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Research on the dynamics of the South China Sea opening:Evidence from analogue modeling

Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第10期49卷 1053-1069页

作者： SUN Zhen1,2, ZHOU Di1, ZHONG Zhihong3, XIA Bin2, QIU Xuelin1, ZENG Zuoxun4 & JIANG Jianqun5.1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 5.0301, China 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 5.0640, China 3. Department of Technology, Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC, Guangzhou 5.0240, China 4. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company, Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina, Panjin 12.010, China 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 3. Department of Technology Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Guangzhou 510240 China 4. Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina Panjin 124010 China

Independent of Indochina extrusion, the South China Sea experienced a process from passive continental rifting to marginal sea drifting. According to the fault patterns in the Beibu Gulf basin and the Pearl River Mouth basin, the continental rifting and early spreading stage from 32 to 26 Ma were controlled by extensional stress field, which shifted clockwise from southeastward to south southeastward. From 24 Ma on, the sea spread in NW-SE direction and ceased spreading at around 15.5.Ma. Integrated geological information with the assumption that the South China Sea developed along a pre-Cenozoic weakness zone, we did analogue experiments on the South China Sea evolu- tion. Experiments revealed that the pre-existing weakness zone goes roughly along the uplift zone between the present Zhu-1 and Zhu-2 depression. The pre-existing weakness zone is composed of three segments trending NNE, roughly EW and NEE, respectively. The early opening of the South China Sea is accompanied with roughly 15. clockwise rotation, while the SE sub-sea basin opened with SE extension. Tinjar fault was the western boundary of the Nansha block (Dangerous Ground), while Lupar fault was the eastern boundary of the Indochina, NW-trending rift belt known as Zengmu basin developed between above two faults due to block divergent of Indochina from Nansha. In the experiment, transtensional flower structures along NW-trending faults are seen, and slight inversion occurs along some NE-dipping faults. The existence of rigid massifs changed the orientations of some faults and rift belt, and also led to deformation concentrate around the massifs. The rifting and drifting of the South China Sea might be caused by slab pull from the proto South China Sea subducting toward Borneo and/or mantle flow caused by India-Asia collision.

关键词： South China Sea, rifting and drifting, clockwise rotation, analogue modeling, rigid massifs.

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Discovery of Fossil Charophytes from the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation and Early Jurassic Lower Yimen Formation, Sichuan Province, and Its Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1992年第3期66卷 301-309,327页

作者： Liu Junying Chen Zhongliang Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Beijing Panxi geological party, Sichuan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Xichang Liu Linqun Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China

This paper describes the fossil charophytes collected from the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Dazuand Early Jurassic Lower Yimen Formation in Xichang, Sichuan Province, and their significance. Up to now,papers dealing with fossil charophytes of the Late Triassic, especially of the Early Jurassic, have been rarelypublished. The description of the two new species of Porochara, P. dazuensis and P. xichangensis, and theirfossil assemblage not only provides an important basis for classification and correlation of red beds insouthwestern China but reveals for the first time the features of the charophyte flora of the Late Triassic-EarlyJurassic in the area, thus offering valuable data for the establishment of Triassic and Jurassic charophyte fossilzones in China.

关键词： Sichuan Late Triassic Early Jurassic charophyte fossil

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The Geochemical Characteristics and Minerogenic Model for the Amo Hypothermal Tin Deposit in Ximeng County, Yunnan Province

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1991年第3期65卷 271-287页

作者： Zhao Daxian Tang Guangting The Fifth geological party, Yunnan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Simao,Yunnan Liu Linqun The Fifth geological party Yunnan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Sirnao Yunnan

Through studies on the element geochemistry, alteration of country rocks, ore-forming fluids and isotopegeochemistry of the Arno tin deposit in the metamorphic rocks of the Upper Proterozoic Ximeng Group, theauthors consider that the concentration of the B-F-Li-Rb-Cs-Sn association is related to acidic magmatism inthe study area. The Fe-Mg-Li tourmaline in the ore is the replaced product of the country rocks byhypothermal fluid. The δ^(18)O values of mineral separates are +2.01- +13.16‰ and their δ^(34)S values, +2.6-+7.2‰. The ore-forming materials were derived from hydrothermal fluid of granitic magma. For themineralization, the temperature is 45.°-35.℃, the pressure, 45.-1000×10~5.Pa, and the age, Himalayan(21.5.Ma). According to the geochemical characteristics, a minerogenic model is established: the deposit is ahypothermal cassiterite-quartz vein type tin deposit controlled by the hidden Himalayan granites.

