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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第2期33卷 490-499页

作者：李丽芳马洪钢 al-rasheid khaled A.s. Marine College Shandong University Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Zoology Department King Saud University

In this paper, we explore possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations of phylogenetic relationships within the well-known peritrichous genus Zoothamnium. On the basis of morphological evidence, for a long time this genus has been believed to be a well-defined monophyletic taxon. Nonetheless, Zoothamnium exhibits higher genetic diversity than the gross morphology of its species. Here, we used all available genetic information for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA （ssU rRNA） and internal transcribed spacer region （ITs1-5.8s-ITs2） for this genus to reconstruct phylogenies for four datasets （ssU rRNA, ITs1, ITs2, and ITs1-5.8s-ITs2） and a combined dataset （ssU rRNA＋ITsI-5.8s- ITs2） using different phylogenetic methods and with consideration of the secondary structure of the genes. Confidence in phylogenetic tree selection was assessed with the approximately unbiased test. The molecular results showed both that Zoothamnium is more likely to be polyphyletic, and morphologically similar genera Zoothamnopsis and Myoschiston were always nested among Zoothamnium species. Accordingly, as with some other groups of ciliates, to understand more fully the correct phylogeny of Zoothamnium there remains a need for additional data from both morphological and molecular studies, covering additional Zoothamnium spp. and members of closely related genera （e.g. Zoothamnopsis, Myoschiston, and Epistylis）.

关键词： peritrichous ciliates Zoothamnium phylogenetic analyses monophyly polyphyly

Molecular phylogeny and species separation of five morphologically similar Holosticha-complex ciliates(Protozoa, Ciliophora) using ARDRA riboprinting and multigene sequence data

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2010年第3期28卷 542-548页

作者：高凤伊珍珍龚骏 al-rasheid khaled A. s. 宋微波 Laboratory of Protozoology Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education College of Life Science South China Normal University Laboratory of Protozoology Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Zoology Department King Saud University

To separate and redefine the ambiguous Holosticha-complex, a confusing group of hypotrichous ciliates, six strains belonging to five morphospecies of three genera, Holosticha heterofoissneri, Anteholosticha sp. popl, Anteholosticha sp. pop2, A. manca, A. gracilis and Nothoholostichafasciola, were analyzed using 12 restriction enzymes on the basis of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Nine of the 12 enzymes could digest the DNA products, four （HinfⅠ, Hind Ⅲ, Msp Ⅰ, Taq Ⅰ） yielded species-specific restriction patterns, and Hind Ⅲ and Taq Ⅰ produced different pattems for two Anteholosticha sp. populations. Distinctly different restriction digestion haplotypes and similarity indices can be used to separate the species. The secondary structures of the five species were predicted based on the ITs2 transcripts and there were several minor differences among species, while two Anteholosticha sp. populations were identical. In addition, phylogenies based on the ssrRNA gene sequences were reconstructed using multiple algorithms, which grouped them generally into four clades, and exhibited that the genus Anteholosticha should be a convergent assemblage. The fact that Holosticha species clustered with the oligotrichs and choreotrichs, though with very low support values, indicated that the topology may be very divergent and unreliable when the number of sequence data used in the analyses is too low.

关键词： Ciliophora phylogeny ARDRA ssrRNA gene ITs2 secondary structure

Planktonic protist communities in semi-enclosed mariculture waters: temporal dynamics of functional groups and their responses to environmental conditions

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Acta Oceanologica sinica 2010年第4期29卷 106-115页

作者： XU Henglong WARREN alan al-rasheid khaled a s ZHU Mingzhuang sONG Weibo Laboratory of Protozoology Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China Department of Zoology Natural History Museum Cromwell Rd London UK Zoology Department King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

