treatment for cancer are either available to the public or are in the process of clinical trials. Immunotherapy treatments have the potential to treat cancer with significantly less toxicity than chemotherapy and radiation treatments. An emphasis on cellular infusion as a method of either enhancing the immune system by creating an environment for sequestering the host immune system to attack cancer cells or more directly inserting cells to directly attack cancer cells will be provided in this review. Various forms of cancer vaccines are also discussed in this paper as an important aspect in immunotherapy. This review seeks to describe various methodologies associated with administering immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer.

关键词： Immunotherapy Cancer T-cell NK Cell Dendrite CIK Nano Particles Exosomes

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Autologous Natural Killer Cell/Natural Killer T Cell Immunotherapy of Malignant Diseases

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Open j.urnal of Medical Microbiology 2014年第3期4卷 192-202页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dino Prato Envita Scottsdale AZ USA

Adoptive immunotherapy, the therapeutic infusion of ex vivo activated cancer-fighting white blood cells that was pioneered by Dr. Steven Rosenberg over 30 years ago, has become more widespread due to outstanding published research documenting the clinical efficacy of this strategy. Based on the well-established in vivo functions of NK and NKT cells, their integral role in the efficacy of certain chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory agents, and their direct therapeutic action as displayed in clinical trials, the use of autologous natural killer cell infusions is an appropriate and warranted therapeutic option for the treatment of malignant diseases, especially in patients whose disease is refractory to standard treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation.

关键词： Cancer Immunotherapy Autologous Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) Natural Killer T Cell (NKT Cells) Lymphocyte Activated Killer Cells (LAK cells)

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Quercetin: A Promising Flavonoid with a Dynamic Ability to Treat Various Diseases, Infections, and Cancers

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j.urnal of Cancer Therapy 2016年第2期7卷 83-95页

作者： aaron j. smith j.hn Oertle Dan Warren Dino Prato Envita Medical Center Scottsdale AZ USA

Quercetin is a multifaceted dietary flavonoid with a multitude of biologic activities that can be used to treat various ailments. These include cancer, bacterial and viral infections, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. A greater emphasis on cancer is discussed within this paper by highlighting some of the beneficial qualities of quercetin without including other related dietary flavonoids and quercetin analogs. In vitro and in vivo analysis are evaluated without making recommendations on dosage, dosing regiments, or administration since quercetin has not been subj.cted to rigorous clinical trials despite the significant amount of research that has been conducted with quercetin.

关键词： Quercetin Cancer Infection Biomarkers Diabetes Mast Cell Cardiovascular

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