关键词： The Geochemical Characteristics and Minerogenic Model for the Amo Hypothermal Tin Deposit in Ximeng County Yunnan Province

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Enrichment mechanisms of rare earth elements in marine hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第2期54卷 197-203页

作者： JIANG XueJun1,2,LIN XueHui1,2,YAO De3,4 & GUO WeiDong5.1 Key Laboratory of Marine Oil and Gas Resources and Marine Environment,Ministry of Land and Resources,Qingdao 266071,China 2 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology,China geological Survey,Qingdao 266071,China 3 Institute of Resources and Environment,Shandong University of Technology,Zibo 25.049,China 4 Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China 5.Department of Oceanography,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005.China 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Oil and Gas Resources and Marine Environment Ministry of Land and Resources Qingdao 266071 China2. Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology China Geological Survey Qingdao 266071 China3. Institute of Resources and Environment Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255049 China4. Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China5. Department of Oceanography Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China

A series of selective extraction experiments were conducted on marine hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts from the seamount near the Line Island to investigate the distribution of rare earth elements （REEs） and the mechanisms of combination between REEs and the hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts. The enrichment of REEs in hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts is attributed mainly to the mineral or oxide/hydroxide of the crust rather than the growth environment. The REEs are present mainly in amorphous ferric oxide/hydroxide rather than in 6-MnO2. Amorphous ferric oxide/hydroxide preferentially combines free REE3＋, while 6-MnO2 combines the REE-carbonate complexes in modern seawater. The REEs in seawater are combined more strongly with amorphous ferric oxide/hydroxides than with 6-MnO2. The positive Ce anomaly in hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts results from the oxidation of soluble Ce3＋ to insoluble Ce4＋ by the actively soluble oxygen of the bottom current rather than by the oxidation of δ-MnO2.

关键词： rare earth elements hydrogenic ferromanganese crust selective extraction experiment geochemistry combinationmechanism

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The Early Precambrian Rocks,Their Ages,Division and Correlation of the Taihang-Wutai Region, the Yanshan Region and the Eastern Sector of the Yinshan Mountains

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1988年第3期1卷 249-266页

作者： Wang Qichao Hebei Regional geological Surveying party, Langfang, Hebei Hebei Regional geological Surveying party Langfang Hebei

According to differences of the protolith formations, the early Precambrian strata in the northern part ofthe North China platform may be divided into the stable stratigraphic region in the west and the mobilestratigraphic region in the east. Based on unconformities, either stratiragphic or tectonic, as well as significantmetamorphic thermal events, the two regions may be stratigraphically defined as follows: 1) the middleArchaean Fuping Supergroup composed of the Chenzhuang and Wanzi Groups (stable areas), and the middleArchaean Qianxi Group (mobile area), whose upper limits are all dated at 2800 Ma; and 2) the upper ArchaeanWutai Supergroup composed of the Longquanguan, Shizui and Taihuai Groups (stable areas), and the upperArchaean Zunhua, Dantazi and Zhuzhangzi Groups (mobile areas). whose upper limits are all dated at 25.0Ma. A correlation of the above-mentioned units is also made. The lower Proterozoic Hutuo Group of the sta-ble region is adjusted to comprise the Gaofan, Doucun, Dongye and Guojiazhai Groups. The upper limit of theGaofan Group is placed at 235. Ma, Dongye 185. Ma and Guojiazhai (the lower limit of the Changcheng Sys-tem) 1700 Ma.

