检索结果-南通市图书馆

Pla.t cell wa.l-media.ed disea.e resista.ce:Current understa.ding a.d future perspectives

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Molecula. Pla.t 2024年第5期17卷 699-724页

作者： a.tonio Molina.Lucıa.Jorda.Miguel a.gel Torres Ma.ina.Ma.tın-Da.a. Diego Jose Berla.ga.Pa.ricia.Ferna.dez-Ca.vo Elena.gomez-Rubio Sonsoles Ma.tın-Sa.ta.a.ıa Centro de Biotecnología.y Genómica.de Pla.ta. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid(UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria(INIA/CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcon(Madrid)Spain Depa.ta.ento de Biotecnologıa.Biología.Vegeta. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierıa AgronomicaAlimentarıa y de BiosistemasUPMMadridSpain Centro de Investiga.iones Biologica. Ma.ga.ita.Sa.a. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas(CSIC)Ramiro de Maeztu 928040 MadridSpain Misión Biológica.de Ga.icia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas(CSIC)Campus de Montegancedo UPMPozuelo de Alarcón(Madrid)Spain

Beyond their function a. structura. ba.riers,pla.t cell wa.ls a.e essentia. elements for the a.a.ta.ion of pla.ts to environmenta. *** wa.ls a.e dyna.ic structures whose composition a.d integrity ca. be a.tered in response to environmenta. cha.lenges a.d developmenta. *** wa.l cha.ges a.e perceived by pla.t sensors/receptors to trigger a.a.ta.ive responses during development a.d upon stress *** cell wa.l da.a.e ca.sed by pa.hogen infection,wounding,or other stresses lea.s to the relea.e of wa.l molecules,such a. ca.bohydra.es(glyca.s),tha. function a. da.a.e-a.socia.ed molecula. pa.terns(Da.Ps).Da.Ps a.e perceived by the extra.ellula. ectodoma.ns(ECDs)of pa.tern recognition receptors(PRRs)to a.tiva.e pa.tern-triggered immunity(PTI)a.d disea.e ***,glyca.s relea.ed from the wa.ls a.d extra.ellula. la.ers of microorga.isms intera.ting with pla.ts a.e recognized a. microbe-a.socia.ed molecula. pa.terns(Ma.Ps)by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI *** number of oligosa.cha.ides Da.Ps/Ma.Ps identified tha. a.e perceived by pla.ts ha. increa.ed in recent ***,the structura. mecha.isms underlying glyca. recognition by pla.t PRRs rema.n ***,this knowledge is ma.nly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR fa.ily,which a.e involved in the perception of va.ious molecules,such a. chitooligosa.cha.ides from fungi a.d lipo-chitooligosa.cha.ides(i.e.,Nod/MYC fa.tors from ba.teria.a.d mycorrhiza.respectively)tha. trigger differentia. physiologica. ***,a.ditiona. fa.ilies of pla.t PRRs ha.e recently been implica.ed in oligosa.cha.ide/polysa.cha.ide *** include receptor kina.es(RKs)with leucine-rich repea. a.d Ma.ectin doma.ns in their ECDs(LRR-Ma. RKs),Ca.ha.a.thus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINa.E 1-LIKE group(CrRLK1L)with Ma.ectin-like doma.ns in their ECDs,a. well a. wa.l-a.socia.ed kina.es,lectin-RKs,a.d *** cha.a.teriza.ion of structura. ba.is of glyca.s recogniti

关键词： a.a.idopsis tha.ia.a cell wa.l da.a.e-a.socia.ed molecula. pa.terns Da.Ps disea.e resista.ce glyca.s oligosa.cha.ides pa.tern-triggered immunity PTl pa.tern recognition receptor PRRs

a.comprehensive look a. the psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology of spina. cord injury a.d its progression: mecha.isms a.d clinica. opportunities

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Milita.y Medica. Resea.ch 2024年第2期11卷 228-267页

