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Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event

Science china Earth sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2049-2060页

作者： DENG Shenghui1,2, LU Yuanzheng1,2,3 & XU Daoyi4.1. Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, china 2. Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina, Beijing 100083, china 3. china University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, china 4. institute of geology, china Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, china 1. Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development 100083 Beijing China 2. Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina 100083 Beijing China 3. china University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China 4. institute of geology China Earthquake Administration 100029 Beijing China

The mass extinction at the end-Triassic is one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic. However,it is the least well understood among these five events, and only till last decade it became a great academic interesting subject to geologists. The evidences for this event come obviously from bivalves, brachiopods, ammonites, corals, radiolaria, ostracods and foraminifera of marine habitats, and plants and tetrapods of terrestrial realm. By contrast, for some of other groups, such as marine gastropods and marine vertebrates, no mass extinction has been recog-nized yet. The extinction event is strongly marked at specific level but shown a complicated situa-tion at generic and family levels. Dramatic changing of the environment, such as the temperature raise due to the greenhouse effect, the marine anoxic habitats caused by a sudden transgression after the regression at the end of Triassic, has been claimed to be the main cause of the extinction. Many hypotheses have been suggested to demonstrate the mechanisms of the environment changing, among which two popular ones are the bolide impact and volcanic eruption. The Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) boundary mass extinction event is still poorly understood because no enough data have been obtained from the Tr-J boundary successional sections of both marine and terrestrial sediments, and most of these studies were regionally restricted. The basic aspects of the event and its associated environmental conditions remain poorly characterized and the causal mechanism or mechanisms are equivocal. Some authors even doubt its occurrence. china has many successionally developed terrestrial and marine Tr-J sections. Detailed studies of these sections may be important and significant for well understanding of the event.

关键词： progress, review, end-Triassic, mass extinction, mechanism, Tr-J boundary.

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TIME-IGGCAS model validation:Comparisons with empirical models and observations

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Science china Technological sciences 2008年第3期51卷 308-322页

作者： YUE XinAn1,2,3, WAN WeiXing1, LIU LiBo1, NING BaiQi1, ZHAO BiQiang1 & ZHANG ManLian1 1 institute of geology and geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing {4., china 2 Wuhan institute of Physics and Mathematics, chinese academy of sciences, Wuhan 4.0071, china 3 Graduate University, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10004., china 1. institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China 2. Wuhan institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China 3. chinese academy of sciences Graduate University Beijing 100049 China

The TIME-IGGCAS (Theoretical Ionospheric Model of the Earth in institute of Ge- ology and geophysics, chinese academy of sciences) has been developed re- cently on the basis of previous works. To test its validity, we have made compari- sons of model results with other typical empirical ionospheric models (IRI, NeQuick-ITUR, and TItheridge temperature models) and multi-observations (GPS, Ionosondes, Topex, DMSP, FORMOSAT, and CHAMP) in this paper. Several conclu- sions are obtained from our comparisons. The modeled electron density and elec- tron and ion temperatures are quantitatively in good agreement with those of em- pirical models and observations. TIME-IGGCAS can model the electron density variations versus several factors such as local time, latitude, and season very well and can reproduce most anomalistic features of ionosphere including equatorial anomaly, winter anomaly, and semiannual anomaly. These results imply a good base for the development of ionospheric data assimilation model in the future. TIME-IGGCAS underestimates electron temperature and overestimates ion tem- perature in comparison with either empirical models or observations. The model results have relatively large deviations near sunrise time and sunset time and at the low altitudes. These results give us a reference to improve the model and enhance its performance in the future.

