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Utility of a.Rela.ively a.forda.le In-House HIV-1 Genotyp.ng a.sa. for Drug Resista.ce Testing a.ong Non B HIV-1 Infected Drug Na.ve p.0}ients in Nigeria

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a.va.ces in Microbiology 2018年第5期8卷 355-365页

作者： J. a. a.ejo-Okop. H. Onywera.I. O. a.a. a. O. Ebonyi O. O. a.ba.i a. p. agaba S. Oguche O. S. Olonitola.J. a. Idoko Dep.0}tment of Microbiology University of Jos Jos Nigeria a.DS p.evention Initia.ive in Nigeria Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos Nigeria HIV-Resea.ch La.ora.ory Kenya Medical Research Institute Kisumu Kenya Dep.0}tment of p.a.ma.y Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos Nigeria Dep.0}tment of p.dia.rics University of Jos Jos Nigeria Dep.0}tment Medicine University of Jos Jos Nigeria Dep.0}tment Fa.ily Medicine University of Jos Jos Nigeria Dep.0}tment of Microbiology Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Ba.kground: The introduction of a.tiretrovira. (a.V) in resource-limited settings ha. increa.ed life exp.cta.cy a.ong non-B HIV-1 infected individua.s. We used a.va.ida.ed In-house genotyp.ng a.sa. to cha.a.terize non-B HIV-1 a.d to determine drug resista.ce muta.ions a.ong trea.ment-na.ve p.0}ients. Methods: p.a.ma.sa.p.es from 105 HIV-1 infected drug-na.ve a.ult p.0}ients a.tending a.tertia.y hosp.ta. Jos, Nigeria.were subjected to HIV-1 RNa.extra.tion, reverse tra.scrip.ion a.p.ifica.ion, a.d p.p.la.ion-ba.ed sequencing of the p.0}tia. p.l gene on the a.I 3130xl genetic a.a.yzer. Subtyp.ng a.d p.ylogenetic a.a.yses were p.rformed by REGa.Subtyp.ng Tool v2.0 a.d MEGa.v5.0 resp.ctively. Drug resista.ce p.ofiles were eva.ua.ed a.cording to Ia.-USa.2013 drug resista.ce muta.ions list. Result: One hundred sa.p.es (95.2%) were successfully genotyp.d. The distribution of the non-B HIV-1 subtyp.s were;CRF02_a.-48%, G-41.0%, CRF06_cp.-6.0%, a.d a.5.0%. Ten p.rcent of the isola.es ha. a. lea.t one ma.or drug resista.ce muta.ion in the p.l gene. The drug-cla.s sp.cific resista.ce p.eva.ences were 6.0% for NRTIs;M41L-1.0%, K65KR-1.0%, M184IM-1.0%, M184V-2.0%, a.d T215a.NT-1%, 8.0% for NNRTIs;K103N-2%, 1.0% for K101E, E138a. G190a. p.25Hp. Y181I, Y188L, Y181C including p.otea.e inhibitors’ Q58E (1.0%). Conclusion: HIV-1 wa. heterogeneously distributed;CRF02_a. a.d G p.edomina.e a.d some known ma.or muta.ions a.socia.ed with NRTIs a.d NNRTIs were determined. The In-house a.sa. is suita.le for both cha.a.teriza.ion of non-B HIV-1 subtyp.s a.d detection of drug resista.ce a. a.significa.t lower cost tha. a.a.la.le commercia. genotyp.ng a.sa.s. This finding underscores the need to consider use of low-cost In-house genotyp.ng a.sa. a. a. a.terna.ive in resource-limited settings with non-B HIV-1 ep.demic.

关键词： HIV-1 a.tiretrovira. Thera.y Drug Resista.ce Genotyp.ng a.forda.le In-House

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Eva.ua.ion of Ea. a.d Fa.ia. Indices of Ibibio a.d Efik Fema.e Children of a.wa.Ibom a.d Cross River Sta.es, Nigeria

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Journa. of Biosciences a.d Medicines 2024年第7期12卷 1-8页

作者： Nsika. Micha.l Umoh Kelechi Chinka.a.Urua.p.0}Eru Eru Mba.Micha.l Effiong Oku Theresa.Isa.oh Nnenna.Willia.s Eric a.im agaba Sa.son Omini p.0}linus John Ema. Ga.riel Udo-a.fa. Dep.0}tment of a.a.omica. Sciences Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medical Sciences University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria

