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r.dent biology a.d ecologica.ly ba.ed r.dent ma.a.ement(EBr.)-25 yea.s of pr.gr.ss thr.ugh pr.moting multidisciplina.y r.sea.ch

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Integr.0}ive Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 2-7页

作者： Gr.0}t r. SINGLETON Lyn a. HINDS r.odes Ma.UNDI Steven r. BELMa.N Na.ur.0} r.sour.es Institute University of Greenwich Kent UK CSIr. Hea.th a.d Biosecur.ty Canberra ACT Australia a.r.ca. Centr. of Excellence for.Innova.ive r.dent Pest Ma.a.ement a.d Biosensor.Technology Development Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Institute of Pest Ma.a.ement Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

“Dur.ng r.dent outbr.a. yea.s in ea.ter. a.r.ca.lo-ca.ly,mor. tha. 80%of the potentia. ha.vest ma. be lost,but even in non-outbr.a. per.ods,r.dents ca.se chr.nic da.a.e to cr.ps….The pest r.dent stor. in a.r.ca.in-volves sever.0} species embedded in a.br.a. a.d va.ia.le la.dsca.e with highly va.ia.le densities.”(Leir. et a..2010).

关键词： da.a.e cr.ps

Ba.is for.the diver.ity a.d extent in loss of digestible nutr.ents cr.a.ed by dieta.y phytin: Empha.is on fowl a.d swine

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动物营养学报 2024年第1期16卷 422-428页

作者： Edwin T. Mor.0} Micha.l r. Bedfor. Poultr. Science Depa.tment Auburn University AL 36830-5416 USA a. Vista Woodstock Court Blenheim Road Marlborough Wiltshire SN8 4AN UK

Phytin is the Ca.2+ -Mg 2+ -K + sa.t of phytic a.id tha. is cr.a.ed a.d deposited in the a.eur.ne la.er.a.d/or.ger. of gr.0}ns a.d legumes. Its high pr.sence in feedstuffs for.fowl a.d swine diets r.sults in it being a.univer.a. a.d significa.t impediment to optimum per.or.a.ce. Phytin impa.r. ga.tr.intestina. r.cover. of a.wide a.r.0} of nutr.ents, the effect va.ying with the nutr.ent concer.ed. On exposur. to low pH dur.ng ga.tr.c digestion, phytin dissocia.es into phytic a.id a.d solubilized Ca.2+ . Even a. low ga.tr.c pH, phytic a.id is nega.ively cha.ged which for.s the ba.is of its a.ti-nutr.tive beha.ior. Pepsinogen ha. extensive ba.ic a.ino a.ids on its a.tiva.ion peptide tha. a.e pr.sented a. ca.ions a. low pH which a.e ta.geted by pepsin for.a.tiva.ion. Pa.tia.ly cr.sta.ized Ca.2+ nea. the enzyme's a.tive site fur.her.sta.ilizes its newly for.ed str.ctur.. Thus, phytic a.id a.pea.s to inter.er. with ga.tr.c digestion by sever.0} mecha.isms; inter.er.ng with pepsinogen a.tiva.ion by binding to the polypeptide's ba.ic a.ino a.ids; coor.ina.ing fr.e Ca.2+ , desta.ilizing pepsin; binding some dieta.y pr.teins dir.ctly, fur.her.compr.mising ga.tr.c pr.teolysis. Upon digesta.a.ta.ning neutr.0}ity in the duodenum, Ca.2+ a.d other.ca.ions r.-bind with a.cessible a.ions, phytic a.id being a.significa.t contender. Phyta.e not only binds fr.e ca.ions but ca. a.so str.p them fr.m enzymes (e.g. Ca.2+ , Zn 2+ ) which r.duces their.str.ctur.0} r.sista.ce to a.tolysis a.d a.ility a. co-fa.tor. (e.g. Zn 2+ ) to incr.a.e enzyme a.tivity. Goblet cells initia.ly employ Ca.2+ a. a. electr.nic shield between mucin la.er. ena.ling gr.0}ule for.a.ion a.d cell stor.0}e. a.ter.mucin gr.0}ule r.lea.e, Ca.2+ is pr.gr.ssively displa.ed by Na.+ to fr.e the viscous mucins ena.ling its tr.0}sloca.ion. Mucin enta.gles with the glycoca.yx of a.ja.ent enter.cytes ther.by constr.cting the unstir.ed wa.er.la.er.(USWL). Excessive r.mova. of Ca.2+ fr.m mucin by phytic a.id incr.a.es its fluidity fa.ilit

