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a.va.ces in Ma.eria.s Physics a.d Chemistry 2015年第6期5卷 205-213页

作者： T. J. a.o.unrin o. o.a.emi a. o. boyo T. a.eba.o.R. Jimo. Depa.tment o. Physics Covenant University Ota Nigeria Depa.tment o. Physics Lagos State University Ojo Nigeria Chemica. Science Depa.tment Redeemers University Ede Nigeria Instrumenta.io. Depa.tment Kwara State University Molete Nigeria

Dye-sensitized so.a. cells (DSSC) were fa.rica.ed with ma.go.lea. dye extra.ts a. na.ura. dye sensitizers a. pH va.ue o. 5.20 a.d tempera.ure o. 18.1°C. Metha.o. wa. used a. dye-extra.ting so.vent. DSSCs fro. dye extra.t o. M. indica.L. with KMno. electro.yte ha. the highest pho.o.urrent density o. 1.3 ma.cm2 a.d fill fa.to. FF o. 0.46 fo. the sun a. its pea.. Po.a.sium perma.ga.a.e (KMno.) ha. a.pho.o.urrent density o. 1.3 ma.cm2 a.d FF o. 0.8 a. sundo.n. Po.a.sium Io.ide (KI), Po.a.sium Bro.ide (KBr) a.d Mercury Chlo.ide (HgCl2) electro.ytes ha. 0.2 ma.cm2, 0.08 ma.cm2 a.d 0.02 ma.cm2 pho.o.urrent densities respectively. The fill fa.to.s o. 0.09, 0.03 a.d 0.003 respectively fo. sun o.erhea. while 0.08 ma.cm2, 0.01 ma.cm2 a.d 0.01 ma.cm2 were the va.ues o. pho.o.urrent densities respectively a. sundo.n. The fill fa.to.s were 0.02, 0.0006 a.d 0.003 respectively a. sundo.n. The ma.imum po.er Pma. o. the DSSCs were 0.5 mW/cm2, 0.10 mW/cm2, 0.01 mW/cm2 a.d 0.012 mW/cm2 respectively a. 1300 h a. 1630 h 0.9 mW/cm2, 0.14 mW/cm2, 0.005 mW/cm2 a.d 0.0015 mW/cm2 respectively.

关键词： Dye-Sensitized So.a. Cells Dye Sensitizer Electro.ytes M. indica L. Pho.o.urrent Density Fill Fa.to.

Physico.hemica. Pro.erties o. the Seed o.l o. Kha.a.senega.ensis

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Fo.d a.d Nutritio. Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 171-178页

作者： a.imbo.a.o. o.inni a.ewa.e a.ewuyi Ro.imi a. o.erinde Industria. Unit Chemistry Department University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Depa.tment o. Chemica. Sciences College of Natural Sciences Redeemer’s University Ede Nigeria

The physico.hemica. cha.a.teristics o. Kha.a.senega.ensis seed o.l were investiga.ed. Io.ine va.ue, sa.o.ifica.io. va.ue, percenta.e free fa.ty a.id (FFa., a.id va.ue, a.d pero.ide va.ue were the chemica. pa.a.eters exa.ined in the o.l a.a.ysis, while specific gra.ity a.d refra.tive index were exa.ined a. physica. pa.a.eters. The results sho.ed tha. the a.id va.ue wa. 1.18 ± 0.01, the sa.o.ifica.io. va.ue wa. 191.76 ± 0.01 mgKo./gm, a.d the io.ine va.ue wa. 102.79 ± 0.01. It co.ta.ned 0.59 ± 0.01 percent free fa.ty a.id. The va.ue o. pero.ide wa. 6.83 ± 0.01 meq/kg. The results sho.ed tha. the refra.tive index wa. 1.462 ± 0.02 a.d the specific gra.ity wa. 0.9194 ± 0.04. The esta.lished pa.a.eters fell within the wo.ldwide a.d Nigeria. vegeta.le o.l industry sta.da.ds.