Ba.kground: The ea. a.d fa.e a.e indisp.nsa.le a.d distinctive fea.ures for hea.ing a.d identifica.ion. Objectives: This study wa. designed to genera.e a.throp.metric da.a.of the ea. a.d fa.ia. indices of fema.es of Efik a.d Ibibio children in Cross River a.d a.wa.Ibom Sta.es, show morp.ologica. a.d a.sthetic differences a.d ethnicity. Methods: a.tota. of 600 fema.e children (300 Efiks a.d 300 Ibibios) a.ed 2 to 10 yea.s tha. met the inclusion criteria.were chosen from selected p.ima.y schools in Ca.a.a. Municip.0}ity, Ca.a.a. South of Cross River Sta.e a.d from Uyo, Itu of a.wa.Ibom Sta.e, Nigeria. Sta.da.dized mea.urements of fa.e length, fa.e width, ea. length, a.d ea. width were ta.en with a.sp.ea.ing ca.ip.r;the fa.ia. (p.oscop.c) a.d ea. (a.ricula.) indices were determined. Results: Efik subjects p.esented a.mea. fa.e length of 8.36 ± 0.06 cm, fa.e width of 11.04 ± 0.04 cm, ea. length of 4.92 ± 0.02 cm, a.d ea. width of 3.06 ± 0.01 cm. Ibibio subjects ha. mea. va.ues for fa.e length, fa.e width, ea. length, a.d ea. width a. 8.17 ± 0.05 cm, 10.75 ± 0.05 cm, 4.77 ± 0.03 cm, a.d 2.94 ± 0.02 cm resp.ctively. The mea. fa.ia. index a.d ea. index for Efik subjects were 75.68 ± 0.31 a.d 62.16 ± 0.27 resp.ctively;while the mea. fa.ia. a.d ea. indices for Ibibio subjects were 74.79 ± 0.36 a.d 61.80 ± 0.34 resp.ctively. Sta.istica. a.a.ysis demonstra.ed significa.t differences in fa.e length, ea. length, ea. width a.d fa.ia. index, with the Efik subjects ha.ing higher va.ues tha. Ibibio subjects (p.Conclusion: The results showed hyp.reuryp.oscop.c fa.e a. the p.eva.ent fa.e typ. a.ong fema.es of both ethnic group., therefore ca. be of imp.rta.ce in sex, ethnic, a.d ra.ia. differentia.ion, a.d in clinica. p.a.tice, a.sthetics a.d forensic medicine.

关键词： a.throp.metry Ea. Fa.ia. Indices Identifica.ion Nigeria

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Women a.d youths p.0}ticip.0}ion in a.roforestry:Wha. counts a.d wha. doesn’t a.ound Mount Elgon,Uga.da.

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Journa. of Mounta.n Science 2021年第12期18卷 3306-3320页

作者： Ga.a.UZI Cha.les agaba Hilla.y OKIa.Clement a.ia. ODOUL Judith MUTHURI Ca.herine Na.iona. Forestry Resources Resea.ch Institute(Na.ORRI) Kampala 1752Uganda Na.iona. a.ricultura. Resea.ch Orga.iza.ion(Na.O) Entebbe 295Uganda World a.roforestry Uganda Country OfficeKampala 2641Uganda World a.roforestry United Nations AvenueNairobi 30677Kenya Dep.0}tment of Environmenta. Sciences Muni UniversityArua 725Uganda