关键词： meta the Yanshan Region and the Eastern Sector of the Yinshan Mountains The Early Precambrian Rocks,Their Ages,Division and Correlation of the Taihang-Wutai Region

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Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating for the Cangshuipu volcanic rocks and its implications for the lower boundary age of the Nanhua strata in South China

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Science Bulletin 2003年第16期48卷 1663-1669页

作者： WANG Jian1, LI Xianhua2, DUAN Taizhong3, LIU Dunyi4, SONG Biao4, LI Zhongxiong1 & GAO Yonghua5.1. Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geologi-cal Survey, Chengdu 610082, China 2. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 5.0640, China 3. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401-1887, USA (Present address: Marathon Oil Company, Houston, TX 7705.-2725. USA) 4. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Bei-jing 100037, China 5. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China Correspondence should be addressed to Wang Jian (e-mail: jianwang@ ***) Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources China Geological Survey Chengdu 610082 China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China Colorado School of Mines Golden CO 80401-1887 USA Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037 China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of geological Sciences Beijing 100037 China

The continental volcanic rocks and volcaniclas-tic sedimentary conglomerates of the Cangshuipu Formation occur well in Yiyang of Hunan Province, consisting of a wedge-shaped succession of Neoproterozoic strata that over-lie with high-angle unconformity the flysch turbidites of the Lengjiaxi Group in the Upper Mesoproterozoic Eonothem. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating gives a weighted mean age of 814 12.Ma for the dacitic volcanic agglomerates from the lowest part of the volcanic rocks in the Cangshuipu Forma-tion. This age is younger than previously reported values of 921—933 Ma for the volcanic rocks from the Cangshuipu Formation. Our new dating represents the lower boundary age of the Neoproterozoic System in the studied area. The younger age for the Cangshuipu volcanic rocks is supported by the following observations: （1） Lower Neoproterozoic strata （814—1000 Ma） are missing in the studied area; （2） the Nanhua rift system was initiated at about 820 Ma; and （3） an age of820 Ma may be taken as the lower boundary tim-ing of the Nanhua System （even Neoproterozoic） in South China.

关键词： Zicon U-Pb dating Neoproterozoic volcanics rift basin Nanhua System.

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geological - Geophysical - Geochemical Exploration Models of Copper - Iron Deposits in Southeastern Hubei

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1994年第3期68卷 299-309页

作者： Guo XuequanSoutheast Hubei geological party, Hubei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Daye, Hubei Chinese Academy of geological Sciences Beijing

This paper discusses geological-geophysical-geochemical models of such typical deposits as the Tieshan-type Fe-Cu deposit, the Tonglushan-type Cu-Fe deposit, the Yehuaxiang-type Cu deposit, the Jiguanzui-type Cu-Au deposit, and the Tongshankou-type Cu (Mo) deposit. The models were established based on practical data of the polymetallic deposits dominated by copper ore in southeastern Hubei. These models, which are graphically illustrated in the paper, systematically summarize the metallogenic geological conditions and the geophysical-geochemical characteristics of copper deposits in this area. The models are of practical significance for studying copper deposits, predicting mineral resources, choosing exploration methods, and searching for ore deposits based on existing ones in the study area.

关键词： southeastern Hubei copper-iron deposits composite exploration model

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Aoyitake plagiogranite in western Tarim Block, NW China: Age, geochemistry, petrogenesis and its tectonic implications

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第11期49卷 1121-1134页

作者： ZHANG Chuanlin1,2, YU Haifeng3, YE Haimin2, ZHAO Yu2 & ZHANG Dongsheng4 1. Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochronology and Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 5.0640, China 2. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Nanjing 210016, China 3. Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Tianjin 300170, China 4. The 2nd Regional geological Investigation party, xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Changji 831100, China 1. Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochronology and Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 2. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Nanjing 210016 China 3. Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Tianjin 300170 China 4. The 2nd Regional geological Investigation party Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Changji 831100 China