作者： Miguel a.Ortega.Osca. Fra.le-Ma.tinez Cielo Ga.cía.Montero Sergio Ha.o Miguel Ángel Álva.ez-Mon Diego De Leon-Oliva.a.a.M.gomez-La.oz Jorge Monserra. Ma. a.ienza.Pérez Da.id Día. Elisa.Lopez-Dola.o Melchor Álva.ez-Mon Depa.tment of Medicine a.d Medica. Specia.ities University of Alcala28801 Alcala de HenaresSpain Ra.ón y Ca.a. Institute of Sa.ita.y Resea.ch(IRYCIS) 28034 MadridSpain Depa.tment of Psychia.ry a.d Menta. Hea.th Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor28031 MadridSpain Service of Reha.ilita.ion National Hospital for Paraplegic PatientsCarr.de la PeraledaS/N45004 ToledoSpain Immune System Disea.es‑Rheuma.ology Service a.d Interna. Medicine University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias(CIBEREHD)28806 Alcala de HenaresSpain

Spina. cord injury(SCI)is a.deva.ta.ing a.d disa.ling medica. condition genera.ly ca.sed by a.tra.ma.ic event(prima.y injury).This initia. tra.ma.is a.compa.ied by a.set of biologica. mecha.isms directed to a.eliora.e neura. da.a.e but a.so exa.erba.e initia. da.a.e(seconda.y injury).The a.tera.ions tha. occur in the spina. cord ha.e not only loca. but a.so systemic consequences a.d virtua.ly a.l orga.s a.d tissues of the body incur importa.t cha.ges a.ter SCI,expla.ning the progression a.d detrimenta. consequences rela.ed to this ***(PNIE)is a.growing a.ea.of resea.ch a.ming to integra.e a.d explore the intera.tions a.ong the different systems tha. compose the huma. orga.ism,considering the mind a.d the body a. a.*** initia. tra.ma.ic event a.d the consequent neurologica. disruption trigger immune,endocrine,a.d multisystem dysfunction,which in turn a.fect the pa.ient's psyche a.d *** the present review,we will explore the most importa.t loca. a.d systemic consequences of SCI from a.PNIE perspective,defining the cha.ges occurring in ea.h system a.d how a.l these mecha.isms a.e ***,potentia. clinica. a.proa.hes derived from this knowledge will a.so be collectively presented with the a.m to develop integra.ive thera.ies to ma.imize the clinica. ma.a.ement of these pa.ients.

关键词： Spina. cord injury(SCI) Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology(PNIE) Seconda.y injury Immunoinfla.ma.ory dysfunction Gut microbiota Tra.sla.iona. opportunities

Low-Cost a.d Biodegra.a.le Thermoelectric Devices Ba.ed on va. der Wa.ls Semiconductors on Pa.er Substra.es

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Energy & Environmenta. Ma.eria.s 2024年第1期7卷 201-206页

作者： Gulsum Ersu Ca.men Munuera.Federico J.Mompea. Da.iel Va.uero Jorge Quereda.João Elia. F.S.Rodrigues Jose a.a.onso Edua.do Flores Jose R.a.es Isa.el J.Ferrer a.dulla. M.a.-Enizi a.ma. Na.a.y Sruthi Kuria.ose Joshua.O.Isla.d a.dres Ca.tella.os-gomez Ma.eria.s Science Fa.tory Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid(ICMM-CSIC)Madrid E-28049Spain Na.otechnology Group USAL-NanolabUnivesidad de SalamancaSalamanca Junta de Castilla y León 37007Spain GISC Departamento de Física de MaterialesUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadrid E-28040Spain Depa.ta.ento de Física.a.lica.a Centro de Investigación y Estudios AvanzadosMérida 97310Mexico MIRE Group Departamento de Física de MaterialesUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid E-28049Spain Instituto Nicolás Ca.rera Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid E-28049Spain Depa.tment of Chemistry College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451Saudi Arabia Depa.tment of Physics a.d a.tronomy University of Nevada Las VegasLas Vegas NV 89154USA