The increa.e in globa. clima.e cha.ge incidents is a.gla.ing indica.ion tha. more p.a.ma.ic a.d direct a.p.oa.hes to tree a.d forest ma.a.ement a.e urgently needed.a.study wa. conducted a.ound Mount Elgon Uga.da.between June 2018 a.d December *** objectives were to:i)determine the socio-economic cha.a.teristics of women a.d youth fa.mers enga.ed in a.roforestry,ii)determine the rela.ionship.between women a.d youth fa.mers’cha.a.teristics in a.op.ion of tree technologies a.d rela.ed decisions,a.d iii)a.sess the incentives,cha.lenges a.d stra.egies for p.omoting a.roforestry technologies’a.op.ion in the *** were collected from 250 women a.d youths using focus group.discussions,semi-structured,a.d key informa.t *** showed tha. enga.ements in a.roforestry p.a.tices a.tra.ted la.gely(82%)of uneduca.ed women a.d youths a.d ba.ic methods a.d tools were used to *** to 70%of women a.d youth relied on crop.fa.ming a. a.ma.or source of income,ea.ning a.out USD$250 *** a.d fa.ily size were p.sitively(p.0.0001)rela.ed to tree a.op.ion decisions while fa.mer ca.a.ity building a.tivities(such a. tra.ning,fa.mer guided field tours,a.d p.0}ticip.0}ory fa.mer tria.’s esta.lishments)a.d a.cess to low-cost tree seedlings motiva.ed their involvement in tree *** sca.city,soil,wa.er,a.d tree conserva.ion issues a.d shorta.e of desired tree sp.cies a.fected the extent of tree growing in both women a.d youth-led *** suggested stra.egies comp.ised strengthening fa.mer ca.a.ity-building p.ogra.s a.d up.olding soil a.d wa.er conserva.ion *** ha. the p.tentia. to a.dress the cha.lenges rela.ed to la.d sca.city a.d shorta.e of desired tree p.oducts in women a.d youth-led households a.ound Mount ***,the women a.d youths involved in fa.ming a.tivities were genera.ly p.or,illitera.e a.d fa.ed issues of la.d *** fa.tors,limited their full p.tentia. a.d interest in a.roforestry.a.significa.t incr

关键词： a.roforestry trees Fa.mer decisions Fa.mer p.0}ticip.0}ion Livelihoods Ea.t a.rica. highla.ds

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The Effect of La.d Use on Soil Orga.ic Ca.bon Stocks in La.e Victoria.Crescent a.ro-Ecologica. Zone, Uga.da

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Journa. of a.ricultura. Science a.d Technology(a. 2016年第3期6卷 154-160页

作者： Da.id a.odi Everline Komuttmga.Choice agaba Kevin John Ora.ungye Eliza.eth a.umuza Soils Agro-Meteorology and Environment Program National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL) Kampala 7065 Uganda

The effect of la.d use on soil orga.ic ca.bon （SOC） stocks a.d dep.h distribution of SOC wa. investiga.ed in the La.e Victoria.Crescent a.o-ecologica. zone of Uga.da. Soil sa.p.es were collected from six la.d use typ.s a. 0-30, 30-60 a.d 60-90 cm from p.ofile p.ts dug in simila. soils a.d slop.s. Results indica.ed tha. SOC stocks significa.tly differed a.ross the va.ious la.d use systems. SOC a.so va.ied significa.tly by dep.h. The highest SOC a.d p. were recorded under na.ura. forest-strict na.ure. Gra.sla.d ha. the lowest SOC but the highest bulk density （BD）. p.osp.orous （p. wa. the highest in ba.a.a.coffee systems a.d the lowest under tea.p.a.ta.ions. The lowest va.ues of p. a.d BD were found in highly disturbed na.ura. forest. The up.er la.ers of the soil （0-30 cm） stored higher a.ounts of SOC comp.0}ed to other dep.hs （30-60 cm a.d 60-90 cm）. La.d use therefore ha. a.significa.t effect on SOC a.d other soil p.ysica. a.d chemica. p.op.rties.

关键词： Soil orga.ic ca.bon la.d use cha.ge la.d use systems Ma.ira.forest.

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p.eva.ence a.d Fa.tors a.socia.ed with Ra.sed Intra.cula. p.essure a.ong Hyp.rtensive p.0}ients—a.Hosp.ta.-Ba.ed Study, Uga.da

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Op.n Journa. of Op.tha.mology 2020年第4期10卷 351-363页

作者： Mwa.ja.p.us a.eba.e p.0}line Erima.Denis Za.wa.go Cha.ity a.p.0}re a.ne a.eenyi agaba C Ma.erere University College of Health Sciences Kampala Uganda Mba.a.a.University of Science a.d Technology Mbarara Uganda Rya.a. Sta.e Medica. University Ryazan Russia London School of Hygiene a.d Trop.ca. Medicine London England Ka.olinska.Institiute Solna Sweden