The functional groups of planktonic protist communities and their responses to the changes of environmental conditions were investigated in a semi-enclosed shrimp-farming pond in Qingdao,shandong Province,China,during a six-month study period （a complete shrimp-culture cycle） from May to October *** results reveal that：（1） the protist communities represented five trophic and functional groups of the species identified,about 60% were photoautotrophs,20% algivores,12% bacterivores,5% raptors and about 3% non-selectives;（2） the photoautotrophs,algivores and bacterivores were the primary contributors to the changes in the protist communities in short temporal scales,the succession of dominance typically being bacterivores→photoautotrophs→algivores,with the raptors dominating the protist communities in a single sample （early June）;（3） the photoautotrophs and non-selectives were the primary contributors to the peak of protist abundance in early October whereas the photoautotrophs,bacterivores,raptors and non-selectives mainly gave rise to two bimodal peaks of biomass in July and October respectively;（4） five functional groups of protist communities represented significant correlations with water nutrients （i.e.,NH 3-N,NO 3-N,and PO 4 ）,either alone or in combination with temperature,of which algivores and raptors were strongly correlated with phosphate and the concentration of Chl a,while bacterivores were strongly related to nitrogen and the concentration of *** findings confirm that planktonic protists are potentially useful bioindicators of water quality in the semi-enclosed mariculture system.

关键词： environmental stress planktonic protists functional group microbial ecology marimculture

Molecular phylogeny of oligotrich genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium(Protozoa,Ciliophora) for the systematical relationships within Family strombidiidae

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2010年第4期28卷 769-777页

作者：张倩倩伊珍珍徐大鹏 al-rasheid khaled A.s. 龚骏宋微波 Laboratory of Protozoology Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher EducationCollege of Life ScienceSouth China Normal University Laboratory of Protozoology Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of China Biology Department North Carolina Central University Zoology Department King Saud University

The phylogeny of the oligotrich ciliates is currently a hot debate despite the availability of both morphological and molecular *** the present paper,further small subunit rRNA(ss rRNA) genes were analyzed from the Genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium,as well as from strombidium,and combined with three new ss rRNA sequences from strombidium basimorphum,*** population QD-1,and Novistrombidium testaceum population *** phylogenetic positions of these organisms were inferred using Bayesian inference,Maximum Likelihood,and Maximum Parsimony *** main results are:(1) the ss rRNA gene sequence analyses match the recent findings about the molecular evolution of oligotrichs,indicating that the family strombidiidae is paraphyletic;(2) the Genus Omegastrombidium is separated from the Genus strombidium,as shown in recent cladistic analyses;(3) morphospecies in Genus Novistrombidium,based on similarity of somatic ciliature,are separated from each other in all topological trees,indicating that this genus could be a paraphyletic group;(4) the molecular data indicate a possibility of paraphyly for the genus strombidium;and(5) the similarities of the ss rRNA gene of specimens identified as *** and *** are 99.8%-100%.However,present knowledge on the oligotrichs sensu stricto is still insufficient and further studies based on both molecular and other technologies are required.

关键词： Omegastrombidium Novistrombidium strombidium ss rRNA phylogeny

Assessing mariculture water quality with the structural and functional characteristics of a ciliate community

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2011年第1期29卷 128-135页

作者：李继秋许恒龙林晓凤 al-rasheid khaled A.s. Laboratory of Protozoology Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher EducationSouth China Normal University Laboratory of Protozoology Institute of Evolution and Marine biodiversityOcean University of China Zoology Department King Saud University

Ciliated protozoa play important roles in micro-ecosystems, especially in marine biotopes. However, few studies have been carried out on the periphytic, or aufwuch, forms in mariculture waters so far. In this study, we sampled periphytic ciliate communities in two closed mariculture ponds (ponds CP1 and CP2) and a natural seawater reservoir (pond RP) using a glass slide method to evaluate their colonizing processes and general ecological features, as well as their application as water quality indicators. We analyzed species compositions, structural parameters (species number, richness, diversity, evenness, abundance and dBP) and functional parameters (G, seq and T90%). Pond RP was characterized by higher levels of structural parameters (except for abundance and dBP) and more equal proportion of the major taxonomic groups. The values of seq were significantly higher in pond RP and similar in both pond CP1 and CP2. It was also demonstrated that environmental factors, including NO2-H, NO3-H, NH3-H, soluble reactive phosphate, temperature and pH, were the first principal factors affecting the communities. Among them, temperature and chemical factors were all significantly and negatively correlated with species number (Pss (Psity (Psitive correlated with abundance (Psite correlations between pH and structural parameters were observed. This study showed that there were significant differences in species composition, structural parameters and functional parameters of the periphytic ciliate communities among the ponds, which were in agreement with the water quality. Results of this study confirmed the periphytic ciliate communities to be useful bioindicators of water quality in intensive mariculture waters.

