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Insights into correlation between satellite infrared information and fault activities

Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第4期16卷 394-402页

作者： MA Jin, WANG Yipeng, CHEN Shunyun, LIU Peixun and LIU Liqiang state key laboratory of earthquake {4., institute of geology, china earthquake administration, beijing 1.0029, china [a]state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Bejing China

Tectonic activities are accompanied with material movement and energy transfer, which definitely change the state of thermal radiation on the ground. Thus it is possible to infer present-day tectonic activities based on variations of the thermal radiation state on the ground. The received satellite infrared information is, however, likely influenced by many kinds of factors. Therefore, the first problem that needs to be solved is to extract information on tectonic activities and eliminate effects of external (non-tectonic) factors. In this study, we firstly make a review of the current studies on this subject, and then present the technical approach and our research goal. Using the data of 20 years from the infrared band of the satellite of National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) and the method we have developed, we investigate fault activities in western china. The results show that the areas with high residual values of land surface brightness temperature (LSBT), which is presumably related to faultings in space, accord usually with the locations of followed major {4.s. The times of their value growing are also roughly consistent with the beginning of active periods of {4.s. The low frequency component fields of the LSBT, acquired from wavelet analysis, exhibit well the spatial distributions of active faults. The "heat penetrability index" (HPI) related with enhancement of subsurface thermal information has been expressed well for the backgrounds of accelerated tectonic motions, and some correlations exist between HPI and the local faulting and seismicity. This study provides a new approach to study temporal-spatial evolution of recent activities of faults and their interactions.

关键词： infrared emission fault activity residual of land surface brightness temperature heat penetrability index.

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Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide-angle reflection/refraction

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第7期48卷 925-938页

作者： ZHU Jinfang1, XU Xiwei2, ZHANG Xiankang3, HUANG Zonglin1, CHEN Xiangxiong1, FANG Shengming3, LIU Baojin3, ZHENG Rongzhang2,4.1. Seismological Bureau of Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350003,china 2. institute of geology,china earthquake administration,beijing 1.0029,china 3. Research Center for Exploration Geophysics,china earthquake administration,Zhengzhou 4.0002,china 4. state key laboratory of earthquake dynamics,institute of geology,china earthquake administration,beijing 1.0029,china Seismological Bureau of Fujian Province Fuzhou 350003 China institute of geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China Research Center for Exploration Geophysics China Earthquake Administration Zhengzhou 450002 China state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

The Fuzhou basin and its vicinities are located at the northern end of the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of china. By the joint explorations of high-resolution seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection/refraction as well as deep seismic reflection in the region, which is the first synthetic profile in china, its fine velocity structure and geometric structure from the ground to Moho discontinuity is obtained. The result shows that the crust is obviously layered with a thickness of about 32 km. Basically, it consists of two parts: upper crust and lower crust. The velocity of the upper crust is 5.9-6.2 km/s in which there is a 3-4.km-thick weak low-velocity layer between the depths of 10-15 km, while the velocity of the lower crust in the range of 6.3-7.2 km/s. There exists a strong velocity gradient layer about 3 km thick above the Moho discontinuity whose velocity increases from 6.5 to 7.27 km/s. There exist high-angle normal faults that are small in size and extend only in the shallow crust. These faults are the secondary developed on the hanging wall of westward dipping low-angle normal faults. Thus, their seismogenic ability is limited, however, there exists a high-angle deep fault in the crust from Changle-Zaoan fault zone to seashore fault zone. This deep fault has cut the interface between the upper and lower crusts and Moho discontinuity, and may be the deep structure to trigger destructive earthquake source in future to affect Fuzhou City. These results have advanced the detecting precision of the deep structure in the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of china. In the aspect of the combined feature of the deep and shallow extensional structures that consist of the westward dipping low-angle normal faults and secondary normal faults on their hanging walls in the upper crust, it is firstly obtained that a united structural interpretation has deepened the knowledge about the deep dynamic process in the southeastern coasta

关键词： deep seismic reflection high-resolution seismic refraction wide-angle.