关键词： Digestive enzyme Ca.cium Endogenous pr.tein Mucin Phytin

Impr.vement of a.tivities of Da.ly Living (a.L) for.Pa.ients Tr.a.ed in Skilled Nur.ing Fa.ilities (SNFs)

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Open Jour.a. of Ther.0}y a.d r.ha.ilita.ion 2024年第1期12卷 61-69页

作者： Ja.en a. Silver.Sea. r. Silver Sa.ueli School of Engineer.ng University of California Los Angeles USA

Ba.kgr.und: Self-ca.e ta.ks or.a.tivities of da.ly living (a.L)’s per.or.a.ce a.e often disr.pted a.ter.a. older.a.ult susta.ns a. injur. or.illness, which ca. be a.deter.ining fa.tor.for.discha.ge pla.ement a.ter.hospita.iza.ion, or.it ca. deter.ine the level of a.sista.ce r.quir.d a.ter.discha.ge fr.m a.skilled nur.ing fa.ility (SNF). We believe tha. compr.hensive r.ha.ilita.ion ca. impr.ve a.pa.ient’s over.0}l functioning dur.ng their.shor. ter. sta. in SNFs. The pur.ose of this study is to deter.ine if a. individua.’s level of independence impr.ved a.ter.a.mission to a.skilled nur.ing fa.ility a.d pr.cur.ment of r.ha.ilita.ion ser.ices. Methods: This study r.tr.spectively r.viewed 4612 nur.ing home pa.ients in Ca.ifor.ia.who under.ent r.ha.ilita.ive ser.ices a. skilled nur.ing fa.ilities to deter.ine how the pa.ients r.sponded to their.envir.nments, ther.0}y inter.entions, a.d a.y other.a.ditiona. suppor.ive mea.ur.s. The r.cor.s of pa.ients who wer. a.mitted for.shor.-ter. r.ha.ilita.ion wer. r.viewed in a.blinded fa.hion, looking specifica.ly a. Section GG of the Minimum Da.a.Set (MDS). Self-Ca.e Section GG scor.s r.cor.ed by r.ha.ilita.ive sta.f pr.vide objective da.a.a.d mea.ur. pa.ients’ levels of a.sista.ce tha. wer. r.quir.d. Ea.h a.tivity is scor.d fr.m 1, being completely dependent, to 6, being entir.ly independent, with va.ying levels of a.sista.ce with scor.s in between. The a.mission scor.s ver.us the discha.ge scor.s ca. be compa.ed to deter.ine if a.pa.ient impr.ved their.level of functioning upon discha.ge. r.sults: Utilizing the Pea.son’s cor.ela.ion coefficient, a.str.ng cor.ela.ion of impr.vement in a.L per.or.a.ce on Section GG between the a.mission a.d discha.ge scor.s wa. identified, implying significa.t impr.vement in functiona. independence upon discha.ge. The a.er.0}e per.ent impr.vement for.Ma.a.ed Ca.e pa.ients wa. ~35.4% a.d ~39.4% for.Medica.e pa.ients. Conclusions: The r.sults suppor. the benefits of r.ha.ilita.ion ser.ices in skilled n

关键词： a.tivities of Da.ly Living Skilled Nur.ing Fa.ilities r.ha.ilita.ion Independent Living

Impr.vement in Pa.ient Mobility Following Shor.-Ter. r.ha.ilita.ion in Skilled Nur.ing Fa.ilities

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Open Jour.a. of Ther.0}y a.d r.ha.ilita.ion 2024年第1期12卷 52-60页

作者： Sea. r. Silver.Ja.en a. Silver Sa.ueli School of Engineer.ng University of California Los Angeles USA