关键词： periphytic ciliates community structure environmental factors bioindicators

Divisional morphogenesis in the marine ciliate Anteholosticha manca (Kahl,1932) Berger,2003 (Ciliophora:Urostylida)

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Acta Oceanologica sinica 2008年第2期27卷 157-163页

作者： LI Liqiong HU Xiaozhong WARREN alan al- rasheid khaled A s al- FARRAJ saleh A sHAO Chen sONG Weibo Laboratory of Protozoology Key Laboratory of Maricuhure Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China Department of Zoology Natural History Museum London SW7 5BD UK Zoology Department King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

The cortical development and macronuclear evolution of the marine hypotrichous ciliate Anteholosticha manca, collected from the coastal waters near Qingdao, China, were investigated using the protargol impregnation method. The morphogenesis of A. manca is generally typical for the genus, and can be characterized as the following features ：（ 1 ） in the proter, a new oral primordium is formed on the bottom （beneath the pellicle） of the buccal cavity, disorganization of the parental undulating membranes do not contribute to the formation of this primordium ; （2） FVT-cirral anlagen in both dividers develop independently, and very likely only a few midventral cirri join in the formation of these primordia; （ 3 ） both marginal row and dorsal kinety anlagen develop intrakinetally within the parental structure; （4） at the middle stage, macronuclear segments fuse together to form a single mass as observed in most of its related forms.

关键词： hypotrichs marine ciliate morphogenesis Anteholosticha manca

Protocruzia,a highly ambiguous ciliate(Protozoa;Ciliophora):Very likely an ancestral form for Heterotrichea,Colpodea or spirotrichea? With reevaluation of its evolutionary position based on multigene analyses

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中国科学：生命科学英文版 2010年第1期53卷 131-138页

作者： Thorsten sTOECK shin Mann Kyoon al-rasheid khaled A. s. al-Khedhairy Abdulaziz A. Department of Ecology University of Kaiserslautern Department of Biology University of Ulsan Zoology Department King Saud University

The ciliate genus Protocruzia belongs to one of the most ambiguous taxa considering its systematic position,possibly as a member of the classes Heterotrichea,spirotrichea or Karyorelictea,which is tentatively placed into spirotrichea in Lynn’s 2008 *** test these hypotheses,multigene trees(Bayesian inference,evolutionary distance,maximum parsimony,and maximum likelihood) were constructed using the small subunit rRNA(ssU rRNA) gene,internal transcribed spacer 2(ITs2) and a protein coding gene(histone H4).all analyses agree that:(1) four morphotypes of Protocruzia from different geographical origins group together and form a monophyletic clade,which cannot be assigned to any of the eleven described ciliate classes;(2) it is invariably positioned on an isolated branch separated from the class spirotrichea suggesting that this clade should be clearly removed from spirotrichea;(3) this leads us to hypothesize that this taxon may indeed represent a lineage on a class *** on the fact that it is,both morphologically and in molecular features,closely related to the heterotrichs,Colpodea and Oligohymenophorea,Protocruziida might be an ancestral form for the subphylum Intramacronucleata in the evolutionary line from the class Heterotrichea(subphylum Postciliodesmatophora) to higher taxa.