We present a.method to fa.rica.e ha.dcra.ted thermoelectric devices on sta.da.d office pa.er *** devices a.e ba.ed on thin films of WS_(2),Te,a.d BP(P-type semiconductors)a.d TiS_(3)a.d TiS_(2)(N-type semiconductors),deposited by simply rubbing powder of these ma.eria.s a.a.nst *** thermoelectric properties of these semiconducting films revea.ed ma.imum Seebeck coefficients of(+1.32±0.27)mV K^(-1)a.d(-0.82±0.15)mV K^(-1)for WS_(2)a.d TiS_(3),***,Peltier elements were fa.rica.ed by interconnecting the P-a.d N-type films with gra.hite electrodes.a.thermopower va.ue up to 6.11 mV K^(-1)wa. obta.ned when the Peltier element were constructed with three *** findings of this work show proof-of-concept devices to illustra.e the potentia. a.plica.ion of semiconducting va. der Wa.ls ma.eria.s in future thermoelectric power genera.ion a. well a. tempera.ure sensing for low-cost disposa.le electronic devices.

关键词： pa.er-ba.ed electronics Seebeck effect semiconductors thermoelectrics va. der Wa.ls ma.eria.s

Suga.ma.ex比新斯的明更快逆转维库溴铵所致神经肌肉阻滞的多中心随机对照研究

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

麻醉与镇痛 2011年第5期7卷 52-62页

作者： Ka.in S. Khuenl-Bra.y, MD Ma.nus Wa.twil, MD Berna.d F. Va.a.ker, MD Jose I. Lora.Ta.a.o, MD Henk Rietbergen, MSc Jose a. a.va.ez-gomez, MD 安博（译） Medica. University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria Universitetssjukhuset Orebro Orebro Sweden Universita.r Ziekenhuis Leuven Gasthuisberg Leuven Belgium Hospita. Universita.io Puerta.de Hierro Madrid Spain Schering-Plough Oss The Netherlands Hospita. Universita.io Cartagena Spain. 不详

背景Suga.ma.ex是一种具有特异结构的γ-环糊精，能选择性地与肌松药结合快速逆转罗库溴铵所致的神经肌肉阻滞，并较小程度地逆转维库溴铵所致的神经肌肉阻滞。该研究中，我们对比了行择期手术的患者中suga.ma.ex和新斯的明对逆转维库... 详细信息

背景Suga.ma.ex是一种具有特异结构的γ-环糊精，能选择性地与肌松药结合快速逆转罗库溴铵所致的神经肌肉阻滞，并较小程度地逆转维库溴铵所致的神经肌肉阻滞。该研究中，我们对比了行择期手术的患者中suga.ma.ex和新斯的明对逆转维库溴铵所致神经肌肉阻滞的作用。方法年龄≥18岁，a.a.级I-Ⅲ级拟行择期手术的患者，在七氟醚／阿片类镇痛药麻醉下给予插管剂量维库溴铵（0．1mg／kg），如有必要，在4个成串刺激（tra.n—of-four，TOF）中第二个颤搐波（T2）恢复时给予的0．02-0．03mg／kg的维持剂量。用加速肌动监测仪（TOF-Wa.ch@SX监测仪，先灵-葆雅，爱尔兰都柏林）监测神经肌肉阻滞。术毕，在最后一次给予维库溴铵后咒恢复时，给患者随机静脉注射suga.ma.ex（2mg／kg）或新斯的明（50μg／kg）加格隆溴铵（10μg/kg）。从注药开始至TOF比值恢复至0．9的时间作为主要有效终点。结果Suga.ma.ex组TOF比值恢复至0．9的时间明显快于新斯的明组（分别为2．7分钟[95％置信区间，CI：2．2—2．3分钟]和17．9分钟[95％CI：13．1—24．3分钟]，P〈0．0001）。Suga.ma.ex组TOF恢复至0．8和0．7的平均恢复时间也明显缩短。使用两种药物后均未出现严重不良事件或不可预料的副作用。结论Suga.ma.ex逆转维库溴铵所致神经肌肉阻滞的作用明显快于新斯的明。

关键词：多中心随机对照研究神经肌肉阻滞维库溴铵新斯的明快速逆转阿片类镇痛药择期手术 γ-环糊精

Orienta.ion effect on ground motion mea.urement for Mexica. subduction ea.thqua.es

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Ea.thqua.e Engineering a.d Engineering Vibra.ion 2009年第1期8卷 1-16页

作者： H.P. Hong a. Pozos-Estra.a.R. gomez Depa.tment of Civil a.d Environmenta. Engineering University of Western Ontario Canada N6A 5B9 Institute of Engineering National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico D.F.

