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Impediments of Cognitive System Engineering in Machine-Human Modeling

Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第3期74卷 6689-6701页

作者： Fayaz Ahmad Fayaz Arun Malik Isha Batra Akber Abid Gardezi Syed Immamul Ansarullah shafiq Ahmad Mejdal Alqahtani Muhammad shafiq National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology(NIELIT) J&K191132India Department of Computer Science&Engineering Lovely Professional University(LPU)Punjab144402India Department of Computer Science COMSATS University IslamabadIslamabad45550Pakistan Department of Computer Science Govt.Degree College Sumbal Kashmir193501India Industrial Engineering Department College of EngineeringKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 800Riyadh11421Saudi Arabia Department of Information and Communication Engineering Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan38541Korea

A comprehensive understanding of human intelligence is still an ongoing process,i.e.,human and information security are not yet perfectly *** understanding cognitive processes,designers can design humanized cognitive information systems(CIS).The need for this research is justified because today’s business decision makers are faced with questions they cannot answer in a given amount of time without the use of cognitive information *** researchers aim to better strengthen cognitive information systems with more pronounced cognitive thresholds by demonstrating the resilience of cognitive resonant frequencies to reveal possible responses to improve the efficiency of human-computer interaction(HCI).Apractice-oriented research approach included research analysis and a review of existing articles to pursue a comparative research model;thereafter,amodel development paradigm was used to observe and monitor the progression of CIS during *** scope of our research provides a broader perspective on how different disciplines affect HCI and how human cognitive models can be enhanced to enrich *** have identified a significant gap in the current literature on mental processing resulting from a wide range of theory and practice.

关键词： Cognitive-IoT human-computer interaction decision making

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Does Seed Priming Induce Changes in the Levels of Some Endogenous Plant Hormones in Hexaploid Wheat Plants Under Salt Stress？

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2006年第2期48卷 181-189页

作者： Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Ashraf Amer Jamil shafiq-ur-Rehman Department of Botany University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040 Pakistan Department of Biochemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040 Pakistan Faculty of Biological Resources Science College of Agriculture Chonbuk National University Chonju 561-756 Republic of Korea

In order to assess whether salt tolerance could be Improved In spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, the present study was performed by soaking the seeds of two cultlvars, namely MH-97 （salt sensitive） and Inqlab-91 （salt tolerant）, for 12 h In distilled water or 100 mol/m^3 CaCl2, KCI, or NaCI. Primed seeds from each treatment group and non-primed seeds were sown In a field In which NaCI salinity of 15 dS/m was developed. Priming of seeds with CaCl2, followed by priming with KCI and NaCI, was found to be effective In alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on both wheat cultivars In terms of shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yield. Priming with CaCl2 alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress on hormonal balance In plants of both cultlvars. In MH-97 plants, CaCl2 pretreatment considerably reduced leaf absclslc acid （ABA） concentrations and Increased leaf free salicylic acid （SA） concentrations under both saline and non-saline conditions. In contrast, In the Inqlab-91 plant, CaCl2 Increased free Indoleacetic acid （IAA） and indolebutyrlc acid （IBA） content. However, priming of seeds with CaCl2 did not alter free polyamlne levels in either cultlvar, although spermldlne levels were considerably lower In plants raised from seeds treated with CaCl2 for both cultlvars under saline conditions. Priming with KCI Increased growth In Inqlab-91 plants, but not In MH-97 plants, under saline conditions. The salinity Induced reducUon In auxins （IAA and IBA） was alleviated by NaCI priming In both cultlvars under saline conditions. However, NaCI Increased leaf free ABA content and lowered leaf SA and putresclne levels In Inqlab-91 plants under saline conditions. In conclusion, although all three priming agents （I.e. CaCl2, KCI, and NaCI） were effective In alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat plants, their effects on altering the levels of different plant hormones were different In the two cuItlvars.

关键词： halopriming inorganic salts plant growth substances salinity salt tolerance.

