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Biodegradation and origin of oil sands in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Petroleum Science 2008年第2期5卷 87-94页

作者： Zhou Shuqing Huang Haiping Liu Yuming School of Energy Resource China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China department of geology and geophysics University of Calgary T2N 1N4 Calgary Canada

The oil sands deposits in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin （WCSB） comprise of at least 85% of the total immobile bitumen in place in the world and are so concentrated as to be virtually the only such deposits that are economically recoverable for conversion to oil. The major deposits are in three geographic and geologic regions of Alberta： Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River. The bitumen reserves have oil gravities ranging from 8 to 12° API, and are hosted in the reservoirs of varying age, ranging from Devonian （Grosmont Formation） to Early Cretaceous （Mannville Group）. They were derived from light oils in the southern Alberta and migrated to the north and east for over 100 km during the Laramide Orogeny, which was responsible for the uplift of the Rocky Mountains. Biodegradation is the only process that transforms light oil into bitumen in such a dramatic way that overshadowed other alterations with minor contributions. The levels of biodegradation in the basin increasing from west （non-biodegraded） to east （extremely biodegraded） can be attributed to decreasing reservoir temperature, which played the primary role in controlling the biodegradation regime. Once the reservoir was heated to approximately 80℃, it was pasteurized and no biodegradation would further occur. However, reservoir temperature could not alone predict the variations of the oil composition and physical properties. Compositional gradients and a wide range ofbiodegradation degree at single reservoir column indicate that the water-leg size or the volume ratio of oil to water is one of the critical local controls for the vertical variations ofbiodegradation degree and oil physical properties. Late charging and mixing of the fresh and degraded oils ultimately dictate the final distribution of compositions and physical properties found in the heavy oil and oil sand fields. Oil geochemistry can reveal precisely the processes and levels that control these variations in a given field, which opens the

关键词： Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) oil sands biodegradation mixing

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Holocene grassland vegetation, climate and human impact in central eastern Inner Mongolia

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第7期48卷 1025-1039页

作者： HUANG Fei1, Kealhofer Lisa2, XIONG Shangfa3 & HUANG Fengbao1 1. Nanjing Institute of geology and Paleontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China 2. Anthropology and Sociology department,Santa Clara University,CA 95053,usa 3. Institute of geology and {4.,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China Nanjing Institute of geology and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China Anthropology and Sociology department Santa Clara University CA 95053 United States Institute of geology and Geoohysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijina 100029 China

Phytolith and pollen preserved in the Taipusi Banner paleosol profile, central eastern Inner Mongolia, provide evidence of Holocene grassland vegetation, climate and human impact. The combined phytolith and pollen records reveal a major change in vegetation composition about 5000 a BP. Before 5000 a BP, the vegetation was dominated by Aneurolepidium Chinese-Stipa grandis grassland of C4.grasses. After 5000 a BP, C4.grasses rapidly retreated, indicating a shift to colder and more arid conditions. The gradual invasion of Stipa krylovii, Ag-ropyron desertorum, Ephedra, Chenopodiaceae and Caragana reveal the onset of grassland degeneration. Between 10000 and 8720 a BP, the Aneurolepidium Chinese-Stipa grandis grassland included a small proportion of Artemisia shrub and Echionopos type plants, implying a strong winter monsoon and very weak summer monsoon. From 8720 to 7000 a BP, C4.grasses were common, indicating a strengthening of the summer monsoon. Between 7000 and 5000 a BP, the Holocene thermal maximum was evident, with a significant expansion of C4.grasses and the presence of some trees (such as Pinus and Betula, and so on) in or near the study site. From 4.00?000 a BP, a sandy grassland of Artemisia and Agropyron desertorum together with Aster-type taxa occurred. Precipitation amelioration took place between 3000 and 2170 a BP, with a rapid development of Echinops type plants and a small expansion of C4.grasses. From 2170 a BP to present, human activities accelerated the process of grassland degeneration.

关键词： phytolith and pollen records grassland environment change human impact Holocene central eastern Inner Mongolia.