The existence of the principa. directions of the ground motion ba.ed on a.ia. intensity is well-known. These principa. directions do not necessa.ily coincide with the orienta.ions of recording sensors or with the orienta.ions a.ong which the ground motion pa.a.eters such a. the pea. ground a.celera.ion a.d the pseudo-spectra. a.celera.ion （PSa. a.e ma.imum. This is evidenced by the fa.t tha. the ma.imum PSa.a. different na.ura. vibra.ion periods for horizonta. excita.ions do not correspond to the sa.e orienta.ion. a.recent a.a.ysis ca.ried out for Ca.ifornia.ea.thqua.e records suggests tha. a. orienta.ion-dependent ground motion mea.urement for horizonta. excita.ions ca. be developed. The ma.n objective of this study is to investiga.e a.d provide seismic ground motion mea.urements in the horizonta. pla.e, including bidirectiona. horizonta. ground motions, for Mexica. interpla.e a.d insla. ea.thqua.e records. Extensive sta.istica. a.a.yses of PSa.a.e conducted for the a.sessment. The a.a.ysis results suggest tha. simila. to the ca.e of Ca.ifornia.records, the a.era.e beha.ior of the ra.io of the PSa.to the ma.imum resulting PSa.ca. be a.proxima.ed by a.qua.ter of a. ellipse in one qua.ra.t; a.d tha. the ra.io ca. be considered to be independent of the va.ue of the ma.imum resulting PSa. ea.thqua.e ma.nitude, ea.thqua.e dista.ce a.d the foca. depth. Sets of response ra.ios a.d a.tenua.ion rela.ionships tha. ca. be used to represent a.bidirectiona. horizonta. ground motion mea.urement for Mexica. interpla.e a.d insla. ea.thqua.es were a.so developed.

关键词： orthogona. horizonta. excita.ions bidirectiona. ground motion mea.ure a.tenua.ion rela.ionship pseudospectra. a.celera.ion (PSa. response ra.io Mexica. ea.thqua.e

a.new oxida.ive pa.hwa. of nitric oxide production from oximes in pla.ts

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Molecula. Pla.t 2024年第1期17卷 178-198页

作者： Pedro Lopez-gomez Ja.ier Buezo Ma.ina.Urra.a.fonso Cornejo Ra.uel Esteba. Jorge Ferna.dez de los Reyes Estiba.iz Ura.te Estefa.ia.Rodriguez-Dobreva.a.eja.dro Cha.izo-a.pudia.a.eja.dro Egua.a. Seba.tia. Wolf Da.iel Ma.ino Victor Ma.tinez-Merino Jose F.Mora. Institute for Multidisciplina.y Resea.ch in a.plied Biology(IMa.) Department of SciencesPublic University of Navarre(UPNA)Avda.de Pamplona 12331192 MutilvaSpain Institute for a.va.ced Ma.eria.s a.d Ma.hema.ics(INa.a.2) Department of SciencesPublic University of Navarre(UPNA)Campus de Arosadia31006 PamplonaSpain Depa.tment of Pla.t Biology a.d Ecology University of the Basque Country(UPV/EHU)Sarriena s/nApdo.64448080 BilbaoSpain Center for Pla.t Molecula. Biology(ZMBP) University of TubingenGeschwister-Scholl-Platz72074 TubingenGermany Institute of Na.ura. Resources a.d a.robiology of Sa.a.a.ca.IRNa.a. Department of Plant-Microorganism InteractionsSpanish National Research Council(CSIC)Cordel de Merinas40-5237008SalamancaSpain Depa.tment of Biochemistry Area of Molecular BiologyVeterinary FacultyUniversity of LeonCampus de Vegazanas/n.24071 LeonSpain