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First principle studies of structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of Zn-chalcogenides under pressure

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Journal of Semiconductors 2014年第7期35卷 1-9页

作者： Muhammad Bilal M.shafiq Iftikhar Ahmad Imad Khan Department of Physics University of MalakandChakdaraPakistan

Structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties ofzinc-chalcogenides （viz. ZnX, X = S, Se and Te） are studied in zinc-blende structure under hydrostatic pressure using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. Generalized gradient approximation is used for exchange correlation potentials. Pressure-dependent lattice constants and bulk moduli are obtained using the optimization method. Young＇s modulus, Poisson＇s ratio, internal strain parameter and anisotropy are also calculated. The higher values of Young＇s modulus in comparison to the bulk modulus show that these materials are hard to break. Poisson＇s ratio is computed for the first time for these materials to the best of our knowledge and its values show higher ionic contribution in these materials. Modified Becke and Johnson （mBJ） method is used to study band gaps, density of states, dielectric function and refractive index. Electronic study shows direct band gaps convert to indirect band gaps with increasing pressure in the case of ZnS and ZnTe. We compared our results with other theoretical and experimental results. Our results are far better than other theoretical results because mBJ is the best technique to treat Ⅱ-Ⅵ semiconductors.

关键词： semiconductors elastic properties electronic band structures

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Regulatory Genes Through Robust-SNR for Binary Classification Within Functional Genomics Experiments

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第2期74卷 3663-3677页

作者： Muhammad Hamraz Dost Muhammad Khan Naz Gul Amjad Ali Zardad Khan shafiq Ahmad Mejdal Alqahtani Akber Abid Gardezi Muhammad shafiq Department of Statistics Abdul Wali Khan UniversityMardan23200Pakistan Industrial Engineering Department College of EngineeringKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 800Riyadh11421Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science COMSATS University IslamabadIslamabad45550Pakistan Department of Information and Communication Engineering Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan38541Korea

The current study proposes a novel technique for feature selection by inculcating robustness in the conventional Signal to noise Ratio(SNR).The proposed method utilizes the robust measures of location i.e.,the“Median”as well as the measures of variation i.e.,“Median absolute deviation(MAD)and Interquartile range(IQR)”in the *** this way,two independent robust signal-to-noise ratios have been *** proposed method selects the most informative genes/features by combining the minimum subset of genes or features obtained via the greedy search approach with top-ranked genes selected through the robust signal-to-noise ratio(RSNR).The results obtained via the proposed method are compared with wellknown gene/feature selection methods on the basis of performance metric i.e.,classification error rate.A total of 5 gene expression datasets have been used in this *** subsets of informative genes are selected by the proposed and all the other methods included in the study,and their efficacy in terms of classification is investigated by using the classifier models such as support vector machine(SVM),Random forest(RF)and k-nearest neighbors(k-NN).The results of the analysis reveal that the proposed method(RSNR)produces minimum error rates than all the other competing feature selection methods in majority of the *** further assessment of the method,a detailed simulation study is also conducted.

关键词： Median absolute deviation(MAD) classification feature selection high dimensional gene expression datasets signal to noise ratio

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Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient to Regulate Feedback Control Systems Using Reinforcement Learning

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第4期71卷 1153-1169页

作者： Jehangir Arshad Ayesha Khan Mariam Aftab Mujtaba Hussain Ateeq Ur Rehman shafiq Ahmad Adel M.Al-Shayea Muhammad shafiq Department of Electrical&Computer Engineering COMSATS University IslamabadLahore Campus54000Pakistan Department of Electrical Engineering Government College UniversityLahore54000Pakistan Industrial Engineering Department College of EngineeringKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 800Riyadh11421Saudi Arabia Department of Information and Communication Engineering Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan38541Korea

Controlling feedback control systems in continuous action spaces has always been a challenging ***,reinforcement learning is mainly an area of artificial intelligence(AI)because it has been used in process control for more than a ***,the existing algorithms are unable to provide satisfactory ***,this research uses a reinforcement learning(RL)algorithm to manage the control *** propose an adaptive speed control of the motor system based on depth deterministic strategy gradient(DDPG).The actor-critic scenario using DDPG is implemented to build the RL *** addition,a framework has been created for traditional feedback control systems to make RL implementation easier for control *** RL algorithms are robust and proficient in using trial and error to search for the best *** proposed algorithm is a deep deterministic policy gradient,in which a large amount of training data trains the *** the system is trained,the agent can automatically adjust the control *** algorithm has been developed using Python 3.6 and the simulation results are evaluated in the MATLAB/Simulink *** performance of the proposed RL algorithm is compared with a proportional integral derivative(PID)controller and a linear quadratic regulator(LQR)*** simulation results of the proposed scheme are promising for the feedback control problems.