关键词： Kha.a.senega.ensis Physico.hemica. Pa.a.eters Vegeta.le o.l

Tempera.ure Trends a.d a.cumula.io. o. Chill Ho.rs, Chill Units, a.d Chill Po.tio.s in So.th Ca.o.ina

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a.mo.pheric a.d Clima.e Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 173-190页

作者： Jo.é o. Pa.ero Edisto.Resea.ch a.d Educa.io. Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA Depa.tment o. a.ricultura. Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA

There is co.sidera.le co.cern a.o.t the po.entia. impa.t o. clima.e cha.ge o. a.riculture, such a. the a.cumula.io. o. chilling ho.rs needed to.brea. the do.ma.cy o. ma.y perennia. pla.ts, like fruit trees. Therefo.e, this study a.med to.determine if there ha. been a.significa.t cha.ge in a.r tempera.ures a.d chill ho.rs, chill units, a.d chill po.tio. a.cumula.io. in So.th Ca.o.ina.o.er the la.t two.deca.es. Two.deca.es o. da.ly ma.imum (Tma.) a.d minimum (Tmin) a.r tempera.ure reco.ds were o.ta.ned fro. wea.her sta.io.s in thirty-o.e co.nties in So.th Ca.o.ina. Ho.rly tempera.ure da.a. reco.structed fro. the da.ly da.a. were used to.ca.cula.e the da.ly a.d a.nua. chill ho.rs, chill units, a.d chill po.tio.s a.cumula.io. using fo.r different chill mo.els fo. ea.h lo.a.io. a.d yea.. The chill mo.els included the T(t) °C mo.el, the 0°C °C mo.el, the Uta. mo.el, a.d the Dyna.ic mo.el. Fo. ea.h co.nty, regressio. a.a.yses were co.ducted to.eva.ua.e the histo.ica. trends. Despite yea.-to.yea. va.ia.ility, the tendency wa. a.sta.istica.ly significa.t (α = 0.05) increa.e in a.r tempera.ure, a.era.ing 0.089°C per yea. fo. 20 o.t o. 31 co.nties in So.th Ca.o.ina. The o.her 11 co.nties ha. no.significa.t cha.ge in tempera.ure. The a.era.e tempera.ure increa.e in the 31 co.nties wa. 0.072°C per yea.. The tempera.ure increa.e resulted in a.decrea.e in a.nua. chill a.cumula.io. during the fa.l to.spring, a.era.ing 17.7 chill ho.rs, 8.6 chill ho.rs, 17.0 chill units, a.d 0.40 chill po.tio.s per yea. ca.cula.ed with the T(t) °C, 0°C °C, Uta., a.d Dyna.ic mo.els, respectively. Ho.ever, whether this decrea.e in chill va.ues wa. sta.istica.ly significa.t o. no. depended o. the chill mo.el used. This study did no. investiga.e the ca.se o. the o.served histo.ica. trends in tempera.ure a.d chill a.cumula.io.. Still, if the trends co.tinue, they co.ld significa.tly impa.t the future o. the tempera.e fruit tree industry in the sta.e.

关键词： Chill Ho.rs Chill Units Chill Po.tio.s Tempera.ure Fruit Trees Clima.e Cha.ge Do.ma.cy

a.Pro.edure fo. Trisecting a. a.ute a.gle (Metho. 2)

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a.va.ces in Pure Ma.hema.ics 2024年第4期14卷 204-213页

作者： Lyndo. o. Ba.to. Depa.tment o. Ma.h a.d Physics Delaware State University Dover USA

This pa.er presents a. a.terna.e gra.hica. pro.edure (Metho. 2), to.tha. presented in ea.lier publica.io.s entitled, “a.Pro.edure fo. Trisecting a. a.ute a.gle” a.d “a.Key to.So.ving the a.gle Trisectio. Pro.lem”. The pro.edure, when a.plied to.the 30˚ a.d 60˚ a.gles tha. ha.e been “pro.en” to.be no.trisecta.le a.d the 45˚ benchma.k a.gle tha. is kno.n to.be trisecta.le, in ea.h ca.e pro.uced a.co.structio. ha.ing a. identica. a.gula. rela.io.ship with a.chimedes’ Co.structio., a. in Sectio. 2 o. THEo.Y o. this pa.er, where the required trisectio. a.gle wa. fo.nd to.be o.e-third o. its respective a.gle (i.e. DE’Ma.= 1/3 DE’CG). Fo. exa.ple, the trisectio. a.gle fo. the 30˚, 45˚ a.d 60˚ a.gles were 10.00000˚, 15.00000˚, a.d 20.00000˚, respectively, a.d Sectio. 5 o. PRo.F in this pa.er. Therefo.e, ba.ed o. this identica. a.gula. rela.io.ship a.d the numerica. results (i.e. to.five decima. pla.es), which represent the highest degree o. a.cura.y a.d precisio. a.ta.na.le by The Geo.eter’s Sketch Pa. so.twa.e, o.e ca. o.ly co.clude tha. no. o.ly the geo.etric requirements fo. a.riving a. a. exa.t trisectio. o. the 30˚ a.d 60˚ a.gle (which ha.e been “pro.en” to.be no.-trisecta.le) ha.e been met, but a.so. the co.structio. is va.id fo. a.y a.bitra.y a.ute a.gle, despite theo.etica. pro.fs to.the co.tra.y by Wa.tzel, Dudley, a.d o.hers.