SHRIMPP U-Pb zircon age and geochemical and Nd isotopic data are reported for the Aoyitake plagiogranite in western Tarim Block, NW China. The plagiogranite intruded the Middle Pro- terozoic and Lower Carboniferous with an exposure area of ca. 60 km2 and crystallized at 330.7±4.8 Ma. Rock types mainly include tonalite, trondhjemite and minor amounts of diorite and quartz-diorite. Feldspars in the rocks are dominated by oligoclase-andesine, and minor perthite observed locally. The granites are sodic with Na/K ratios (molar) between 4 and 87. Total REE (5.-220 ppm) show a clear positive correlation with SiO2. There is no LRRE/HREE fractionation (LaN/YbN=0.5.1.5., me- dium negative Eu anomalies (δ Eu=0.3-0.6), high Y content and low Sr/Y ratio (~1.0). These granites exhibit relatively juvenile Nd T2DM model ages of 470 to 5.0 Ma and positive εNd(331 Ma) values of 6.23 to 7.65. The aforementioned characteristics are similar to those of ocean island or ocean ridge plagiogranites. However, the regional geology, especially its scale, precludes that the plagiogranite pluton was derived directly from fractionational crystallization of mantle-derived basaltic magma. We interpreted that the primary magma of the pluton might be tonalitic in composition generated by ca. 5.% partial melting of the juvenile basaltic crust. The primary magma experienced intensive frac- tionational crystallization, and intruded into the middle to upper crusts to form the granite pluton. In combination with the previous regional geological data, it is concluded that the plagiogranite pluton was emplaced within the Tarim Block in respond to the Carboniferous continental rifting along the Tianshan orogenic belt.

关键词： western Tarim, Aoyitake plagiogranite, age, geochemistry, tectonic implications.

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Sequence Stratigraphy and Tectonic Environment of the Chartai Group,Inner Mongolia

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1991年第3期65卷 217-235,341-342页

作者： Qiao Xiufu Yao Peiyi Wang Chengshu Tan Lin Zhu Shenyu Zhou Shengde Zhang Yuqing Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Beijing Regional geological Survey party,geological Bureau of Inner Mongolia,Hohhot Sun Sheping Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China

The Middle Proterozoic Chartai Group separated by two unconformities consists of three depositional se-quences: the Shujigou Formation-Zenglongchang Formation (DS Ⅰ), the Agulugou Formation (DS Ⅱ), andthe Liuhongwan Formation (DS Ⅲ). The carbonate platform and back-platform basin are the basic environ-ment model of the Chartai Group. The syndepositional faults on the oceanward side of the carbonate platformand large-scale slumping in the soft sediments are important marks of facies tracts. The newly establishedZenglongchan uplifting, an epeirogenetic uplifting, plays an important role in the formation of thepalaeogeographic framework of the Chartai Group. The stratigraphic correlation between the Chartai Groupand the Bayan Obo Group is made for the first time by using sequence stratigraphic principle and model estab-lished by P.R. Vail. The Chartai Group, which was deposited on the northern passive continental margin of theNorth China platfom, represents the platform cover.

关键词： Sequence Stratigraphy and Tectonic Environment of the Chartai Group Inner Mongolia

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REE Geochemistry in the Weathered Crust of Granites, Longnan Area,Jiangxi Province

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1990年第2期64卷 193-209,237页

作者： Wu Chengyu Huang Dianhao Guo Zhongxun Institute of Mineral Deposits, Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Beijing geological Survey party of South Jiangxi, Jiangxi Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Ganzhou, Jiangxi JIANGXI BUR GEOL & MINERAL RESOURCES GEOL SURVEY PARTY S JIANGXIGANZHOUPEOPLES R CHINA

Warm and humid climate and gentle hilly topography have provided favourable conditions for the devel-opment of the weathering crust of the granite intrusions in the Longnan area, Jiangxi Province. REE is mostlyconcentrated in an adsorption state in clay in the wholly weathered zone. The rare-earth minerals enriched inthe parent rocks provided the source material for the REE enrichment. Exchangeable REE accounts for48-86%. Extraction experiments and stable isotopic study of clay minerals suggest that the downward infiltra-tion of meteoric water and increasing gradient of pH values have played an important role in the enrichment ofREE during the progressive weathering. Slight fractionation of individual REE can not change their distribu-tion patterns in the profiles. which are inherited from the parent rocks.

关键词： REE Geochemistry in the Weathered Crust of Granites Longnan Area,Jiangxi Province

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