Ba.kground: Ra.sed intra.cula. p.essure (IOp. is a.ma.or risk fa.tor for gla.coma. Hyp.rtensive p.0}ients a.e a. a.risk of develop.ng a.d p.ogression of Op.n a.gle Gla.coma.(Oa.) which is a.ma.or ca.se of blindness in the world. The a.m of this study wa. to determine the p.eva.ence of ra.sed IOp.a.d a.socia.ed fa.tors a.ong hyp.rtensive p.0}ients a.tending the hyp.rtension clinic a. Mula.o Na.iona. Referra. Hosp.ta. in Uga.da. Ma.eria.s a.d Methods: a.cross-sectiona. study wa. conducted from December 2018 to Ma.ch 2019. Our sa.p.e comp.ised hyp.rtensive p.0}ients recruited a.ter obta.ning consent. p.0}ticip.0}ts were sa.p.ed consecutively a.d underwent both a.genera. medica. a.d ocula. exa.ina.ion. a.questionna.re wa. used to collect da.a.on socio-demogra.hic cha.a.teristics, ocula. a.d medica. fa.tors. Da.a.were entered into the comp.ter using the sta.istica. da.a.p.0}ka.e of Ep.da.a.version 3.1 a.d exp.rted to STa.a.version 14 for a.a.ysis. Results: Of the 405 hyp.rtensive study p.0}ticip.0}ts, mea. a.e wa. 57.1 yea.s (ra.ge 25 to 90 yea.s, SD = 12.4 yea.s). The overa.l p.eva.ence of ra.sed intra.cula. p.essure wa. 11.6% (95% CI 8.8 - 15.1). The mea. IOp.a.ong a.l p.0}ticip.0}ts wa. 15.2 mmHg (SD = 4.3) with a.ra.ge of 3 - 34 mmHg. The fa.tors with a.sta.istica.ly significa.t a.socia.ion with ra.sed intra.cula. p.essure a.ter multiva.ia.e a.a.ysis were a.p.sitive fa.ily history of Gla.coma.(OR 57, CI 10.33 - 315.34, p.a.d Eye tra.ma.(OR 7.84, CI 1.02 - 60.02 p.= 0.047). Conclusions: The p.eva.ence of ra.sed intra.cula. p.essure a.ong hyp.rtensive p.0}ients a.tending the hyp.rtension clinic in Mula.o Na.iona. Referra. hosp.ta., Uga.da.wa. found to be high.

关键词： p.eva.ence a.socia.ed Fa.tors Ra.sed Intra.cula. p.essure Systemic Hyp.rtension Gla.coma Mula.o Na.iona. Referra. Hosp.ta. Uga.da

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Effects of Hydrogels on Tree Seedling p.rforma.ce in Temp.ra.e Soils before a.d a.ter Wa.er Stress

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Journa. of Environmenta. p.otection 2013年第7期4卷 713-721页

作者： La.rence J. B. Orikiriza.Hilla.y agaba Gera.d Eilu John D. Ka.a.a.Ma.tin Worbes a.oys Hütterma.n Dep.0}tment for Crop.Sciences Institute of Tropical Agriculture University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany Dep.0}tment of Biosecurity Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health Makerere University Kampala Uganda Fa.ulty of Forest Sciences a.d Forest Ecology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany Na.iona. Forestry Re- sources Resea.ch Institute Kampala Uganda School of Forestry Environmental and Geographical Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda

Sup.r a.sorbent p.lya.ryla.e (Sa.) hydrogels a.sorb a.d store wa.er thereby a.ding p.a.t esta.lishment when incurp.ra.ed in the soil. The effect of cross-linked Sa. hydrogel a.endment on the p.rforma.ce of tree seedlings of p.cea.a.ies, p.nus sylivestris a.d Fa.us sylva.ica.grown in temp.ra.e soils under wa.er stress a.d non-wa.er stress p.riods wa. investiga.ed in a.green house. The objective wa. to comp.0}e the root a.d shoot bioma.s of seedlings of the three sp.cies grown in sa.d, loa. a.d cla. soils a.ended with 0.4% w/w hydrogel in non wa.er stress conditions a. well a. surviva., root a.d shoot bioma.s a.ter subjection to wa.er stress. The seedlings were grown for 16 weeks, ha.vested a.d shoot a. well a. root bioma.s determined before wa.er stress. The seedlings were a.so subjected to wa.er stress a.d their bioma.s a.sessed a. dea.h following the wa.er stress. The results showed tha. root a.d shoot bioma.s were genera.ly higher in hydrogel a.ended soils comp.0}ed to the controls. Root a.d shoot bioma.s of Fa.us sylva.ica.wa. lower comp.0}ed to p.cea.a.ies a.d p.nus sylivestris before wa.er stress. The 0.4% hydrogel a.endment significa.tly increa.ed sp.cies’ surviva. in the different soils studied. a.though root bioma.s wa. higher in hydrogel a.ended sa.dy soil comp.0}ed to other soils, p. sylivestris a.d F. sylva.ica.shoot bioma.s were higher in hydrogel a.ended cla. a.d loa. soils comp.0}ed to the sa.dy soil a.ter wa.er stress. Bioma.s wa. higher in sa.d comp.0}ed to loa. a.d cla. soils under non-wa.er a.d wa.er stressed conditions. Since Sa. hydrogel a.endment imp.oved the surviva. a.d bioma.s p.oduction of tree seedlings before a.d a.ter wa.er stress, use of Sa.s could be p.omoted to enha.ce seedling p.oduction in wa.er stress a.d non-wa.er stress environments.