关键词： a.chimedes’ Co.structio. Co.lege Geo.etry Co.lege Ma.hema.ics a.gle Trisectio. Fa.o.s Pro.lems in Ma.hema.ics Mecha.ism a.a.ysis Geo.eter’s Sketch Pa.

Clima.e Trends a.d Their Impa.t o. So.ghum Pro.uctio. in Ma.iga., Ba.ingo.Co.nty: a.Histo.ica. a.a.ysis

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o.en Jo.rna. o. Mo.ern Hydro.o.y 2024年第2期14卷 106-129页

作者： Kennedy o. o.uku Ja.heth o. o.ya.do.Ro.ulus o. o.wa.y Clement K. Kiptum Depa.tment o. a.ricultura. Engineering Egerton University Nakuru Kenya Scho.l o. Engineering University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya

Clima.e is subject to.fluctua.io.s in the ma.o.ity o. the wo.ld, ma.nly ca.sed by ra.nfa.l a. well a. tempera.ure va.ia.io.s. Clima.e fluctua.io.s in Kenya.ha.e resulted in the sprea. o. desert-like co.ditio.s in the a.a.s regio., such a. Ma.iga. in Ba.ingo.Co.nty. a. a.co.nty, Ba.ingo.experiences grea. va.ia.io.s in clima.e a.nua.ly, a. well a. uncerta.nty in expected ra.ns, thereby nega.ively impa.ting the pro.uctio. o. cro.s such a. so.ghum. This study a.plied the ra.nfa.l a.o.a.y index (Ra.), sta.da.dised precipita.io. eva.o.ra.spira.io. index (SPEI), sta.da.d precipita.io. index (SPI), a.d Ma.n-Kenda.l (MK) sta.istica. test fo. trends o. histo.ica. clima.ic da.a.in a.a.ysing bo.h tempera.ure a.d precipita.io. da.a.o.er the perio. 1990 to.2022 to.determine their trend, pa.terns a.d ho. they a.fect the pro.uctio. o. so.ghum cro.s. The ma.hine lea.ning metho. (R studio. with inputs wa. used to.ca.cula.e the SPI, SPEI, Ra. a.d MK trend test. The ra.nfa.l va.ied fro. belo. a.era.e to.a.o.e a.era.e during the study perio. with no.clea. pa.tern in the Ra., SPEI a.d SPI va.ues. The yea.s 2020 a.d 2000 sto.d o.t a. they ha. higher a.d lo.er ra.nfa.l tha. usua., respectively. The Ma.iga. a.ea.genera.ly experienced mo.e ra.nfa.l during the high/lo.g ra.nfa.l sea.o. (a.JJ). The MK trend test o. a.era.e mo.thly ra.nfa.l, So.D, a.JJ, a.d a.nua. precipita.io. co.firmed a.po.itive trend in precipita.io.. Ho.ever, the sho.t ra.ny sea.o. (So.D) wa. fo.nd to.be the mo.t va.ia.le perio. fo. ra.nfa.l, a.d there wa. a.slight increa.e in da.ly a.era.e tempera.ures during this sea.o..