Nitric oxide(NO)is a. essentia. rea.tive oxygen species a.d a.signa. molecule in *** severa. studies ha.e proposed the occurrence of oxida.ive NO production,only reductive routes for NO production,such a. the nitra.e(NO_(3)^(-))-upper-reducta.e pa.hwa.,ha.e been evidenced to da.e in la.d ***,pla.ts grown a.enica.ly with a.monium a. the sole source of nitrogen exhibit contents of nitrite a.d NO3−,evidencing the existence of a.meta.olic pa.hwa. for oxida.ive production of *** hypothesized tha. oximes,such a. indole-3-a.eta.doxime(Ia.x),a.precursor to indole-3-a.etic a.id,a.e intermedia.e oxida.ion products in NO *** detected the production of NO from Ia.x a.d other oximes ca.a.yzed by peroxida.e(POD)enzyme using both 4-a.ino-5-methyla.ino-2′,7′-difluorescein fluorescence a.d *** stimula.ed the rea.tion,while superoxide dismuta.e inhibited ***,mouse NO syntha.e ca. a.so use Ia.x to produce NO a. a.lower ra.e tha. *** provided a.full mecha.ism for POD-dependent NO production from Ia.x consistent with the experimenta. da.a.a.d supported by density functiona. theory *** showed tha. the a.dition of Ia.x to extra.ts from Medica.o trunca.ula.increa.ed the in vitro production of NO,while in vivo supplementa.ion of Ia.x a.d other oximes increa.ed the number of la.era. roots,a. shown for NO donors,a.d a.more tha. 10-fold increa.e in Ia.x dehydra.a.e ***,we found tha. in vivo supplementa.ion of Ia.x increa.ed NO production in a.a.idopsis tha.ia.a.wild-type pla.ts,while prx33-34 muta.t pla.ts,defective in POD33-34,ha. reduced *** da.a.show tha. the relea.e of NO by Ia.x,a. well a. its a.xinic effect,expla.n the superroot ***,our study revea.s tha. pla.ts produce NO utilizing diverse molecules such a. oximes,POD,a.d fla.ins,which a.e widely distributed in the pla.t kingdom,thus introducing a.long-a.a.ted oxida.ive pa.hwa. to NO production in pla.ts.T

关键词： a.monium oxida.ion a.xin nitric oxide oxime peroxida.e root phenotype

Fulmina.t Hepa.itis a.socia.ed with Chronic Consumption of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-Metha.pheta.ine;Ca.e Report

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Open Journa. of Ga.troenterology 2024年第5期14卷 161-166页

作者： Ulises Solis gomez Gusta.o a.olfo Hernández Va.dez Jua. a.tonio Contrera. Esca.illa.Iva. a.eja.dro Medina.Jimenez Jorge Mora.es Roja. Jocelyn Na.a.y Quintero Melendez Ma.co a.tonio González Villa. Depa.tment of Interna. Medicine ISSSTE APP General Hospital of Tepic Tepic Nayarit Mexico

The a.pheta.ine deriva.ive 3,4-methylenedioxymetha.pheta.ine (MDMa., a.so ca.led ecsta.y, is a.neurotoxin widely consumed a.ong young people tha. ha. increa.ed in recent yea.s beca.se it is a.recrea.iona. drug, of which immedia.e effects a.e known such a. a.grea.er sensa.ion of well-being, extroversion, increa.ed sensory perception. However, its long-term effects ha.e been described very little in the medica. litera.ure, including da.a.e to the hea.t, centra. nervous system, kidney, etc. One of its little-known effects is hepa.otoxicity, of which few ca.es a.e known a.socia.ed with fulmina.t hepa.itis, which is a.ra.idly deteriora.ing condition tha. is genera.ly a.socia.ed with a.syndrome of multiple orga. dysfunction a.d dea.h. Therefore, it is very importa.t to know this type of da.a.e in the short a.d long term. The following ca.e is of a.39-yea.-old ma. who ca.e to our service due to ja.ndice syndrome a.d the only history of MDMa.consumption, who a. the da.s went by met the criteria.for fulmina.t liver fa.lure, with da.a.e to multiple orga.s (orga. dysfunction syndrome).

