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Differentiated payments for environmental services schemes: A methodology proposal

Journal of Mountain Science 2018年第8期15卷 1693-1710页

作者： Carlos r.AGUILAr-GóMEZ Sergio FrANCO-MAASS Tizbe T.ArTEAGA-rEYES Agrolivestock Sciences and rural Institute Autonomous University of the State of Mexico

Payment schemes for environmental services face serious budget constraints in Mexico. Payments are equally distributed among forest owners, and the governmental agencies that make payments to beneficiaries do not evaluate the amount of environmental services produced by forested areas. This lack of evaluation could lead to economic and environmental deficiencies that restrict the possible benefits of such programmes. In general, these programmes do not achieve their conservation objectives, and local beneficiaries are not involved in the design or application of these programmes. Similarly, the Payments for Hydrological Environmental Services(PHES) programme of the State of Mexico, Mexico, makes equal payments to beneficiaries of forested areas considering tree density. The objective of the present work was to create a methodology for determining differentiated payments schemes for hydrological environmental services, prioritising areas that contribute the most to groundwater recharge and promote the participation of society. In the Nevado de Toluca Natural Protected Area, the environmental criteria of forest type, tree density and aquifer overexploitation as well as social participation were considered in a multi-criteria analysis implemented in a Geographic Information System. A methodology was developed to determine differentiated payments based on specific forest characteristics that influence the potential capacity of forests to recharge groundwater reserves in addition to the level of social participation. In particular, social participation is key as it could ensure the viability of PHES programmes as conservation alternatives in forested areas with high groundwater recharge potential.

关键词： Differentiated payments Environmental services Mountain systems Multi-criteria analysis Social participation

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Characterization of three transcripts encoding small heat shock proteins expressed in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella （Lepidoptera： Tortricidae）

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Insect Science 2011年第5期18卷 473-483页

作者： Stephen F. Garczynski Thomas r. Unruh Christelle Guedot Lisa G. Neven USDA-ArS Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory Wapato Washington USA

Codling moth is a major pest of apples and pears worldwide. Increasing knowledge of how this insect responds to environmental stress will improve field and postharvest control measures used against it. The small heat shock proteins （sHsps） play a maj or role in cellular responses to environmental stressors. A degenerate oligonucleotide primer, designed against the conserved α-crystallin domain, was used in 3＇ rapid amplification of complementary DNA （cDNA） ends reactions to amplify transcripts encoding sHsps expressed in the codling moth cell line, Cp169, subjected to heat shock. Three full-length cDNAs were cloned from Cp169 cells that contained open reading frames encoding sHsps. The cDNA for CpHsp 19.8 was 795 bp encoding 177 amino acids. The cDNA for CpHsp 19.9 was 749 bp encoding 175 amino acids. The cDNA for CpHsp22.2 was 737 bp encoding 192 amino acids. Analysis of the protein sequences of the three CpHsps indicated the presence of 83 amino acids with homology to the α-crystallin domain. For each of the CpHsps, the α-crystallin domain was surrounded by divergent N- and C-terminal regions, consistent with the conserved structural features of sHsps. real-time polymerase chain reaction, used to determine the expression patterns of each of the sHsps in different developmental stages of codling moth revealed the presence of transcripts in all stages tested. Consistent with characteristics of other sHsps, expression of CpHsp transcripts were greatly enhanced when insects were subjected to heat shock. The results of this research can be used as a guide to study the roles of sHsps in codling moth control using various post-harvest treatments.

关键词： α-crystallin domain heat shock response qPCr

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4-Amino-3-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-(p-methoxybenzyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole:X-ray and DFT-calculated Structures

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Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 2011年第5期30卷 731-737页

作者： SAHIN Onur KANTAr Cihan BEKIrCAN Olcay SASMAZ Selami BüYüKGüNGr Orhan Department of Physics Faculty of Arts and SciencesOndokuz Mayls University Department of Chemistry Rize University Karadeniz Teknik University

The title compound, 4-amino-3-（p-chlorophenyl）-5-（p-methoxybenzyl）-4H-1,2,4- triazole I , C16H15ClN4O）, has been determined using X-ray diffraction techniques and the molecular structure has also been optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G（d, p） level using density functional theory （DFT）. The triazole ring exhibits dihedral angles of 41.61（15）o and 80.73（11）o with the phenyl rings. The molecules are linked principally by N–H…N hydrogen bonds involving the amino NH2 group and a triazole N atom, forming C（5） chains which are further linked to give a two-dimensional network of molecules. The N–H…N hydrogen bonding is supported by C–H…N hydrogen bond and C–H…π interaction. Intermolecular N–H…N and C–H…N hydrogen bonds produce r22（9）, r44（10） and r44（20） rings.