关键词： Trends Precipita.io. Tempera.ure Ra. SPI SPEI a.d MK

a.tiva.ed Pro.ein C Resista.ce in Pa.ients with Pre-Ecla.psia.in La.o., Nigeria

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o.en Jo.rna. o. o.stetrics a.d Gyneco.o.y 2024年第4期14卷 575-590页

作者： No.imo. o. Da.ies Titilo.e a. a.eyemo.Sunda. I. o.isa.in a.a.inyene a. Udo.so.o.Ka.iru a. Ra.iu Depa.tment o. Ha.ma.o.o.y a.d blo.d Tra.sfusio. College of Medicine University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Depa.tment o. o.stetrics a.d Gyna.co.o.y College of Medicine University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Depa.tment o. o.stetrics a.d Gyna.co.o.y Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Lagos Nigeria Depa.tment o. o.stetrics a.d Gyna.co.o.y College of Medicine Lagos State University Lagos Nigeria

Ba.kgro.nd: Preecla.psia.is repo.ted to.co.plica.e 2% - 8% o. pregna.cies glo.a.ly a.d is a. impo.ta.t ca.se o. ma.erna. a.d perina.a. mo.bidity a.d mo.ta.ity. The a.tio.o.y a.d pa.ho.enesis a.e still po.rly understo.d a.d substa.tia. impro.ement ha. no. been ma.e in the predictio., preventio. a.d trea.ment o. the disea.e. o.jective: To.co.pa.e the frequency o. a.tiva.ed pro.ein C resista.ce (a.C-R) in pa.ients with pre-ecla.psia.to.tha. o. no.mo.ensive pregna.t wo.en a.d to.determine the co.rela.io. between a.tiva.ed pro.ein ra.io.(a.C-ra.io. a.d the severity o. pre-ecla.psia. Metho.o.o.y: a.cro.s-sectio.a. study wa. ca.ried o.t in 100 pre-ecla.ptic pa.ients a.d 100 no.mo.ensive pregna.t co.tro.s. The a.C-ra.io.wa. determined using the mo.ified a.tiva.ed pa.tia. thro.bo.la.tin time. Study pa.ticipa.ts with a.C-ra.io.o. less tha. 2.0 were defined a. ha.ing a.C-R. Da.a.wa. a.a.yzed using SPSS versio. 22.0. Results: Mea. a.C-ra.io.wa. significa.tly lo.er in pre-ecla.ptics (2.89 ± 1.70) co.pa.ed to.no.mo.ensive pregna.t wo.en (3.57 ± 1.06) (p = 0.0008) a.d the levels were a.so.higher in mild (2.95 ± 1.15) co.pa.ed to.severe pre-ecla.ptics (2.62 ± 1.14). The frequency o. a.C-R wa. 26% a.o.g wo.en with pre-ecla.psia.co.pa.ed to.4% a.o.g no.mo.ensive co.tro.s (p = 0.000). a.o.g 100 pre-ecla.ptic wo.en 7 (21.2%) o.t o. 33 with mild pre–ecla.psia.ha. a.C-R, while 19 (28.4%) o.t o. 67 with severe pre-ecla.psia.ha. a.C-R. a.C-ra.io.ha. a.significa.t nega.ive co.rela.io. with mea. a.teria. blo.d pressure (r = −0.324;p = 0.000) a.d pro.einuria.(r = −0.379;p = 0.000) a.o.g study pa.ticipa.ts. Co.clusio.: The frequency o. a.tiva.ed pro.ein c resista.ce is significa.tly higher in pre-ecla.ptics co.pa.ed to.no.mo.ensive pregna.t wo.en a.d this is mo.e pro.o.nced in tho.e with severe pre-ecla.psia.co.pa.ed with tho.e with mild disea.e. a.C-R ma. therefo.e be used a. a.ma.ker o. severity in the disea.e.

关键词： a.tiva.ed Pro.ein C Resista.ce a.tiva.ed Pro.ein C Ra.io Pre-Ecla.psia

Efficiency o. Legumes in Increa.ing Ya. Yield under Sa.dy Ferra.o. in the Fo.est Zo.e o. So.thwestern Côte d’Ivo.re

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o.en Jo.rna. o. So.l Science 2024年第4期14卷 227-236页

作者： Germa.ne a. Ta.o. Félix B. o. Bo.a.o. Jea. Ba.tiste D. Ettien Depa.tment o. So.l Sciences Water and Geomaterials University of Felix Houphou&#235t Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Depa.tment o. Fo.d Security a.d Nutritio. Swiss Center for Scientific Research in C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire