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Fracturing and Episodic Fluid Expulsion in Pressure Compartments

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Journal of Earth Science 1998年第2期17卷 32-36页

作者： Mei Lianfu department of Petroleum geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 4.0074.Wang C.Y. department of geology and {4., University of California, Berkeley 94.20 Cai Yongen department of geology, Peking University, Beijing 100871

The fracturing of the pressure compartments in sedimentary basins may not be caused completely by natural hydraulic fracturing. On the bases of fracture mechanics and numerical simulation, we consider that there are two mechanisms concerning the fracturing of pressure compartments, which are as follows: (1) natural hydraulic fracturing of the sediments within pressure compartments, and (2) tensile fracturing due to tangential traction. When the fracture, formed in the sediments within pressure compartments due to hydraulic fracturing, arrives at the base of the seal, the intensely tangential tensile stresses are created and lead to the fracturing of the seal. After the seal fractured, the fluid escaped from the pressure compartments. In a shallow pressure compartment, the duration of fracture opening and fluid expulsion is about 10-20 years in a cycle.

关键词： pressure compartments fracturing episodic fluid expulsion.

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A REINTERPRETATION OF THE OLDEST HIMALAYAN FORELAND BASIN SEDIMENTS: A REVISED AGE FOR THE BALAKOT FORMATION, PAKISTAN

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地学前缘 2000年第S1期7卷 310-312页

作者： Yani Najman 1, Malcolm Pringle 2, Laurent Godin 3, Grahame Oliver 4.WT5,5”BX](1 Foothills Research Project, department of geology & geophysics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4. Canada,E\|mail: y.najman

The Balakot Formation foreland basin sediments, located in the Hazara\|Kashmir syntaxis, Pakistan, consist of a >8km thick succession of clastic red beds and calcrete, interpreted as deposited in a tidal environment. Within this sequence are intercalated four distinct grey fossiliferous marl and silt units, 20～60m thick, dated at Late Palaeocene to Mid Eocene (Bossart & Ottiger 1989). Thus the Balakot Formation has been interpreted as the oldest continental foreland basin deposits and has been used to determine the timing of India\|Eurasia collision (Rowley 1996) which has implications for the degree of diachroneity of collision (Burbank et al. 1996; Uddin and Lundberg 1998) and rapidity of metamorphism (Treloar 1997), to interpret the palaeotectonics and palaeogeography of the mountain belt (Critelli and Garzanti 1994. Pivnik and Wells 1996), understand the relationship between mountain belt evolution and exhumation processes (Treloar et al. 1991) and construct models of foreland basin evolution and geometry (DeCelles et al. 1998; Burbank et al 1996).

关键词： Balakot Formation foreland basin muscovite, Ar\|Ar isotopic dating Pakistan Himalaya exhumation

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S-wave velocity and Poisson's ratio structure of crust in Yunnan and its implication

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第2期48卷 210-218页

作者： HU Jiafu, SU Youjin, ZHU Xiongguan & CHEN Yun Geophysical department of Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province, Kunming 65004., China Institute of geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 1. Geophysical department of Yunnan University 650091 Kunming China 2. Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province 650041 Kunming China 3. Institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing China

Receiver function of body wave under the 23 stations in Yunnan was extracted from 3-component broadband digital recording of teleseismic event. Thus, the S-wave velocity structure and distribution characteristics of Poisson's ratio in crust of Yunnan are obtained by inversion. The results show that the crustal thickness is gradually thinned from north to south. The crustal thickness in Zhongdian of northwest reaches as many as 62.0 km and the one in Jinghong of further south end is only 30.2 km. What should be especially noted is that there exists a Moho upheaval running in NS in the Chuxiong region and a Moho concave is generally parallel to it in Dongchuan. In addition, there exists an obvious transversal inhomogeneity for the S-wave velocity structure in upper mantle and crust in the Yunnan region. The low velocity layer exists not only in 10.0-15.0 km in upper crust in some regions, but also in 30.0-4..0 km in lower crust. Generally, the Poisson's ratio is on the high side, however it has a better corresponding relation to the crustal velocity structure. An obvious block distribution feature is still shown on such a high background of Poisson's ratio. It is discovered by synthetically analyzing the velocity structure and Poisson's ratio distribution that there are high Poisson's ratio and complicated crust-mantle velocity structure feature in the Sichuan-Yunnan Diamond Block with Xiaojiang fault to be the east boundary and Yulong Snow Mountain fault to be the west boundary besides the frequent seismicity. This feature differs obviously from that of surrounding areas, which would provide geophysical evidence to deeply study the eastwardly flowage of lithospheric substances in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