关键词： ionosphere theoretical model empirical model satellite observation relative deviation

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Forcing mechanism of the Pleistocene east Asian monsoon variations in a phase perspective

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第10期48卷 1708-1717页

作者： TIAN Jun1,2, WANG Pinxian1, CHENG Xinrong1, WANG Rujian1 & SUN Xiangjun1,3 1. State Key Laboratory of Marine geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, china 2. institute of geology and {4., chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100029, china 3. institute of Botany, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100093, china State Key Laboratory of Marine geology Tongji University Shanghai china institute of geology and geophysics chinese academy of sciences Beijing{4. institute of Botany chinese academy of sciences Beijing china

The deep sea records from the ODP Sites 114. and 114. in the northern and southern South china Sea (SCS), including foraminiferal δ 18O and δ 13C, Opal% and pollen percentage, reveal that the variations of the east Asian monsoon have been closely correlated with the variations of the Earth’s orbital parameters (eccentricity, obliquity and precession) and the global ice volume on orbital scale. All the monsoonal proxies show strong 100 ka, 4. ka and 23 ka cycles. Although G. ruber δ 13C of Site 114. is coherent with the ETP (ETP= normalized (eccentricity + obliquity-precession) at eccentricity, obliquity and precession bands, most of the coherent relationship focuses on the precession band, and the other monsoonal proxies are coherent with the ETP only at the precession band, which indicate that precession dominates the Pleistocene tropical climate changes. The phase relationship of the monsoonal proxies with the foraminiferal δ 18O implies that the global ice volume changes have played a significant role in modulating the east Asian monsoon climate, at least dominating the winter monsoon. This forcing mechanism of the east Asian monsoon is apparently different from that of the Indian ocean mon-soon. The variations of the east Asian monsoon at the precession band, at least that of the winter monsoon, have been controlled not only by the sensible heating but also by the latent heating of the surface water in the South china Sea.

关键词： South china Sea, ODP, east Asian monsoon, orbital forcing, global ice volume.

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Research on the dynamics of the South china Sea opening:Evidence from analogue modeling

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Science china Earth sciences 2006年第10期49卷 1053-1069页

作者： SUN Zhen1,2, ZHOU Di1, ZHONG Zhihong3, XIA Bin2, QIU Xuelin1, ZENG Zuoxun4.& JIANG Jianqun5 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea geology, South china Sea institute of Oceanology, chinese academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510301, china 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea geology, Guangzhou institute of Geochemistry, chinese academy of sciences, Guangzhou 51064., china 3. Department of Technology, Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC, Guangzhou 51024., china 4. Faculty of Earth sciences, china University of Geosciences, Wuhan 4.0074. china 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company, Liaohe Oilfield Petro{14., Panjin 124.10, china 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea geology Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 3. Department of Technology Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Guangzhou 510240 China 4. Faculty of Earth sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina Panjin 124010 China

Independent of Indochina extrusion, the South china Sea experienced a process from passive continental rifting to marginal sea drifting. According to the fault patterns in the Beibu Gulf basin and the Pearl River Mouth basin, the continental rifting and early spreading stage from 32 to 26 Ma were controlled by extensional stress field, which shifted clockwise from southeastward to south southeastward. From 24.Ma on, the sea spread in NW-SE direction and ceased spreading at around 15.5 Ma. Integrated geological information with the assumption that the South china Sea developed along a pre-Cenozoic weakness zone, we did analogue experiments on the South china Sea evolu- tion. Experiments revealed that the pre-existing weakness zone goes roughly along the uplift zone between the present Zhu-1 and Zhu-2 depression. The pre-existing weakness zone is composed of three segments trending NNE, roughly EW and NEE, respectively. The early opening of the South china Sea is accompanied with roughly 15° clockwise rotation, while the SE sub-sea basin opened with SE extension. Tinjar fault was the western boundary of the Nansha block (Dangerous Ground), while Lupar fault was the eastern boundary of the Indochina, NW-trending rift belt known as Zengmu basin developed between above two faults due to block divergent of Indochina from Nansha. In the experiment, transtensional flower structures along NW-trending faults are seen, and slight inversion occurs along some NE-dipping faults. The existence of rigid massifs changed the orientations of some faults and rift belt, and also led to deformation concentrate around the massifs. The rifting and drifting of the South china Sea might be caused by slab pull from the proto South china Sea subducting toward Borneo and/or mantle flow caused by India-Asia collision.

