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Primary scientific results of Chang'E-1 lunar mission

science china Earth sciences 2010年第11期53卷 1565-1581页

作者： OUYANG ZiYuan1,2, LI ChunLai1, ZOU YongLiao1, ZHANG HongBo1, Lü Chang1, LIU JianZhong1, LIU JianJun1, ZUO Wei1, SU Yan1, WEN WeiBin1, BIAN Wei1, ZHAO BaoChang3, WANG JianYu4, YANG JianFeng3, CHANG Jin5, WANG HuanYu6, ZHANG XiaoHui7, WANG ShiJin7, WANG Min1, REN Xin1, MU LingLi1, KONG DeQing1, WANG XiaoQian1, WANG Fang1, GENG Liang1, ZHANG ZhouBin1, ZHENG Lei1, ZHU XinYing1, ZHENG YongChun1, LI JunDuo1, ZOU XiaoDuan1, XU Chun1, SHI ShuoBiao1, GAO YiFei1 & GAO GuanNan1 1 National Astronomical Observatories, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100012, china 2 Institute of Geochemistry, chinese academy of sciences, Guiyang 550002, china 3 Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, chinese academy of sciences, Xi’an 710119, china 4 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, chinese academy of sciences, Shanghai 200083, china 5 Purple Mountain Observatory, chinese academy of sciences, Nanjing 210008, china 6 Institute of High Energy Physics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china 7 center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100190, china National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang China Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China center for space science and applied research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The strategic plan for the development of the unmanned chinese Lunar Exploration Program is characterized by three distinct stages: "orbiting around", "landing on" and "returning from" the Moon. The first chinese lunar probe, Chang'E-1, which was successfully launched on October 24th, 2007 at Xichang Satellite Launch center, and guided to crash on the Moon on March 1st, 2009, at 52.36°E, 1.50°S, in the north of Mare Fecunditatis, is the first step towards the "orbiting around" stage. The Chang'E-1 mission lasted 495 days, exceeding the expected life-span by about four months. A total of 1.37 TB raw data was received from Chang'E-1. It was then processed into 4 TB scientific data products at various levels. Many scientific results have been obtained by analyzing these data, including especially the "global lunar image from the first chinese lunar explora- tion mission". All scientific goals of Chang'E-1 have been achieved. It provides much useful materials for further advances of lunar sciences and planetary chemistry. Meanwhile, these results will serve as a firm basis for future chinese lunar missions.

关键词： lunar orbiter Chang’E-1 scientific data results

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Wavelet Analysis of the Schwabe Cycle Properties in Solar Activity

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chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2004年第6期4卷 578-582页

作者： Gui-Ming LeNational Astronomical Observatories, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100012 center for space science and applied research center, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080 National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 center for space science and applied research center Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080

Properties of the Schwabe cycles in solar activity are investigated by using wavelet transform. We study the main range of the Schwabe cycles of the solar activity recorded by relative sunspot numbers, and find that the main range of the Schwabe cycles is the periodic span from 8-year to 14-year. We make the comparison of 11-year’s phase between relative sunspot numbers and sunspot group numbers. The results show that there is some difference between two phases for the interval from 1710 to 1810, while the two phases are almost the same for the interval from 1810 to 1990.

关键词： sun sunspot sun activity method data analysis

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Lunar ~3He estimations and related parameters analyses

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science china Earth sciences 2010年第8期53卷 1103-1114页

作者： LI DiHui, LIU HeGuang, ZHANG WeiGuo, LI Yun & XU ChuanDong center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100190, china center for space science and applied research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

As a potential nuclear fuel, 3He element is significant for both the solution of impending human energy crisis and the conservation of natural environment. Lunar regolith contains abundant and easily extracted 3He. Based on the analyses of the impact factors of 3He abundance, here we have compared a few key assessment parameters and approaches used in lunar regolith 3He reserve estimation and some representative estimation results, and discussed the issues concerned in 3He abundance variation and 3He reserve estimation. Our studies suggest that in a range of at least meters deep, 3He abundance in lunar regolith is homogeneously distributed and generally does not depend on the depth; lunar regolith has long been in a saturation state of 3He trapped by minerals through chemical bonds, and the temperature fluctuation on the lunar surface exerts little influence on the lattice 3He abundance. In terms of above conclusions and the newest lunar regolith depth data from the microwave brightness temperature retrieval of the "ChangE-1" Lunar Microwave Sounder, a new 3He reserve estimation has been presented.