The cro.ping system is ba.ed o. tra.itio.a. fa.ming in rura. a.ea.. In this wa., yields o. so.e fo.d cro.s like ya. a.e very lo. co.sidering their high need fo. nutrients. The nutrient-rich la.d is under high la.d pressure a. it is o.cupied by ca.h cro.s such a. o.l pa.m a.d rubber a. the expense o. fo.d cro.s a.d so.l fertility is declining. The study wa. co.ducted in Gra.d-La.o. to.a.sess the effect o. o.ga.ic ma.ter pro.ided by legumes in increa.ing ya. yield. The ra.do.ized co.plete blo.k design included fo.r (4) trea.ments: a.a.his hypo.a.a.+ ya. a.so.ia.io. (T1), a.a.ia.ma.gium + ya. a.so.ia.io. (T2), a.a.his + a.a.ia.ma.gium + ya. a.so.ia.io. (T3) a.d pure ya. cro. (T0). The pa.a.eters mea.ured were: the so.l nutrients co.tent, the ra.e o. minera.iza.io. o. o.ga.ic ma.ter thro.gh the C/N ra.io.a. well a. the yield o. ya. thro.gh different techniques tha. a.lo.ed the o.jective o. the study to.be a.hieved. It wa. no.ed a.slight impro.ement o. nitro.en a.d o.ga.ic ca.bo. in a.l trea.ments with a.higher va.ue reco.ded in the T2 trea.ment. The C/N ra.io.decrea.ed to.12 in a.l trea.ments co.pa.ed to.the co.tro., which reflects a.no.ma. deco.po.itio. o. the o.ga.ic ma.ter. Trea.ment T1 increa.ed ya. yield (8.4 t/ha. in co.tra.t to.trea.ments T2 (4.1 t/ha. a.d T3 (2.8 t/ha.. Legume-ba.ed trea.ments T2 a.d T3 were a.so.ia.ed with a.significa.t decrea.e in ya. yield, resulting in lo.ses o. −46.34% to.−25.09%, while trea.ment T1 resulted in a.ga.n o. 28.57%. a. a.result, the trea.ments invo.ving legumes co.tributed to.no.ma.izing the o.ga.ic ma.ter co.tent o. the so.l. The simulta.eo.s a.so.ia.io. o. these two.legumes led to.a.decrea.e in ya. pro.uctio., co.tra.y to.the trea.ment a.so.ia.ing o.ly gro.ndnut.

关键词： Legumes o.ga.ic Ma.ter Ya. Yield Côte d’Ivo.re

a.so.ute Wa.l Thickness Mea.urement o. Co.ducting Pla.es Using Pulsed Eddy Currents

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Jo.rna. o. Electro.a.netic a.a.ysis a.d a.plica.io.s 2024年第3期16卷 25-41页

作者： Victo.-o. de Ha.n Ricca.do.Sco.tini Bo.Physics Resea.ch a.d Investiga.io.s BV Puttershoek Netherlands

The metho. using pulsed eddy currents to.determine the thickness o. a.co.ductio. pla.e is extended to.ena.le the simulta.eo.s mea.urement o. the pla.e thickness a.d ma.eria. pro.erties. Fo. o.tima. perfo.ma.ce, a.pro.e must be designed depending o. the thickness ra.ge tha. sho.ld be a.cessible. The need fo. a.ca.ibra.io. o. the ma.eria. pro.erties o. a.co.ducting pla.e to.ena.le the mea.urement o. its thickness ha. been remo.ed. a.l tha. is needed is a.pro.e with kno.n dimensio.s a.d suita.le ha.dwa.e to.crea.e a.current pulse a.d mea.ure a.tra.sient ma.netic inductio..

关键词： Pulsed Eddy Currents Wa.l Thickness a.so.ute a.d Rela.ive Mea.urements

Utiliza.io. o. a.tificia. Intelligence-Ena.led Techno.o.ies by a.ripreneurs in o.do.Sta.e, Nigeria

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a.ricultura. Sciences 2024年第4期15卷 439-448页

作者： o.uwa.o.in Jo. o.o.e o.uwa.o.in o. Fa.ina Depa.tment o. a.ricultura. Extensio. a.d Co.munica.io. Techno.o.y Federal University of Technology Akure Akure Nigeria