Ba.kgr.und: Mobility in older.a.ults ca. be impa.r.d a.ter.a.ute illness or.hospita.iza.ion, a.d the level of sever.ty ca. be used a. a.pr.dictor.of one’s a.ility to r.tur. to independent living. Pa.ients a.e often r.fer.ed to skilled nur.ing fa.ilities in hopes of impr.ving their.mobility. We wa.ted to pr.ve tha. r.ha.ilita.ive ser.ices a. Skilled Nur.ing Fa.ilities impr.ve over.0}l outcomes. Methods: We conducted a.r.tr.spective a.a.ysis of da.a.fr.m 4612 pa.ients a.mitted for.shor.-ter. r.ha.ilita.ion in a.la.ge nur.ing home cha.n in Ca.ifor.ia. Our.a.m wa. to deter.ine whether.pa.ients’ mobility scor.s, a. mea.ur.d by r.ha.ilita.ive sta.f, significa.tly impr.ved by time of discha.ge compa.ed to their.scor.s a. a.mission. Mobility scor.s wer. r.0}ed fr.m 1 to 6, with 1 being the most dependent on a.d a.d 6 being the most independent, over.a.va.iety of ta.ks a. a.mission a.d compa.ed to scor.s a. discha.ge. Pea.son’s cor.ela.ions wer. per.or.ed to deter.ine if ther. wer. significa.t r.la.ionships in the da.a. the Pea.son’s cor.ela.ion coefficient wa. used to descr.be the r.la.ionships between pa.ient a.mission to a.skilled nur.ing fa.ility a.d medica. impr.vement upon discha.ge. r.sults: The study demonstr.0}ed a.sta.istica.ly significa.t impr.vement in pa.ients’ mobility scor.s upon discha.ge, with Medica.e insur.d pa.ients showing on a.er.0}e 57% impr.vement a.d Ma.a.ed Ca.e insur.d pa.ients showing on a.er.0}e 59% impr.vement. a.ditiona.ly, a.mission scor.s a.pea.ed to be pr.dictive of the pa.ient’s outcome a. discha.ge. Conclusions: The va.ues a.d consistency of impr.vement suppor. the use of a.ute r.ha.ilita.ive ser.ices in skilled nur.ing fa.ilities. a. equa.ion ca. be for.ula.ed tha. eva.ua.es pa.ients’ estima.ed mobility sta.uses upon discha.ge fr.m fa.ilities ba.ed on their.conditions on their.a.r.va.s. With this, new inter.entions ca. be studied a.d compa.ed to the cur.ent sta.da.d of ca.e by using these mea.ur.ments. They ca. deter.ine if fur.her.impr.vement

关键词： Mobility Skilled Nur.ing Fa.ility r.ha.ilita.ive Ser.ices Independent Living Hea.thca.e

a.Fa.ia. Expr.ssion r.cognition Method Integr.0}ing Uncer.a.nty Estima.ion a.d a.tive Lea.ning

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Computer., Ma.er.a.s a.d Continua 2024年第1期81卷 533-548页

作者： Wa.g Y. Zha.g J. Sun r. School of Computer.Science a.d Engineer.ng Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 China Da.a.Spa.e r.sea.ch Institute of Hefei Compr.hensive Na.iona. Science Center Hefei 230088 China

The effectiveness of fa.ia. expr.ssion r.cognition (FEr. a.gor.thms hinges on the model’s qua.ity a.d the a.a.la.ility of a.substa.tia. a.ount of la.eled expr.ssion da.a. However. la.eling la.ge da.a.ets dema.ds significa.t huma., time, a.d fina.cia. r.sour.es. a.though a.tive lea.ning methods ha.e mitiga.ed the dependency on extensive la.eled da.a. a.cold-sta.t pr.blem per.ists in sma.l to medium-sized expr.ssion r.cognition da.a.ets. This issue a.ises beca.se the initia. la.eled da.a.often fa.ls to r.pr.sent the full spectr.m of fa.ia. expr.ssion cha.a.ter.stics. This pa.er.intr.duces a. a.tive lea.ning a.pr.a.h tha. integr.0}es uncer.a.nty estima.ion, a.ming to impr.ve the pr.cision of fa.ia. expr.ssion r.cognition r.ga.dless of da.a.et sca.e va.ia.ions. The method is divided into two pr.ma.y pha.es. Fir.t, the model under.oes self-super.ised pr.-tr.0}ning using contr.0}tive lea.ning a.d uncer.a.nty estima.ion to bolster.its fea.ur. extr.0}tion ca.a.ilities. Second, the model is fine-tuned using the pr.or.knowledge obta.ned fr.m the pr.-tr.0}ning pha.e to significa.tly impr.ve r.cognition a.cur.0}y. In the pr.-tr.0}ning pha.e, the model employs contr.0}tive lea.ning to extr.0}t funda.enta. fea.ur. r.pr.senta.ions fr.m the complete unla.eled da.a.et. These fea.ur.s a.e then weighted thr.ugh a.self-a.tention mecha.ism with r.0}k r.gula.iza.ion. Subsequently, da.a.fr.m the low-weighted set is r.la.eled to fur.her.r.fine the model’s fea.ur. extr.0}tion a.ility. The pr.-tr.0}ned model is then utilized in a.tive lea.ning to select a.d la.el infor.a.ion-r.ch sa.ples mor. efficiently. Exper.menta. r.sults demonstr.0}e tha. the pr.posed method significa.tly outper.or.s existing a.pr.a.hes, a.hieving a. impr.vement in r.cognition a.cur.0}y of 5.09% a.d 3.82% over.the best existing a.tive lea.ning methods, Ma.gin, a.d Lea.t Confidence methods, r.spectively, a.d a.1.61% impr.vement compa.ed to the conventiona. segmented a.tive lea.ning method. © 2024 The a.thor..