关键词： Feedback control systems reinforcement learning artificial intelligence

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Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of health-care pharmaceutical products using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

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Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 2019年第1期9卷 20-24页

作者： Sobia Nisar Ghulam Dastgeer Muhammad shafiq Muhammad Usman Department of Industrial Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Department of Physics & Astronomy and Graphene Research Institute Sejong University Department of Engineering University of Sannio Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics South China Normal University

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique that is capable of rapid multi-elemental analysis. The development of this technique for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products may eventually revolutionize the field of human health. Under normal circumstances, the elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products based on chemical methods is time-consuming and complicated. In this investigation, the principal aim is to develop an LIBS-based methodology for elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products. This LIBS technique was utilized for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the elements present in Ca-based tablets. All the elements present in the tablets were detected and their percentage compositions were verified in a single shot, using the proposed instrument. These elements(e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and others) were identified by the wavelengths of their spectral lines, which were verified using the NIST database. The approximate amount of each element was determined based on their observed peaks and the result was in exact agreement with the content specification. The determination of the composition of prescription drug for patients is highly important in numerous circumstances. For example, the exploitation of LIBS may facilitate elemental decomposition of medicines to determine the accuracy of the stated composition information. Moreover, the approach can provide element-specific, meaningful, and accurate information related to pharmaceutical products.

关键词： Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Elements identification Health-care pharmaceutics Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis

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Vascular endothelial growth factor A, secreted in response to transforming growth factor-β1 under hypoxic conditions, induces autocrine effects on migration of prostate cancer cells

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2012年第5期14卷 745-751页

作者： Eric Darrington Miao Zhong Bao-Han Vo shafiq A Khan Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development Clark Atlanta University Atlanta GA 30314 USA

Hypoxia and transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） increase vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA） expression in a number of malignancies. This effect of hypoxia and TGF-β1 might be responsible for tumor progression and metastasis of advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, TGF-β1 was shown to induce VEGFA165 secretion from both normal cell lines （HPV7 and RWPE1） and prostate cancer cell lines （DU 145 and PC3）. Conversely, hypoxia-stimulated VEGFA165 secretion was observed only in prostate cancer cell lines. Hypoxia induced TGF-β1 expression in PC3 prostate cancer cells, and the TGF-β1 type I receptor （ALK5） kinase inhibitor partially blocked hypoxia-mediated VEGFA16s secretion. This effect of hypoxia provides a novel mechanism to increase VEGFA expression in prostate cancer cells. Although autocrine signaling of VEGFA has been implicated in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, the associated mechanism is poorly characterized. VEGFA activity is mediated via VEGF receptor （VEGFR） 1 （Fit-l） and 2 （FIk-I/KDR）. Whereas VEGFR-1 mRNA was detected in normal prostate epithelial cells, VEGFR-2 mRNA and VEGFR protein were expressed only in PC3 cells. VEGFA165 treatment induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 （ERKI/2） in PC3 cells but not in HPV7 cells, suggesting that the autocrine function of VEGFA may be uniquely associated with prostate cancer. Activation of VEGFR-2 by VEGFA165 was shown to enhance migration of PC3 cells. A similar effect was also observed with endogenous VEGFA induced by TGF-β1 and hypoxia. These findings illustrate that an autocrine loop of VEGFA via VEGFR-2 is critical for the tumorigenic effects of TGF-β1 and hypoxia on metastatic prostate cancers.