关键词： South china Sea, rifting and drifting, clockwise rotation, analogue modeling, rigid massifs.

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SEISMIC STUDIES OF MARINE GAS HYDRATES

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化工学报 2003年第Z1期54卷 47-56页

作者： SONG Haibin (institute of geology and geophysics, CAS, Beijing 100029,{4.) institute of geology and geophysics CAS Beijing 100029 China

We give a brief introduction of developments of seismic methods in the studies of marine gas hydrates. Then we give an example of seismic data processing for BSRs in western Nankai accretionary prism, a typical gas hydrate distribution region. Seismic data processing is proved to be important to obtain better images of BSRs distribution. Studies of velocity structure of hydrated sediments are useful for better understanding the distribution of gas hydrates. Using full waveform inversion, we successfully derived high-resolution velocity model of a double BSR in eastern Nankai Trough area. Recent survey and research show that gas hydrates occur in the marine sediments of the South china Sea and East china *** we would like to say seismic researches on gas hydrate in china are very preliminary.

关键词： gas hydrates, bottom-simulating reflector, seismic, full waveform inversion, Nankai Trough

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Monitoring Crustal Movement of the Coastal Zone in Eastern china with GPS Technique

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地球科学进展 2004年第S1期19卷 21-29页

作者： DING Ji-xin, YANG Zhi-fa, SHANG Yan-jun (institute of geology and geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing {4., china)

In this paper, various dominating factors affecting crustal movement of the coastal zone in eastern china are analyzed, and major characteristics of crustal movement are summarized. Subduction of the pacific plate and Philippine plate and southeastward "escape" of Qinghai-Tibet plateau are believed to be dominating factors affecting crustal movement of that zone. Undoubtedly, it is a best way to monitor this kind of large-scale crustal movement with GPS technique. The feasibility of monitoring crustal m...

关键词： GPS Coastal zone Eastern china Crustal movement.

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Liaoxiornis delicatus *** ***.,the smallest Mesozoic bird

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chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第9期44卷 834-838页

作者： HOU Lianhai and CHEN Peiji institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, chinese academy of sciences , Beijing 10004., china Nanjing institute of {4. and Paleontology, chinese academy of sciences , china institute of Vertebra Paleontology und Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Nanjing Instittue of Gology and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Sciences China

Recently, a very small and complete bird specimen was collected from the Confuciusornis-bearing Yixian Formation. This finding represents a new kind of Mesozoic bird, named Liaoxiornis delicatus. It is characterized by a short skull with teeth, a long neck and a very small sternum with only posterior process; the humeral head is not internally curved, and the hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs. Liaoxiomis delicatus is not only much smaller than Confuciusornis, but also smaller than Cathayomis and other early Cretaceous birds. It is the smallest bird known from Mesozoic deposit. Liaoxiornis provides new evidence indicating that the early adaptive radiation of birds is complicated.

关键词： Mesozoic early bird evolution of birds.

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东濮凹陷油气资源评价问题探讨

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石油学报 2003年第4期24卷 17-20,25页

作者：肖斌中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所北京100029

东濮凹陷是一个典型的盐湖沉积盆地 ,特殊的沉积特征决定了其油气资源评价方法的特殊性。根据东濮凹陷生油岩的高温、高压模拟试验资料 ,在一定的温压条件下 ,生油岩的液态窗可能会延长 ,使深部地层的油气资源 ,尤其是液态石油的资源供... 详细信息