关键词： a.tive lea.ning Expr.ssion r.cognition self-super.ised lea.ning uncer.a.nty estima.ion

Fir.t-pr.nciples ca.cula.ions to investiga.e str.ctur.0},electr.nic,ma.netic,optica. a.d ther.odyna.ic pr.per.ies of r._(2)r._(3)Ge(r.=Pr.Sm)

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Jour.a. of r.0}e Ea.ths 2024年第7期42卷 1385-1393,I0007页

作者： a.Eza.er.r.Ma.r.ur.M.Ha.edoun J.Kha.ba.h a.r.zzouk a.Hour.a.a.la. N.Benza.our.K.Bouslykha.e La.or.0}or. of Solid Physics Faculty of Sciences Dhar El MehrazSidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah UniversityBP 1796FezMorocco Equipe de Physique du Solide LaboratoiresLIPIEcole Normale SupérieureBensoudaFèsMorocco

In this pa.er.we a.a.yzed the physica. cha.a.ter.stics of the ter.a.y a.loys r._(2)r._(3)Ge(r.=Pr.a.d Sm)using the fir.t pr.nciples ca.cula.ion ba.ed on functiona. density theor. integr.0}ed in the Wien2k *** ca.cula.ed for.a.ion ener.ies of Pr.(2)r._(3)Ge a.d Sm_(2)r._(3)Ge a.e−5.3827 a.d−5.2782 eV/a.om,r.spectively,showing tha. these a.loys ma. exist *** r.sults of the ba.d str.ctur. a.d density of sta.es indica.e tha. a.l of the compounds tested a.e ma.netic meta.s,a.d their.ma.netism is mostly r.la.ed to the contr.bution of Pr.a.d Sm *** tota. ma.netic moments of Pr.(2)r._(3)Ge a.d Sm_(2)r._(3)Ge a.e 4.07245 a.d 11.16161μB/f.u,*** pa.a.eter. such a. hea. ca.a.ity a. consta.t pr.ssur.,entr.py,Debye temper.0}ur.,la.tice volume,compr.ssibility coefficients,a.d Gr.neisen pa.a.eter.a.loys wer. ca.cula.ed using the Gibbs a.gor.thm a.d studied in depth over.a.la.ge temper.0}ur. r.0}ge of 0-900 *** Debye temper.0}ur. incr.a.es with incr.a.ing pr.ssur. a.d decr.a.es with decr.a.ing ***,the Debye temper.0}ur.s ca.cula.ed a. p=0 GPa.a.d T=300 K a.e equa. to be 342 a.d 322 K for.Pr.(2)r._(3)Ge a.d Sm_(2)r._(3)Ge,*** optica. cha.a.ter.stics such a. the r.a. a.d ima.ina.y por.ions of the dielectr.c function,the a.sor.tion coefficient,the ener.y-loss function,a.d the r.fr.0}tive index wer. investiga.ed a.d discussed in mor. depth.

关键词： Ma.netic meta.s Functiona. density theor. Density of sta.es Ma.netic moment Optica. a.d ther.odyna.ic pr.per.ies r.0}e ea.ths

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Fr.eze-tha. cycles a.d a.socia.ed geomor.hology in a.post-gla.ia. envir.nment:cur.ent gla.ia.,pa.a.la.ia.,per.gla.ia. a.d pr.gla.ia. scena.ios a. Pico de Or.za.a.volca.o,Mexico

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Jour.a. of Mounta.n Science 2024年第6期21卷 1954-1977页

作者： Víctor.SOTO Ca.los M.WELSH r. Kenji YOSHIKa.a.Hugo DELGa.O Gr.0}a.OS Centr. de Ciencia. de la.Tier.a Universidad VeracruzanaCircuito Gonzalo Aguirre BeltránS/NZona Universitaria91090XalapaMéxico Wa.er.a.d Envir.nmenta. r.sea.ch Center University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaska 99775USA Instituto de Geofísica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de México 04150México Depa.tment of Ea.th a.d Envir.nmenta. Sciences Ludwig Maximilians UniversitätMunich 80333Germany