关键词： lunar regolith 3He abundance reserve estimation maturity granularity composition solar wind flux CELMS

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Numerical study of successive CMEs during November 4―5, 1998

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science china(Technological sciences) 2008年第10期51卷 1600-1610页

作者： ZHOU YuFen & FENG XueShang SIGMA Weather Group, State Key Laboratory for space Weather, center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100190, china SIGMA Weather Group State Key Laboratory for Space Weather Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

We present the solar-terrestrial transit process of three successive coronal mass ejections (CMEs) of November 4―5, 1998 originating from active region 8375 by using a time-dependent three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simula-tion. These CMEs interacted with each other while they were propagating in inter-planetary space and finally formed a "complex ejecta". A newly developed SIP-CESE MHD model was applied to solve MHD equations numerically. The quiet solar wind was started from Parker-like 1D solar wind solution and the magnetic field map was calculated from the solar photospheric magnetic field data. In our simulation, the ejections were initiated using pulse in the real active region 8375. The interplanetary disturbance parameters, such as speed, direction and angular size of the expanding CME, were determined from the SOHO/LASCO data with the cone-model. We discussed the three-dimensional aspects of the propagation, in-teraction and merging of the three ejections. The simulated interplanetary shocks were compared with the nearby-Earth measurement. The results showed that our simulation could reproduce and explain some of the general features observed by satellite for the "complex ejecta".

关键词： complex ejecta three-dimensional MHD simulation SIP-CESE MHD model

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The gravity wave instability induced by photochemistry in summer polar mesopause region

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chinese science Bulletin 2000年第3期45卷 267-272页

作者： center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china Laboratory of Numeric Study of Heliospheric Physics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china center for space science and applied research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Laboratory of Numeric Study of Heliospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The effect of diabatic process due to the photochemical heating and cooling on the gravity wave propagation in middle atmosphere is studied. A linear gravity wave model which considers the diabatic process is established. The unstable region and the growth rate of the gravity wave caused by photochemistry are calculated. And the comparison between the model and the adiabatic gravity wave theory of pure dynamics is made. The results indicate that the photochemical heating process can induce the instability of gravity wave at mesopause. The intensity of the instability becomes stronger as the temperature decreases. The temperature feature and the altitude characteristics of the instability are consistent with the observation. Therefore, the instability of the gravity wave induced by photochemistry may be an important mechanism in polar mesopause region in summer.

关键词： photochemistry instability gravity wave growth rate.

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Observation results of relativistic electrons detected by Fengyun-1 satellite and analysis of relativistic electron enhancement (REE) events

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science china(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2008年第12期51卷 1947-1956页

作者： YANG XiaoChao1,2↑ & WANG ShiJin1 1 center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100190, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china center for space science and applied research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

The space particle component detector on Fengyun-1 satellite which works at the sun-synchronous orbit of about 870 km altitude has detected relativistic electrons for a long time. In comparison with the SAMPEX satellite observations during 1999–2004, the relativistic electron data from Fengyun-1 satellite from June 1999 to 2005 are used to analyze the relativistic electron enhancement (REE) events at the low earth orbit, and the possible correlation among REE events at the low earth orbit, high-speed solar wind and geomagnetic storms is discussed. The statistical result presents that 45 REE events are found in total during this time period, and the strong REE events with the maximum daily average flux > 400 cm?2·srt-1·s?1 occur mostly during the transition period from solar maximum to solar minimum. Among these 45 REE events, four strong REE events last a longer time period from 26-to 51-day and correlate closely with high speed solar wind and strong geomagnetic storms. Meanwhile, several strong geomagnetic storms occur continuously before these REE events, and these continuous geomagnetic storms would be an important factor causing these long-lasting strong REE events. The correlation analysis for overall 45 events indicates that the strength of the REE events correlates with the solar wind speed and the strength of the geomagnetic storm, and the correlation for strong REE events is much stronger than that for weak REE events.

关键词： relativistic electron enhancement low earth orbit high-speed solar wind geomagnetic storm

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Effects of gravity waves on the distributions of O_3 and OH in the mesopause region

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chinese science Bulletin 2001年第15期46卷 1265-1268页

作者： XU Jiyao & MA RuipingLaboratory for space Weather, center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china Laboratory of Numeric Study of Heliospheric Physics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china Laboratory for space Weather Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Laboratory of Numeric Study of Heliospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

A dynamical-photochemical model of atmospheric gravity waves is used to study the influences of gravity waves on distributions of atmospheric minor species through transportation and photochemical reactions. We mainly study the effect of gravity waves on the distributions of atmospheric trace gases through the nonlinear photochemical reactions. O3 and OH are taken as examples in this note. The calculations indicate that the effect of gravity waves on the distributions of atmospheric trace gases is mainly through the nonlinear photochemical reactions in the mesopause region. The contribution of the nonlinear photochemical reaction caused by gravity waves can exceed the nonlinear transportation and the eddy diffusion.