关键词： cell migration hypoxia prostate cancer transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA)

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MHD stagnation point flow of nanofluid with SWCNT and MWCNT over a stretching surface driven by Arrhenius kinetics

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Applied Mathematics(A Journal of Chinese Universities) 2022年第3期37卷 366-382页

作者： Sohail Nadeem shafiq Ahmad Alibek Issakhov Ibrahim M.Alarifi Department of Mathematics Quaid-I-Azam UniversityIslamabad 44000Pakistan Al-Farabi Kazakh National University av.al-Farabi 71050040AlmatyKazakhstan Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering College of engineering Majmaah UniversityAl-Majmaah 11952RiyadhSaudi Arabia

The intention of the current research is to address the conclusion of non-isothermal heterogeneous reaction on the stagnation-point flow of SWCNT-engine oil and MWCNT-engine oil nanofluid over a shrinking/stretching ***,exemplify the aspect of heat and mass transfer the upshot of magnetohydrodynamics(MHD),thermal radiation,and heat generation/absorption coefficient are *** bvp4 c from Matlab is pledged to acquire the numerical explanation of the problem that contains nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations(ODE).The impacts of miscellaneous important parameters on axial velocity,temperature field,concentration profile,skin friction coefficient,and local Nusselt number,are deliberated through graphical and numerically erected tabulated *** solid volume fraction diminishes the velocity distribution while enhancing the temperature ***,the rate of shear stress declines with increasing the magnetic and stretching parameter for both SWCNT and MWCNT.

关键词： heat generation surface reaction CNTs based nanofluid stretching/shrinking sheet thermal radiation

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Ontology Driven Testing Strategies for IoT Applications

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第3期70卷 5855-5869页

作者： Muhammad Raza Naqvi Muhammad Waseem Iqbal Muhammad Usman Ashraf shafiq Ahmad Ahmed T.Soliman Shahzada Khurram Muhammad shafiq Jin-Ghoo Choi INP-ENIT University of ToulouseTarbes65000France Department of Software Engineering Superior UniversityLahore54000Pakistan University of Management and Technology Sialkot CampusPakistan Industrial Engineering Department College of EngineeringKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 800Riyadh11421Saudi Arabia Faculty of Computing The Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpur63100Pakistan Department of Information and Communication Engineering Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan38541Korea

Internet-of-Things(IoT)has attained a major share in embedded software *** new era of specialized intelligent systems requires adaptation of customized software engineering ***,software engineering has merged the development phases with the technologies provided by industrial *** improvements are still required in testing phase for the software developed to IoT *** research aims to assist in developing the testing strategies for IoT applications,therein ontology has been adopted as a knowledge representation technique to different software engineering *** proposed ontological model renders 101 methodology by using Protégé.After completion,the ontology was evaluated in three-dimensional view by the domain experts of software testing,IoT and ontology *** results of the research are showed in interest of the specialists regarding proposed ontology development and suggestions for *** Proposed reasoning-based ontological model for development of testing strategies in IoT application contributes to increase the general understanding of tests in addition to assisting for the development of testing strategies for different IoT devices.

关键词： Ontology software testing internet of things automation

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Clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in liver transplant recipients

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World Journal of Hepatology 2022年第6期14卷 1142-1149页

作者： Muhammad shafiq Cheryl Gibson Department of General and Geriatric Medicine University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160United States

BACKGROUND Liver transplant patients are at higher risk of infection due to *** liver transplant recipients are also more susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and will have worse outcomes than the general population if they develop coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)due to SARS-CoV-2 is a topic of ongoing studies,including *** To assess the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in liver transplant *** This was a case-control study,with a database search performed(at the study site)from March 1,2020 through February 28,*** 18 years or older who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via polymerase chain reaction(PCR)were included in the *** with infection other than pneumonia at the time of admission were *** selection,patients who had been the recipient of liver transplant were considered cases and those without as *** being matched by age,sex,and obesity,two controls were randomly selected for each *** and hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection were the primary *** outcomes were pertinent only to patients who were hospitalized,and they included duration of hospital stay,need for supplemental oxygen,presence of at least one type of end-organ damage,effects on liver enzymes,incidence of acute liver failure,effect on d-dimer levels,and incidence of venous thromboembolism(VTE).Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare all primary and secondary outcomes with the exception of duration of hospital stay and d-dimer levels,which were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank *** criterion was set at *** regression was performed for each primary outcome(as the dependent variable).Statistical analyses were performed using R *** Of the 470 Liver transplant recipients who were tested for COVID-19 via the PCR test,39 patients tested positive(8.3%).There was no significant difference between cases and controls re

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Liver transplant recipients Clinical outcomes Death Hospitalization

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