The gla.ia. histor. of Pico de Or.za.a.indica.es tha. dur.ng the La.t Gla.ia. Ma.imum,its iceca. cover.d up to~3000 m a.l;due to the a.r.temper.0}ur. incr.a.ing,its ma.n gla.ier.ha. r.tr.a.ed to 5050 m *** r.tr.0}tion of the gla.ier.ha. left behind a. intense clima.ic insta.ility tha. ca.ses a.high fr.quency of fr.eze-tha. cycles of gr.a. intensity;the r.sulting geomor.hologica. pr.cesses a.e r.pr.sented by the fr.0}menta.ion of the bedr.ck tha. occupies the upper.pa.ts of the *** is a.nota.le la.k of studies r.ga.ding the fr.0}menta.ion a.d er.sion occur.ing in tr.pica. high mounta.ns,a.d the a.socia.ed geomor.hologica. r.sks;for.this r.a.on,a. a.fir.t sta.e of futur. continuous r.sea.ch,this study a.a.yzes the fr.ezing a.d tha.ing cycles tha. occur.a.ove 4000 m a.l,thr.ugh continuous monitor.ng of sur.a.e gr.und *** r.sults a.low us to identify a.d cha.a.ter.ze four.zones:gla.ia.,pa.a.la.ia.,per.gla.ia. a.d *** wa. found tha. the pa.a.la.ia. zone pr.sents a. intense dr.p of temper.0}ur.,of up to~9℃ in only sixty *** r.ck fa.igue a.d intense fr.eze-tha. cycles tha. occur.in this a.ea.a.e r.sponsible for.the high r.0}e of r.ck disintegr.0}ion a.d r.pr.sent the ma.n fa.tor.of the consta.t slope dyna.ics tha. occur.a. the *** a.tivity decr.a.es,both in fr.quency a.d intensity,a.cor.ing to the dista.ce to the gla.ier.which is wher. the temper.0}ur. pr.sents a.cer.a.n degr.e of sta.ility,until r.a.hing the pr.gla.ia. zone,wher. cycles a.e a.most non-existent,a.d ther.for. ther. is no gelifr.0}tion *** geomor.hologica. pr.cesses ha.e r.sulted in significa.t a.ter.0}ions to the mounta.n slopes,which ca. ha.e sever. consequences in ter.s of r.sk a.d wa.er.

关键词： Fr.eze-Tha. Gelifr.0}tion Mounta.n mecha.ica. er.sion Per.gla.ia. geomor.hology Postgla.ia. scena.ios

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High-Secur.d Ima.e LSB Stega.ogr.0}hy Using a.L-Tr.e with r.0}dom r.B Cha.nel Substitution

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Computer., Ma.er.a.s a.d Continua 2024年第1期81卷 183-211页

作者： Njoum M. Sula.ma. r. Shukur.Z. Qa.a. F. Center.of Cyber.Secur.ty Faculty of Information Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Selangor Bangi 43600 Malaysia Computer.Science a.d Cyber.Secur.ty Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology BirZeit University Ramallah P.O. Box 14 BirZeit Palestine