The resea.ch investiga.ed the a.o.tio. o. a.tificia. intelligence (a.) techno.-o.ies a.o.g a.ricultura. entrepreneurs in o.do.sta.e, Nigeria. a.purpo.ive sa.ple o. 120 pa.ticipa.ts invo.ved in a.riculture wa. selected fo. the study. So.io.co.o.ic cha.a.teristics a.a.ysis revea.ed tha. the mea. a.e o. the re-spo.dents wa. 48.3 yea.s. a.ma.o.ity (77%) o. the respo.dents were ma.e, a.d a.pro.ima.ely 68% were ma.ried. Rega.ding educa.io., 32.5% ha. co.pleted seco.da.y educa.io., while 32.5% ha. tertia.y educa.io.. The a.-era.e a.nua. inco.e wa. 1,166,800 na.ra. with a.significa.t pro.o.tio. (71.7%) identifying a. Christia.s. The study fo.nd a.significa.t a.so.ia.io. between respo.dents’ a.a.eness levels a.d their a.o.tio. o. a.-ena.led techno.o.ies (χ2 = 7.714, p = 0.005). Ba.ed o. these findings, it is reco.-mended tha. extensio. o.ficers receive tra.ning in the la.est a.ricultura. techno.o.ies, including tho.e ena.led by a.. Furthermo.e, the study suggests the intro.uctio. o. ea.ily a.cessible a.d user-friendly a. techno.o.ies to.fa.mers to.enha.ce their pro.uctivity a.d inco.e with minima. o. no.co.t implica.io.s.

关键词： a.tificia. Intelligence a.ripreneurs a.a.eness

a.simila.io. o. Go.S-R Geo.ta.io.a.y Lightning Ma.per Fla.h Extent Density Da.a.in GSI 3DVa., EnKF, a.d Hybrid En3DVa. fo. the a.a.ysis a.d Sho.t-Term Fo.eca.t o. a.Supercell Sto.m Ca.e

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a.va.ces in a.mo.pheric Sciences 2024年第2期41卷 263-277页

作者： Ro.g Ko.G Ming XUE Edwa.d R.Ma.SELL Chengsi LIU a.exa.dre o.FIERRo Center fo. a.a.ysis a.d Predictio. o. Sto.ms Norman Oklahoma 73072U.S.A University o. o.la.o.a Norman Oklahoma 73072U.S.A No.0}/Na.io.a. Severe Sto.ms La.o.a.o.y NormanOklahoma 73072U.S a.4Zentra.a.sta.t für Meteo.o.o.ie und Geo.yna.ik Department of Forecasting Models-ZAMGVienna 1190Austria

Ca.a.ilities to.a.simila.e Geo.ta.io.a.y o.era.io.a. Enviro.menta. Sa.ellite “R-series ”(Go.S-R) Geo.ta.io.a.y Lightning Ma.per(GLM) fla.h extent density(FED) da.a.within the o.era.io.a. Gridpo.nt Sta.istica. Interpo.a.io. ensemble Ka.ma. filter(GSI-EnKF) fra.ewo.k were previo.sly develo.ed a.d tested with a.meso.ca.e co.vective system(MCS) ca.e. In this study, such ca.a.ilities a.e further develo.ed to.a.simila.e Go.S GLM FED da.a.within the GSI ensemble-va.ia.io.a.(EnVa.) hybrid da.a.a.simila.io.(Da. fra.ewo.k. The results o. a.simila.ing the GLM FED da.a.using 3DVa., a.d pure En3DVa.(PEn3DVa., using 100% ensemble co.a.ia.ce a.d no.sta.ic co.a.ia.ce) a.e co.pa.ed with tho.e o. EnKF/DfEnKF fo. a.supercell sto.m ca.e. The fo.us o. this study is to.va.ida.e the co.rectness a.d eva.ua.e the perfo.ma.ce o. the new implementa.io. ra.her tha. co.pa.ing the perfo.ma.ce o. FED Da.a.o.g different Da.schemes. o.ly the results o. 3DVa. a.d pEn3DVa. a.e exa.ined a.d co.pa.ed with EnKF/DfEnKF. a.simila.io. o. a.single FED o.serva.io. sho.s tha. the ma.nitude a.d ho.izo.ta. extent o. the a.a.ysis increments fro. PEn3DVa. a.e genera.ly la.ger tha. fro. EnKF, which is ma.nly ca.sed by using different lo.a.iza.io. stra.egies in EnFK/DfEnKF a.d PEn3DVa. a. well a. the integra.io. limits o. the gra.pel ma.s in the o.serva.io. o.era.o.. o.era.l, the fo.eca.t perfo.ma.ce o. PEn3DVa. is co.pa.a.le to.EnKF/DfEnKF, suggesting co.rect implementa.io..

关键词： Go.S-R lightning da.a.a.simila.io. EnKF EnVa.