关键词： ssU rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer 2(ITs2) gene histone H4 gene phylogenetic position Protocruzia Protocruziidea new class

Population dynamics of marine ciliate Euplotes vannus (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in different artificial seawaters

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2011年第1期29卷 109-117页

作者：许恒龙朱明壮姜勇高珊 MIN Gi-sik al-rasheid khaled A.s. Laboratory of Protozoology Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of China Department of Biological sciences Inha University Zoology Department King Saud University

To study population dynamics of marine ciliates in different artificial seawaters （AsW）, the population growth dynamics of a common marine ciliate Euplotes vannus were investigated using beef extract media and rice media for five types of AsW and natural seawater （NsW）. The results show that：（1） the population growth rate was in the order of NsW〉Flack AsW〉Nakamula AsW〉schmadz AsW〉Oshima AsW〉subow AsW and was considerably higher in rice media than in beef extract media （apart from subow AsW）; （2） the maximum density of E. vannus in stationary phase in each treatment was ranked as Hack AsW〉Nakamula AsW〉schmadz AsW〉NsW〉Oshima AsW〉subow AsW, and was again higher in rice media than in beef extract media （except for subow AsW）; （3） the exponential and stationary phases were longer in rice media than in beef extract media; （4） strains of E. vannus that had been domesticated for 〉1 year in AsW grew significantly slower, with lower maximum density and longer stationary phase than those isolated and maintained in NsW. It was demonstrated that：（1） E. vannus may grow well in Flack, Nakamula and schmads AsW compared with NsW （mainly in terms of growth rate）; and （2） Oshima AsW is the preferred choice for stock cultures of E. vannus, but the AsWs Flack, Nakamula and schmadz are preferred for mass culture. These findings suggest that these three AsWs are effective for the cultivation of marine protozoa for experimental studies on ecology, toxicology and molecular biology.

关键词： artificial seawater culture ecology marine ciliate population dynamics

Temporal population dynamics of dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in a semi-enclosed mariculture pond and its relationship to environmental factors and protozoan grazers

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2010年第1期28卷 75-81页

作者：许恒龙 MIN Gi-sik CHOI Joong-Ki 朱明壮姜勇 al-rasheid khaled A.s. Laboratory of Protozoology KLMOcean University of China Department of Biological sciences Inha University Department of Oceanography Inha University Zoology Department King Saud University

The ecological processes and interrelationships between protists,either autotrophic or heterotrophic,and environmental factors in mariculture ponds are largely *** study investigated the temporal dynamics of potentially harmful dinoflagellate,Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) schiller,and its relationship to physico-chemical factors and protozoan grazers over a complete cycle in a semi-enclosed shrimp-farming pond near Qingdao,Northern *** occurred frequently in low numbers from June to August,followed by a sharp increase from the middle of August,reaching a single maximum peak value of 2.2×105 cells L-1 in *** variation in abundance was positively correlated with dissolved nitrogen,but showed a significant inverse relationship to abundance of the dominant ciliates,Tintinnopsis lohmanni and Askenasia *** results provide statistical evidence that the number of *** increased with increasing nitrogen,and the suppression or shortening of algal bloom may be associated with protozoan grazers,such as Tintinnopsis lohmanni,in mariculture ponds.

关键词： dinoflagellate harmful algae Prorocentrum minimum shrimp-farming

Temporal species distributions of planktonic protist communities in semi-enclosed mariculture waters and responses to environmental stress

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Acta Oceanologica sinica 2010年第3期29卷 74-83页

作者： XU Henglong ZHU Mingzhuang JIANG Yong al-rasheid khaled a s Laboratory of Protozoology Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China Zoology Department King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

In order to evaluate the relationships between temporal species succession of planktonic protists and physical-chemical parameters in semi-enclosed mariculture waters, species distributions in response to environmental stress were investigated in a shrimp-farming pond near Qingdao, China during a complete shrimp-culture cycle （May to October 2002）. A clear temporal succession in species distribution was found over the complete farming cycle. For example, before the introduction of the shrimp larvae there was low-variability of species distribution in the protist communities whereas during the stages immediately after, there was higher variability in species composition. Multiple linear/logistic regression analyses demonstrate that 12 protist taxa （e.g., Gyrodinium spirale, Teleaulax acuta, Prorocentrum spp. and Mesodinium pupula） were related to the nutrients, in particular ammonia and phosphates, alone or in combination with water temperature. These results suggest that temporal variations in species distribution of planktonic protist communities might be used in assessing water quality of semi-enclosed mariculture waters.

关键词： environmental stress mariculture planktonic protist microbial ecology