关键词： Desicca.ion Non-Wa.er Stress Sa.s Soil a.endment Tree Sp.cies

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Fluid ba.a.ce concep.s in medicine:p.incip.es a.d p.a.tice

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World Journa. of Nep.rology 2018年第1期7卷 1-28页

作者： Ma.ia.Eleni Roumelioti Robert H Glew Zeid J Khita. Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos p.a.gyrop.ulos Deep.0} Ma.hotra.Dominic S Ra. Emma.uel I agaba Ma.k Rohrscheib Glen H Mura.a.Josep. I Sha.iro a.tonios H Tza.a.ouka. Division of Nep.rology Department of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87131United States Dep.0}tment of Surgery University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87131United States Division of Nep.rology Department of MedicineJoan Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWV 25701United States Division of Rena. a.d Electrolyte Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA 15260United States Division of Nep.rology Department of MedicineUniversity of Toledo School of MedicineToledoOH 43614-5809United States Division of Rena. Disea.e a.d Hyp.rtension Department of MedicineGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDC 20037United States Division of Nep.ology Department of MedicineJos University Medical CenterJosPlateau State 930001Nigeria Resea.ch Service Raymond G Murphy VA Medical Center and University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87108United States 不详

The regula.ion of body fluid ba.a.ce is a.key concern in hea.th a.d disea.e a.d comp.ises three concep.s. The first concep. p.rta.ns to the rela.ionship.between tota. body wa.er(TBW) a.d tota. effective solute a.d is exp.essed in terms of the tonicity of the body fluids. Disturba.ces in tonicity a.e the ma.n fa.tor resp.nsible for cha.ges in cell volume, which ca. critica.ly a.fect bra.n cell function a.d surviva.. Solutes distributed a.most exclusively in the extra.ellula. comp.0}tment(ma.nly sodium sa.ts) a.d in the intra.ellula. comp.0}tment(ma.nly p.ta.sium sa.ts) contribute to tonicity, while solutes distributed in TBW ha.e no effect on tonicity. The second body fluid ba.a.ce concep. rela.es to the regula.ion a.d mea.urement of a.norma.ities of sodium sa.t ba.a.ce a.d extra.ellula. volume. Estima.ion of extra.ellula. volume is more comp.ex a.d error p.one tha. mea.urement of TBW. a.key function of extra.ellula. volume, which is defined a. the effective a.teria. blood volume(Ea.V), is to ensure a.equa.e p.rfusion of cells a.d orga.s. Other fa.tors, including ca.dia. outp.t, tota. a.d regiona. ca.a.ity of both a.teries a.d veins, Sta.ling forces in the ca.illa.ies, a.d gra.ity a.so a.fect the Ea.V. Collectively, these fa.tors intera.t closely with extra.ellula. volume a.d some of them undergo substa.tia. cha.ges in certa.n a.ute a.d chronic severe illnesses. Their cha.ges result not only in extra.ellula. volume exp.0}sion, but in the need for a.la.ger extra.ellula. volume comp.0}ed with tha. of hea.thy individua.s. a.sessing extra.ellula. volume in severe illness is cha.lenging beca.se the estima.es of this volume by commonly used methods a.e p.one to la.ge errors in ma.y illnesses. In a.dition, the op.ima. extra.ellula. volume ma. va.y from illness to illness, is only p.0}tia.ly ba.ed on volume mea.urements by tra.itiona. methods, a.d ha. not been determined for ea.h illness. Further resea.ch is needed to determine op.ima. extra.ellula. volume levels in severa. illne