关键词： Fulmina.t Hepa.itis a.ute Liver Fa.lure Metha.pheta.ine Severe a.ute Liver Fa.lure in a.User of Drugs of a.use Hepa.ology

The effect of rippling on the mecha.ica. properties of gra.hene

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Na.o Ma.eria.s Science 2022年第1期4卷 18-26页

作者： Guillermo Lopez-Polin Cristina.gomez-Na.a.ro Julio gomez-Herrero Instituto de Ciencia.de Ma.eria.es de Ma.rid CSICMadrid E 28049Spain Depa.ta.ento de Física.de La.Ma.eria.Condensa.a Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridE-28049Spain IFIMa. Condensed Ma.ter Physics Center(IFIMa.).Universida. a.tónoma.de Ma.rid MadridE-28049Spain

Gra.hene is the stiffest ma.eria. known so fa. but, due to its one-a.om thickness, it is a.so very ***, free-sta.ding gra.hene exhibit ripples tha. ha. ma.or effects on its ela.tic properties. Here we will summa.ize three experiments where the influence of rippling is essentia. to a.dress the results. Firstly, we observed tha. a.omic va.a.cies lessen the nega.ive therma. expa.sion coefficient(TEC) of free-sta.ding *** a.so observed a. increa.e of the Young's modulus with globa. a.plied stra.n a.d with the introduction of sma.l density defects tha. we a.tributed to the decrea.e of rippling. Here, we will focus on a.surprising fea.ure observed in the da.a. the experiments consistently indica.e tha. only the rippling with wa.elengths between 5 a.d 10 nm influences the mecha.ics of gra.hene. The rippling responsible of the nega.ive TEC a.d a.oma.ous ela.ticity is thought to be dyna.ic, i.e. flexura. phonons. However, flexura. phonons with these wa.elengths should ha.e minor effects on the mecha.ics of gra.hene, therefore other mecha.isms must be considered to a.dress our observa.ions. We propose sta.ic ripples a. one of the key elements to correctly understa.d the thermomecha.ics of gra.hene a.d suggest tha. rippling a.ises na.ura.ly due to a.competition of symmetry brea.ing a.d a.ha.monic fluctua.ions.

关键词： Gra.hene Mecha.ica. properties a.omic force microscopy Defects Ripples Stma.n

One step synthesis of high efficiency nickel/mesoporous TiO_2 hybrid ca.a.yst for hydrogen evolution rea.tion

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Journa. of Energy Chemistry 2019年第2期28卷 79-87页

作者： Esteba. a.Fra.ceschini Melisa.J.gomez Ga.riela.I.La.coni INFIQC-CONICET Dto.de Fisicoquímica – Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCiudad Universitaria Depa.ta.ento de Física.de la.Ma.eria.Condensa.a Centro Atómico ConstituyentesComisión Nacional de Energía Atómica

Nickel-Ti O_2 hybrid ca.a.ysts a.e synthesized by electrodeposition a.d their ca.a.ytic a.tivity with respect to the hydrogen evolution rea.tion is *** types of tita.ium oxide pa.ticles,which a.e commercia. pa.ticles of dense Ti O_2 a.d mesoporous TiO_2 pa.ticles synthesized by a. a.rosol method,a.e incorpora.ed into the ma.rix of the nickel *** nickel ca.a.ysts conta.ning Ti O_2 pa.ticles presented higher ca.a.ytic a.tivity tha. the conventiona. nickel Wa.ts *** TiO_2-modified nickel ca.a.yst showed the highest ca.a.ytic a.tivity towa.ds HER in a.ka.ine *** a.dition,this type of nickel ca.a.yst increa.es its ca.a.ytic a.tivity a.ter a.eing trea.ment,which is a. indica.ion of a. increa.e in the electro-a.tive a.ea.of the electrode.

关键词： Co-deposition Impeda.ce spectroscopy Tita.ium oxide a.eing process Ra.a. spectroscopy