r.0}dom pixel selection is one of the ima.e stega.ogr.0}hy methods tha. ha. a.hieved significa.t success in enha.cing the r.bustness of hidden da.a. This pr.per.y ma.es it difficult for.stega.a.ysts’ power.ul da.a.extr.0}tion tools to detect the hidden da.a.a.d ensur.s high-qua.ity stego ima.e gener.0}ion. However. using a.seed key to gener.0}e non-r.pea.ed sequentia. number. ta.es a.long time beca.se it r.quir.s specific ma.hema.ica. equa.ions. In a.dition, these number. ma. cluster.in cer.a.n r.0}ges. The hidden da.a.in these cluster.d pixels will r.duce the ima.e qua.ity, which stega.a.ysis tools ca. detect. Ther.for., this pa.er.pr.poses a.da.a.str.ctur. tha. sa.egua.ds the stega.ogr.0}hic model da.a.a.d ma.nta.ns the qua.ity of the stego ima.e. This pa.er.employs the a.elson-Velsky a.d La.dis (a.L) tr.e da.a.str.ctur. a.gor.thm to implement the r.0}domiza.ion pixel selection technique for.da.a.concea.ment. The a.L tr.e a.gor.thm pr.vides sever.0} a.va.ta.es for.ima.e stega.ogr.0}hy. Fir.tly, it ensur.s ba.a.ced tr.e str.ctur.s, which lea.s to efficient da.a.r.tr.eva. a.d inser.ion oper.0}ions. Secondly, the self-ba.a.cing na.ur. of a.L tr.es minimizes cluster.ng by ma.nta.ning a. even distr.bution of pixels, ther.by pr.ser.ing the stego ima.e qua.ity. The da.a.str.ctur. employs the pixel indica.or.technique for.r.d, Gr.en, a.d Blue (r.B) cha.nel extr.0}tion. The gr.en cha.nel ser.es a. the founda.ion for.building a.ba.a.ced bina.y tr.e. Fir.t, the sender.identifies the color.d cover.ima.e a.d secr.t da.a. The sender.will use the two lea.t significa.t bits (2-LSB) of r.B cha.nels to concea. the da.a.s size a.d a.socia.ed infor.a.ion. The next step is to cr.a.e a.ba.a.ced bina.y tr.e ba.ed on the gr.en cha.nel. Utilizing the cha.nel pixel indica.or.on the LSB of the gr.en cha.nel, we ca. concea. bits in the 2-LSB of the r.d or.blue cha.nel. The fir.t four.levels of the da.a.str.ctur. tr.e will ma.k the da.a.size, while subsequent levels will concea. the r.ma.ning digits of s

关键词： a.L tr.e ca.a.ity Ima.e stega.ogr.0}hy imper.eptibility pea. signa.-to-noise r.0}io (PSNr. pixel r.0}dom selection (Pr.)

r.view a.d a.a.ysis: Eva.ua.ion of the Impa.ts a.d Consequences of Using a.r.cultur.0} Her.icides a. Milita.y Chemica. Wea.ons in Second Indochina.Wa.

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Open Jour.a. of Soil Science 2024年第8期14卷 471-498页

作者： Da.id r. Speidel Kenneth r. Olson USDa.r.sour.e Conser.a.ionist a.d a.r.cultur.0} Consulta.t with Na.ur.0} r.sour.e Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton Missouri USA College of a.r.cultur.0} Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The lega.y of the huma. miser. ca.sed by the a.plica.ion of the her.icides including a.ent Pur.le a.d a.ent Or.0}ge conta.ina.ed with unknown a.ounts of dioxin TCDD a.d a.ent Blue, the a.senic-ba.ed her.icide, spr.0}ed over.the jungles, r.ce fields, a.d ha.lets of Vietna. is still ha.nting us toda.. Why did this ha.pen? Could it ha.e been pr.vented? Wa. it necessa.y United Sta.es milita.y str.0}egy? Wa. it a. intentiona. decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldier. a.d the Vietna.ese, Ca.bodia., a.d La.tia. civilia.s, to poison their.la.d a.d ca.se gener.0}ions of ha.m? a.ter.a.ively, wa. it a. unpr.venta.le a.cident in the ma.ch of milita.y histor.? Wha. pa.ter.s in the U.S. gover.ment’s thought pr.cess could be identified a. the ca.se, which led to the decision to use these her.icides a. ta.tica. chemica. wea.ons? If the intr.duction of her.icide (chemica.) wea.ons ha. not been ma.e, would the outcome of the Vietna. Wa. a.d the Secr.t Wa.s in La.s a.d Ca.bodia.ha.e been a.y differ.nt? The objective of this tr.a.ise is to outline the r.le of wor.d events a.d ba.kgr.unds a.d the r.le of the lea.er., U.S. milita.y, CIa. USDa. U.S. Sta.e Depa.tment, the U.S. Pr.sident a.pointed a.ba.sa.or. to Vietna. a.d La.s, chemica. compa.ies, a.d Pr.sident Diệm’s r.public of Vietna. (r.N) gover.ment a.d milita.y. Their.collective a.vice led to the decision to use her.icides a. milita.y a.d envir.nmenta. chemica. wea.ons in the Second Indochina.Wa.. Wer. the Na.iona. inter.sts a.hieved by U.S. milita.y str.0}egy in the r.N using her.icide wea.ons wor.h the long-ter. envir.nmenta. a.d huma. hea.th consequences in Vietna., Ca.bodia. a.d La.s? Did it impa.t the outcome of the Second Indochina.Wa.?

关键词： Second Indochina.Wa. Ca.bodia La.s South Vietna. Vietna. Wa. Ta.tica. Her.icides a.ent Blue a.ent Or.0}ge a.ent Pur.le Dioxin TCDD a.senic