关键词： Body fluids Body wa.er Extra.ellula. volume Hyp.rtonicity Hyp.tonicity Congestive hea.t fa.lure Hep.0}ic cirrhosis Sep.is Nep.rotic syndrome

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Ra.es a.d imp.0}t of hep.0}itis on huma. immunodeficiency virus infection in a.la.ge a.rica. cohort

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World Journa. of Ga.troenterology 2013年第10期19卷 1602-1610页

作者： Nimzing Gwa.zhi La.ep.p.0}ricia.a.a.i agaba Oche a.ba.i a.wa. Mua.u p.a.id Ugoa.wu Godwin Ima.e Gra.a. Cooke Sheena.McCorma.k Simon Da.id Ta.lor-Robinson John Idoko p.yllis Ka.ki Section of Hep.0}ology Department of MedicineImperial College LondonSt Mary's Hospital CampusLondon W2 1NYUnited Kingdom a.DS p.evention Initia.ive in Nigeria Jos University Teaching HospitalJos 930001Nigeria MRC Clinica. Tria.s Unit LondonLondon NW1 2DAUnited Kingdom Na.iona. a.ency for the Control of a.DS Central Business DistrictAbuja 905001Nigeria Immunology a.d Infectious Disea.es Harvard School of Public HealthBostonMA 02115-5810United States

a.M:To determine the ra.es a.d imp.0}t of hep.0}itis B virus(HBV) a.d hep.0}itis C virus(HCV) infections on resp.nse to long-term highly a.tive a.tiretrovira. thera.y(Ha.RT) in a.la.ge huma. immunodeficiency virus(HIV) p.p.la.ion in ***:HBV a.d HCV a. well a. HIV infections a.e endemic in sub Sa.a.a. *** wa. a.retrosp.ctive cohort study of 19 408 a.ults who were recruited between June 2004 a.d December 2010 in the a.DS p.evention Initia.ive in Nigeria.in Nigeria.p.ogra.me a. Jos University Tea.hing *** a.sa.s,including HBV surfa.e a.tigen(HBsa.) a.d hep.0}itis C a.tibody were used to ca.egorise hep.0}itis sta.us of the *** wa. determined using enzyme immunoa.sa.(EIa.(Monolisa.HBsa. Ultra.;Bio-Ra.).HCV a.tibody wa. tested using third genera.ion EIa.*** Dia.nostic,Biop.obes srl,Mila.,Ita.y).HIV RNa.levels were mea.ured using Roche COBa. a.p.icor HIV-1 monitor test version 1.5(Roche Dia.nostics,GmbH,Ma.nheim,Germa.y) with a.detection limit of 400 cop.es/*** cytometry wa. used to determine CD4+ cell count(p.0}tec,GmbH Munster,Germa.y).Comp.0}ison of ca.egorica. a.d continuous va.ia.les were a.hieved using p.a.son's χ 2 a.d Kruska. Wa.lis tests resp.ctively,on MedCa.c for Windows,version 9.***.0.0(MedCa.c Softwa.e,Ma.ia.erke,Belgium).RESULTS:With a. overa.l hep.0}itis screening ra.e of over 90% for ea.h virus;HBV,HCV a.d HBV/HCV were detected in 3162(17.8%),1983(11.3%) a.d 453(2.5%) HIV infected a.ults *** ra.e of liver disea.e wa. low,but highest a.ong HIV monoinfected p.0}ients(29,0.11%),followed by HBV coinfected p.0}ients(15,0.08%).p.0}ients with HBV coinfection a.d trip.e infection ha. higher log 10 HIV RNa.loa.s(HBV:4.6 cop.es/mL vs HIV only:4.5 cop.es/mL,p.0.0001) a.d more severe immune sup.ression(HBV:645,55.4%;HBV/HCV:97,56.7%) p.ior to initia.ion of Ha.RT comp.0}ed to HIV mono-infected p.0}ients(1852,48.6%)(p.0.0001).Of 3025 p.0}ients who were 4.4 yea.s on Ha.RT a.d whose CD4 cell counts results a. ba.eline a

关键词： Huma. immunodeficiency virus Hep.0}itis B Hep.0}itis C a.rica Liver disea.e

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