关键词： crystal structure chlorophenyl triazole hydrogen bonds

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Fully integrated approach： an alternative solution of coupling a GIS and diffuse pollution models

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014年第4期8卷 616-623页

作者： S. LIU r.E. BrAZIEr A. L. HEATHWAITE W. LIU School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Department of Geography University of Exeter EX4 4R J Exeter UK Centre for Sustainable Water Management The Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YQ UK

As a tool for management, query, visualization and analysis of spatially referred information, GIS has been recognized as a method to aid the modeling of diffuse pollution and visualize the results in a spatial context. A common question in integrating diffuse pollution models and GIS is to choose a suitable coupling approach, in which the feature of diffuse pollution models should be taken into account. In this paper, we report on our experience in coupling a distributed diffuse pollution model with a GIS. A prototype of fully integrated system is developed in this paper. This system has high flexibility, extendibility and great data management efficiency. Differences in applicability of loose coupling, tight coupling and fully integrated approaches are addressed. It is concluded that the fully integrated approach can avoid tanglesome data exchange and routine execution and more robust than loose and tight coupling approaches and is suitable for distributed diffuse pollution modes.

关键词： diffuse pollution GIS modeling nutrients phosphorus

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作者： r.·祖贝

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Population structure and regeneration patterns of tree species in climate-sensitive subalpine forests of Indian western Himalaya

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Journal of Forestry research 2014年第2期25卷 343-349页

作者： Sanjay Gairola r. S. rawal N. P. Todaria Arvind Bhatt School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalWestville Campus G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Department of Forestry and Natural resources H.N.B. Garhwal University School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalWestville Campus

The population structure of tree species has been explored in order to elucidate regeneration potential of the subalpine forests of Indian western Himalaya. For this study, the subalpine forest area was divided into three strata, i.e., lower altitude （〈3000 m）; mid-altitude （3000-3200 m）; and high altitude （〉3200m）. Considering the major compositional attributes, an increase in altitude came with a significant decline in tree density and the total basal area for all the sites. However, no such clear trends were observed for recruits （i.e., seedlings and saplings）. Seedling density did not exhibit uniform patterns for sites and altitude strata. In general, overall seedling density was greater at the Pindari site compared to the Lata and Tungnath sites. By comparison, significant variation in seedling density along the altitude strata was recorded for the Tungnath and Pindari sites only. Likewise, sapling density patterns varied across the sites and altitude strata, and significant variation in sapling density along the altitude strata was recorded only for the Lata site. At the Pin- daft site, the continuous increase in sapling density along with increasing altitude was revealing. The Pindari forests of exhibited expanding population structure. In contrast, greater accumulation of individuals in the sapling class and sharp decline toward both higher tree classes and lower seedling classes was generally apparent for the Lata and Tungnath sites. This indicates that the replacement in tree size classes from sapling stage is not proportional and the population may decline in the long-term. Considerable variation in patterns of forest and dominant species popula- tion structure were evident across altitude strata. But in all cases irrespective of sites, we found growth at the high-altitude stratum, in the form of entire forests or dominant species. This trend deserves further investigation to explore its relevance under changing climate scenarios.

关键词： population structure regeneration subalpine forest altitude

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Hall effects on hydromagnetic flow on an oscillating porous plate

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2009年第4期30卷 503-512页

作者： S.L.Maji A.K.Kanch M.Guria r.N.Jana Department of Applied Mathematics Vidyasagar University

In this paper, an analysis is made on the unsteady flow of an incompressible electrically conducting viscous fluid bounded by an infinite porous flat plate. The plate executes harmonic oscillations at a frequency n in its own plane. A uniform magnetic field Ho is imposed perpendicular to the direction of the flow. It is found that the solution also exists for blowing at the plate. The temperature distribution is also obtained by taking viscous and Joule dissipation into account. The mean wall temperature θo（O） decreases with the increase in the Hall parameter m. It is found that no temperature distribution exists for the blowing at the plate.

