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Response of wild Avena species to fungal infection of grain

The Crop Journal 2017年第6期5卷 499-508页

作者： T.Yu.Gagkaeva O.P.Gavrilova a.s.orina E.V.Blinova I.G.Loskutov All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) St-Petersburg Pushkin 196608 Russia N.I.Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) St-Petersburg 190000 Russia st-Petersburg state University St-Petersburg 199034 Russia

sixty-six accessions belonging to Avena species(A. atlantica, A. canariensis, A. clauda, ***, A. hirtula, A. longiglumis, A. wiestii, A. agadiriana, A. barbata, A. vaviloviana, ***, A. magna, A. murphyi, ***, A. ludoviciana, A. occidentalis, A. sterilis, A. sativa, and A. byzantina) obtained from the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources(VIR) were tested for the infection of grain by Alternaria and Cladosporium at the genus level and by a group of trichothecene-producing Fusarium fungi. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify fungal abundance and ELIsA was performed for mycotoxin analysis in grain. The average amounts of all tested fungi in tetraploid Avena species were higher than those in diploid and hexaploid species. Low amounts of deoxynivalenol(DON) were detected in seven hexaploid genotypes(A. sterilis, A. byzantina, A. sativa, and A. fatua) and one diploid genotype(***). The relationship between some morphological traits(1000-grain weight, percent of husk, trichome density, and plant height) of Avena species and grain infection by fungi and mycotoxins was investigated. Alternaria and Cladosporium fungi could not penetrate the husk. A highly negative correlation of the amounts of their DNA with the proportions of husk in grain as well as with trichome density was found. In contrast, a significant positive correlation between the amount of Fusarium DNA and these traits was found. A strong negative correlation bctween plant height and DNA of the analyzed fungi was found. The oats least infected by Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium fungi and containing low amounts of DON were accessions of the hexaploids A. byzantina, ***, A. sativa, A. sterilis,and the diploid A. lwiestii.

关键词： Avena species Grain Fungal DNA Mycotoxin

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Water Quality of selected Fishing Beaches of Lake Victoria Kenyan Gulf

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Open Journal of Ecology 2020年第1期10卷 22-35页

作者： Paul s. orina David M. Onyango Henry Lungayia Andrew Oduor Anthony W. sifuna Petronila Otuya Rosemary A. Owigar Chrispin B. Kowenje sheban M. Hinzano Kegati Aquaculture Centre Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Kisii Kenya Department of Zoology School of Physical and Biological Sciences Maseno University Maseno Kenya Department of Biological sciences School of Biological and Physical Sciences Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Kakamega Kenya Department of social sciences School of Health Sciences St. Paul’s University Limuru Kenya Department of Geography School of Environmental Sciences Maseno University Maseno Kenya

Lake Victoria the second largest fresh water body in the world located in East Africa is a shared resource between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and enjoys a wide range of streams and rivers from as far as Burundi and Rwanda. The lake has environmentally undergone physical, chemical and biological changes in the last four decades, particularly rise in its trophic condition and decline in oxygen level, which affects the water quality and fish population dynamics. This study therefore set out to determine the quality of water in selected fishing beaches of Lake Victoria, Kenya with a view to report the possible pollution levels. pH was highest at Nyamasari and Kotieno (9.3 ± 0.1) and lowest at Nyachebe and Kichinjio (7.08 ± 0.1) whereas temperature was highest at Nyamasari (29.5°C ± 0.0°C) and lowest at Kichinjio (23.4°C ± 0.2°C). DO was highest at Kotieno (10.3 ± 0.2 mgL) and lowest at seka (2.4 ± 0.1 mgL). Turbidity was highest at Uyoga (125.5 ± 0.90 NTU) and lowest at Osieko (2.7 ± 0.1 NTU). Ammoniacal nitrogen was highest at Dunga (1278.3 ± 0.8 μ∙gl-1) and lowest at Nyamasari (12.4 ± 0.8), all a factor of human activities, lake substratum and effluents from rivers and surface runoff. All parameters assessed showed significant differences across sampling sites and depth except pH which did not vary significantly with distance from lakeshore. Further, all parameters did not show a clear pattern with respect to distance from the lakeshore possibly due to adequate mixing in the gulf. There is a need for further water quality monitoring by seasons to inform policy decisions towards sustainable lake exploitation.

关键词： Water Quality Pollution Human Activities sampling sites Lakeshore

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