关键词： gravity wave photochemical reaction coupling between photochemistry and dynamics.

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Nonlinear interactions between gravity waves and background winds

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Progress in Natural science:Materials International 2007年第6期17卷 639-644页

作者： Liu Xiao1,2 and Xu Jiyao1(1. State Key Laboratory for space Weather, center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china 2. Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100039, china) State Key Laboratory for space Weather Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100039 China

Using the nonlinear propagating gravity waves (GW) model in the two-dimensional compressible atmosphere and the linear GW theory, the process of GW propagation in different background winds, e.g. the direction of the background wind is opposite to (dead wind) or the same as (tail wind) the direction of the horizontal phase velocity of GW, is studied. The results show that the dead wind prolongs the vertical wavelength and accelerates GW propagation. Therefore, GW propagates up to a higher height becomes instable in a short time and eventually induces an inverse jet flow. Then, the vertical wavelength is becoming short due to the nonlinear interactions between GW and the inverse jet flow. The vertical wavelength and group velocity decrease after GW propagates into the tail wind. The initial instable time is delayed. Although most of GW is trapped in the instable region, some of GW propagates above the instable region. Compared with GW propagation in the tail wind, the nonlinear interactions between GW and the dead wind are also strong. In contrast, the linear GW theory predicts that GW can propagate freely in the dead wind. The vertical wavelength simulated by the nonlinear numerical model is different from that predicted by the linear theory greatly after GW propagates into the dead wind.

关键词： gravity waves background winds vertical group velocity vertical wavelength nonlinear interactions.

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The variation in the magnetic fluctuation anisotropy across the front boundaries of magnetic clouds and its geomagnetic response

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chinese science Bulletin 2002年第10期47卷 863-867页

作者： LIU Rui & WEI FengsiDepartment of Geophysics, Peking University, beijing 100871, china Lab for space Weather, center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china Department of Geophysics Peking University Beijing China Lab for space Weather Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

A statistical study of magnetic fluctuations near the front boundaries of magnetic clouds is approached with the method of Minimum Variance Analysis, based on the data of ImpS and Wind spacecraft. New discoveries are that (1) fluctuation anisotropy tends to increase across the front boundaries of magnetic clouds; (2) there is a good correlation between the fluctuation anisotropy and the geomagnetic activity indices; and (3) in some cases, although there is southward field component immediately after the front boundary, Kp index descends (or Dst index ascends) with a corresponding decrease of the fluctuation anisotropy; in other cases with no distinct southward field component, Kp index ascends (or Dst index descends) with a corresponding increase of the fluctuation anisotropy. Thus we suggest that the fluctuation anisotropy might be a useful indicator in diagnosing the magnetic activities of magnetic clouds.

关键词： front boundary of magnetic clouds geomagnetic activity fluctuation anisotropy.

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Lunar surface dielectric constant,regolith thickness, and ~3He abundance distributions retrieved from the microwave brightness temperatures of CE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder

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science china Earth sciences 2010年第9期53卷 1365-1378页

作者： WANG ZhenZhan1, LI Yun1,2, JIANG JingShan1 & LI DiHui1 1 National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, center for space science and applied research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100190, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

Lunar regolith parameters, such as physical temperature, thickness and dielectric constant, are important in studying regolith features, distribution of lunar resources and evolution of the Moon. There had been no measurement obtained by lunar-orbit-borne microwave radiometer applied to evaluate the properties of lunar regolith before CE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder (CELMS) being launched. CEMLS is the first passive microwave radiometer in the world to sound the surface of the Moon. The brightness temperatures (TB) sensed by CELMS include complicated information on the above geophysical parameters. In this paper, algorithms of retrieving dielectric constant, regolith thickness, and 3He content from CELMS brightness temperatures are developed, and the results are compared with those from literature. The results show that the regolith thicknesses are mostly in the range of 4.0-6.0 m, and 43% of them are bigger than 5.0 m. The content of 3He evaluated by retrieved regolith thickness is about 1.03 million tons.

关键词： CE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder (CELMS) lunar regolith dielectric constant lunar regolith thickness 3He retrieval

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