东濮凹陷是一个典型的盐湖沉积盆地 ,特殊的沉积特征决定了其油气资源评价方法的特殊性。根据东濮凹陷生油岩的高温、高压模拟试验资料 ,在一定的温压条件下 ,生油岩的液态窗可能会延长 ,使深部地层的油气资源 ,尤其是液态石油的资源供给量增加。模拟试验资料还表明 ,在高温、高压条件下 ,生油岩的总生烃量会增加 ,其有机碳的转化率最高可达 4.%。因此 ,用常规方法计算的资源量偏低 ,应重新测试在高温、高压条件下生油岩的产烃资源 ,准确计算东濮凹陷的资源量。

关键词：东濮凹陷盐湖沉积盆地烃源岩油气资源评价模型

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Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide-angle reflection/refraction

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第7期48卷 925-938页

作者： ZHU Jinfang1, XU Xiwei2, ZHANG Xiankang3, HUANG Zonglin1, CHEN Xiangxiong1, FANG Shengming3, LIU Baojin3, ZHENG Rongzhang2,4.1. Seismological Bureau of Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350003,china 2. institute of geology,china Earthquake Administration,Beijing {4.,china 3. Research Center for Exploration geophysics,china Earthquake Administration,Zhengzhou 4.0002,china 4. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics,institute of geology,china Earthquake Administration,Beijing {4.,china Seismological Bureau of Fujian Province Fuzhou 350003 China institute of geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China Research Center for Exploration geophysics China Earthquake Administration Zhengzhou 450002 China State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

The Fuzhou basin and its vicinities are located at the northern end of the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of china. By the joint explorations of high-resolution seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection/refraction as well as deep seismic reflection in the region, which is the first synthetic profile in china, its fine velocity structure and geometric structure from the ground to Moho discontinuity is obtained. The result shows that the crust is obviously layered with a thickness of about 32 km. Basically, it consists of two parts: upper crust and lower crust. The velocity of the upper crust is 5.9-6.2 km/s in which there is a 3-4.km-thick weak low-velocity layer between the depths of 10-15 km, while the velocity of the lower crust in the range of 6.3-7.2 km/s. There exists a strong velocity gradient layer about 3 km thick above the Moho discontinuity whose velocity increases from 6.5 to 7.27 km/s. There exist high-angle normal faults that are small in size and extend only in the shallow crust. These faults are the secondary developed on the hanging wall of westward dipping low-angle normal faults. Thus, their seismogenic ability is limited, however, there exists a high-angle deep fault in the crust from Changle-Zaoan fault zone to seashore fault zone. This deep fault has cut the interface between the upper and lower crusts and Moho discontinuity, and may be the deep structure to trigger destructive earthquake source in future to affect Fuzhou City. These results have advanced the detecting precision of the deep structure in the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of china. In the aspect of the combined feature of the deep and shallow extensional structures that consist of the westward dipping low-angle normal faults and secondary normal faults on their hanging walls in the upper crust, it is firstly obtained that a united structural interpretation has deepened the knowledge about the deep dynamic process in the southeastern coasta

关键词： deep seismic reflection high-resolution seismic refraction wide-angle.

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Some Recognitions on the Sedimentary-Tectonic Development of the Meso-Cenozoic Basins in Eastern china

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1988年第4期1卷 365-379页

作者： Liu Xun institute of geology, chinese academy of Geological {4., Beijing chinese ACAD GEOL SCI INST GEOLBEIJINGPEOPLES R CHINA

Since Jurassic. intense and repeated tectonic movements have taken place in eastern china, of which theYanshanian movement is the most important. Thereby the development of the basins between the Jurassic andEogene in the studied areas may by divided into two different stages, i.e. the Yanshanian subcycle （J-K;） andthe North china subcycle （K;-E）. The basement and tectonic stress field of the basins played an obvious role in controlling thesedimentary-tectonic development of the basins. and down-faulted basins might form under different stressstates. Besides. the shearing stress also played an important part while the basins were forming in the notedareas.

关键词： Some Recognitions on the Sedimentary-Tectonic Development of the Meso-Cenozoic Basins in Eastern china

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