关键词： Yunnan, S-wave velocity, Poisson's ratio, Sichuan-Yunnan Diamond Block.

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Structural pattern of eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa and its formation process

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第2期47卷 138-150页

作者： ZHANG Jinjiang, Jl Jianqing, ZHONG Dalai, DING Lin & HE Shundong1. department of geology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 2. Institute of geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Jinjiang (email: zhjj@***) 1. department of geology Peking University 100871 Beijing China 2. Institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100029 Beijing China

The structural pattern of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa consists of two series of structures with different styles. One series compiles the earlier ductile contractional and lateral-slip deformation system, formed by nearly north-south shortening within the syntaxis, left-lateral and right-lateral slipping along its western and eastern boundaries respectively. They were possibly produced by the indentation of the Indian continent into Asian continent after India-Asia collision. The peak deformation-metamorphic ages in these structures are 62-60 Ma, ~23 Ma and ~13 Ma. The other series is composed of ductile-brittle normal faults distributing concentrically and dipping toward the outsides of Namjagbarwa Peak. They were probably the collapse structures caused by rapid uplift in a later time and the beginning ages for the normal faulting are about 7.3-6.3 Ma. Keywords Namjagbarwa - eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) - structural pattern - formation process - structural chronology

关键词： Namjagbarwa, eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS), structural pattern, formation process, structural chronology.

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Abrupt climate change of EastAsian Monsoon at 130 kaBP inferred from a high resolu-tion stalagmite δ18O record

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Science Bulletin 2005年第23期50卷 2765-2769页

作者： JIANG Xiuyang1, WANG Yongjin1, KONG Xinggong1,WU Jiangying1, SHAO Xiaohua1, XIA Zhifeng1 & CHENG Hai2 1. College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210097, China 2. department of geology and geophysics, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, mn 5.455, {4. College of Geography Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 China department of geology and geophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

230Th ages and oxygen isotope data of a stalagmite from Shanbao Cave in Hubei Province characterize thEast Asian Monsoon precipitation from 133 to127 ka. Thdecadal-scale high-resolution δ18O record reveals a detailedtransitional process from the Penultimate Glaciation to thLast Interglaciation. As established with 230Th dates, the agof the Termination II is determined to be 129.5±1.0 kaBPwhich supports the Northern Hemisphere insolation as thtriggers for the ice-age cycles. In our δ18O record, the glacialinterglacial fluctuation reaches about 4., almost the samlevel as in other Asian Monsoon cave stalagmite δ18O recordThe transition of the glacial/interglacial period in our recordcan be recognized as four stepwise stages, among which, arapid rise of monsoon precipitation follows the stage o“Termination II pause”. The rapid rise is synchronous withthe abrupt change of global methane concentration, whichreflects that an increase in both Asian Monsoon precipitationand tropical wetland plays an important role in the globaclimate changes.

关键词： stalagmite high-resolution U/Th age Termination II.