关键词： Hall effects oscillation resonance heat transfer and mean temperature

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THE UNSTABLE FLOW FrOM THE GAP BETWEEN TWO CIrCULAr CYLINDErS

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 1991年第3期3卷 110-115页

作者： Xu You-heng Huang Dong-qun, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.r.China Fudan Univ Shanghai China

The interference of two circular cylinders has been researched for many years. In this study, the research work was concentrated on two cylinders in some special staggered arrangement. The velocity signal was measured with a hot wire anemometer and recorded with a TEAC portable data recorder. The relationship between spectrum and time was established by making 200 spectrum analysis in se- quence. The gap flow is unstable when two cylinders are arranged in L/D=2, T/D=1. Mainly, it can be looked as flow past a single blunt body and the Strouhal number is 0.15, The second peak arises in the power spectrum when the gap flow appears at irregular time interval. Sometimes it may be higher than the first one. The Strouhal num- ber corresponding to the second peak is 0.33. But at most of the time it is lower than the first one and even disap- peared. This is meaningful for exploring the mechanisms of interference induced oscillations in flow past two cylin- ders.

关键词： THE UNSTABLE FLOW FrOM THE GAP BETWEEN TWO CIrCULAr CYLINDErS 二止 GAP

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Assessment of biomass and net primary productivity of a dry tropical forest using geospatial technology

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Journal of Forestry research 2019年第1期30卷 157-170页

作者： Tarun Kumar Thakur S.L.Swamy Arvind Bijalwan Mammohan J.r.Dobriyal Department of Environmental Science Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (IGNTU) Department of Forestry Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Faculty of Technical Forestry Indian Institute of Forest Management Navsari Agriculture University

This study quantifies biomass, aboveground and belowground net productivity, along with additional environmental factors over a 2-3 year period in Barnawapara Sanctuary of Chhattisgarh, India through satellite remotesensing and GIS techniques. Ten sampling quadrates20×20, 5×5 and 1×1 m were randomly laid for overstorey (OS), understorey (US) and ground vegetation(GS), respectively. Girth of trees was measured at breast height and collar diameters of shrubs and herbs at 0.1 m height. Biomass was estimated using allometric regression equations and herb biomass by harvesting. Net primary productivity (NPP) was determined by Ssumming biomass increment and litter crop values. Aspect and slope influenced the vegetation types, biomass and NPP in different forests. Standing biomass and NPP varied from 18.6 to101.5 Mg ha^(-1) and 5.3 to 12.7 Mg ha^(-1) a^(-1), respectively,in different forest types. The highest biomass was found in dense mixed forest, while net production recoded in Teak forests. Both were lowest in degraded mixed forests of different forest types. OS, US and GS contributed 90.4, 8.7and 0.7%, respectively, for the total mean standing biomass in different forests. This study developed spectral models for the estimation of biomass and NPP using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and other vegetation *** study demonstrated the potential of geospatial tools for estimation of biomass and net productivity of dry tropical forest ecosystem.

关键词： Allometric regression equations Fine root biomass Litter fall LAI NDVI Spectral models

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Clustering Gene Expression Data Through Modified Agglomerative M-CUrE Hierarchical Algorithm

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第6期41卷 1027-1041页

作者： E.Kavitha r.Tamilarasan N.Poonguzhali M.K.Jayanthi Kannan A Constituent College of Anna University University College of EngineeringVillupuram605103India A Constituent College of Anna University University College of EngineeringPattukkottai614701India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Manakula Vinayagar Institute of TechnologyPuducherry605107India Department of Computer Science Engineering Faculty of Engineering and TechnologyJAIN(Deemed-To-Be University)Bangalore562112India

Gene expression refers to the process in which the gene information isused in the functional gene product synthesis. They basically encode the proteinswhich in turn dictate the functionality of the cell. The first step in gene expressionstudy involves the clustering usage. This is due to the reason that biological networks are very complex and the genes volume increases the comprehending challenges along with the data interpretation which itself inhibit vagueness, noise andimprecision. For a biological system to function, the essential cellular moleculesmust interact with its surrounding including rNA, DNA, metabolites and proteins. Clustering methods will help to expose the structures and the patterns inthe original data for taking further decisions. The traditional clustering techniquesinvolve hierarchical, model based, partitioning, density based, grid based and softclustering methods. Though many of these methods provide a reliable output inclustering, they fail to incorporate huge data of gene expressions. Also, thereare statistical issues along with choosing the right method and the choice of dissimilarity matrix when dealing with gene expression data. We propose to use amodified clustering algorithm using representatives (M-CUrE) in this workwhich is more robust to outliers as compared to K-means clustering and also ableto find clusters with size variances.

关键词： Clustering gene identifiers representatives dimension reduction

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