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Sedimentary Basins in the Western White Nile, Sudan, as Indicated by a Gravity Survey

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2002年第3期13卷 289-296页

作者： Mohammed I A Wang Jiaying Liu Tianyou department of geophysics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 4.0074.Farwa A G department of geology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan department of geophysics China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 department of geology Faculty of Science University of Khartoum Sudan

An academic geophysical research as a regional gravity survey was made during1994.in the Western White Nile to infer the shallow crustal structures in the area. The result ofthe survey was compiled as a Bouguer anomaly map with a contour interval of 2 X 10^(-5)m/s^2. It isfound that the negative residual anomalies are related to the Upper Cretaceous sediments (NubianSandstone Formation) filling all depressions in the Basement complex surface while the positiveresidual anomalies are attributed to the relatively shallow or outcropping Basement rocks and thesteep gravity gradients are resulting from the sharp contacts between the sedimentary infill and theBasement rocks. To define the geological structures in the area, 9 profiles were studied. For eachof the profiles, measured and computed Bouguer gravity anomalies, crustal density model, subsurfacegeology evaluation were performed. A G-model computer program was applied in the gravity modeling,which is based on the line-integral method of gravity computation. A geological/structural map wasproposed showing inferred sedimentary basins, faulting troughs and uplifted Basement block andtectonic trends. The basins are believed to be fault-controlled which developed by extensionaltectonics (pull-apart mechanism). As for the mechanism and cause of faulting, the area is consideredas a part of the Central Sudan rift system which had been subjected to several tectonic eventssince Early Cambrian to Tertiary times which resulted in the formation of several fracture systemsassociated with block subsidence, rifting and basin formation.

关键词： bouguer anomaly residual anomaly basin fault pull-apart rift-system

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Oroclinal bending and block rotations in South China since the Mesozoic——Geological and paleomagnetic evidence

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1997年第2期42卷 132-136页

作者： LI Zhengxiang, FANG Dajun, Christopher McA. Powell and LOU Gang1. department of geology and geophysics, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6907, Australia 2. department of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China department of geology and geophysics The University of Western Australia Nedlands Australia department of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China

THE South China Block exhibits a complex structural pattern in its Neoproterozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary cover. The lack of knowledge about the formation of this pattern hinders our understanding of the regional tectonic evolution and paleogeography, and the reconstruction of Phanerozoic apparent polar wander path(s). In this note we present a synthesis based on a paleomagnetic and tectonic analysis, which suggests that (i) the structural pattern over

关键词： Mesozoic paleomagnetism block rotation.

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Concentration Characteristics and Sources of Chemical Elements in Atmospheric Fine Particles (PM_(2.5)) in Autumn in Xi'an City

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Meteorological and Environmental Research 2011年第4期2卷 5-8页

作者： GAN Xiao-feng1,2, CAO Jun-ji2,3, WANG Qi-yuan4. SHEN Zhen-xing4. XU Hong-mei2 1. department of Environmental Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004., China 2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China 3. Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004., China 4. department of Environmental Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004., China

[Objective] The aim was to study the concentration characteristics and sources of chemical elements in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) in autumn in Xi’an City. [Method] By means of mini-volume sampler, PM2.5 samples in atmosphere in Xi’an were collected in October 2009, and the concentration characteristics and sources of elements in PM2.5 were analyzed. [Result] The average mass concentration of PM2.5 in atmosphere in autumn in Xi’an City was 168.4. μg/m3 which was higher than that of Beijing and Pearl River Delta area, and the minimum and maximum value were 53.29 and 358.16 μg/m3, respectively. The mass concentration of S, Zn, K, Cl, Ca and Fe in PM2.5 was above 1.0 μg/m3, being at high pollution level. In addition, K had obvious correlation with organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC), with the correlation coefficients of 0.76 and 0.75 (Pmn and Cr mainly came from earth crust, rock weathering and other natural sources, while anthropogenic pollution sources had great effects on S, Zn, Cl, Pb, Br, Mo, Cd and As which were affected by soil dust and other natural sources slightly, and Cd had the highest enrichment factor and mainly came from metal smelting. In a word, coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicle emissions, metallurgical, chemical industry and dust were the main sources of PM2.5 in autumn in Xi’an. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the control of urban environmental pollution.

关键词： Atmospheric fine particles Chemical element Enrichment factor Factor analysis China

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