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Heat flow distribution in Chinese continent and its adjacent areas

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2008年第7期18卷 843-849页

作者： Wei Tao a,*, Zhengkang Shena,b a state key laboratory of earthquake {4., institute of geology, china earthquake administration, beijing 1.0029, china b Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, USA state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1567 USA

Using a compilation of 6980 heat flow measurements, we produce a new heat flow map for the Chinese continent and its adjacent areas. We develop an objective and integrated method to interpolate the heat flow data, taking into account both the uniformity within geological units and coherency of regional heat flow. The geologic units are outlined based on Zhang et al.’s active tectonic block model. Our heat flow model is presented in two formats: a contour map and a heat flow dataset with values on a 1×1° grid for the Chinese continent and its adjacent areas, reflecting detailed variations in some regions. Also provided is a resolution map which helps understand the reliability of the heat flow model. Our results reveal that (1) Heat flows in the eastern part of the Chinese continent are relatively higher than those in the western part except that in the Tibetan Plateau area. (2) Heat flows in the Ordos and North china blocks are around 60 mW/m2, and are 50–55 mW/m2 in South china except for the continental marginal sea regions. (3) Heat flow is the lowest in the Junggar Basin, only 35–4. mW/m2, and is 4.–55 mW/m2 in the Tarim Basin. The results of this study provide an important data- set for studies on thermal and rheological structures of the Chinese continent and its adjacent areas.

关键词： Heat flow Chinese continent and its adjacent areas Geological units Contour map Resolution map

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Anatexis in Himalayan crust:Evidence from geochemical and chronological investigations of Higher Himalayan Crystallines

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第9期48卷 1347-1356页

作者： YANG Xiaosong1, JIN Zhenmin2 & MA Jin1 1. state key laboratory of earthquake {4., institute of geology, china earthquake administration, beijing 1.0029, china 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences, china University of Geosciences, Wuhan 4.0074. china 1. state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration 100029 Beijing China 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China

Migmatization in Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) results from anatexis. The widely distributed migmatites in HHC are an important clue to investigate the relationship be- tween anatexis and the origins of Higher Himalayan leucogranites (HHL), and to understand the effect of anatexis on crustal evolution during the post-collision period. We studied in detail the chemical features of three basic constituent parts of the migmatites, i.e. leucosome, mesosome and melanosome, and determined the K-Ar ages of leucosomes. Our studies indicate that type-I leucosome is the product of crystallization of melt generated by partial melting of mesosome at source region, but type-II leucosome and HHL probably underwent crystallization differentiation of plagioclase during melt aggregation and migration. The age of 22.67 Ma of Type-I leucosome, which is a little older than the beginning of MCT movement, indicates that anatexis may have played an important role in the formation of MCT. That the ages of type-II leucosome (ranging from 14.82 to 18.37 Ma) are consistent with that of HHL provides new chronological evidence for the relationship between migmatization and HHL. We obtained a very young age of 6.23 Ma of Type-II leucosome that provides new time constraint on magma activity in the central segment of Higher Himalayas.

关键词： Higher Himalayan Crystallines, migmatite, anatexis, leucosome, K-Ar age.

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Moment tensor analysis of the acoustic emission source in the rock damage process

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第7期15卷 609-613页

作者： YU Huaizhong, ZHU Qingyong, YIN Xiangchu and WANG Yucang ( state key laboratory of earthquake {4., institute of geology, china earthquake administration, beijing 1.0029, china state key laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100080, china School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, china Center for Analysis and Prediction, china Seismological Bureau, beijing 100036, china Quakes, Department of Earth Science, University of Queensland, Brishbane, Austrialia) state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China. state key laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China. School of Mathematics and Computational Science Zhongshan University Guangzhou 510275 China. Center for Analysis and Prediction China Seismological Bureau Beijing 100036 China. Quakes Department of Earth Science University of Queensland Brishbane Austrialia

To further investigate the mechanism of acoustic emission (AE) in the rock fracture experiment, moment tensor analysis was carried out. The AE sources characterized by crack sizes, orientations and fracture modes, are represented by a time-dependent moment tensor. Since the waveforms recorded by AE monitors correlate to the moment tensors, we prefer to select the P wave amplitude from the full-space Green's function of homogeneous and isotropic materials to determine the six independent components of the moment tensor. The moment tensor analysis was used to investigate the AE sources recorded in the experiment, and three types of micro-cracks were found, which are tensile mode, shear mode and mixture of the tensile and shear mode. In addition, the motion of micro-cracks was decided by eigenvectors of moment tensor. Results indicate that the moment tensor analysis may be used as a measurement to reflect the damage evolution of rock specimen.

关键词： moment tensor acoustic emission rock fracture.

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Post-earthquake assessment of building damage degree using LiDAR data and imagery

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2008年第S2期51卷 133-143页

作者： LI ManChun1,CHENG Liang1,2,GONG JianYa2,LIU YongXue1,CHEN ZhenJie1,LI FeiXue1,CHEN Gang1,CHEN Dong1 & SONG XiaoGang3 1 Department of Geographic Information Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,china 2 state key laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying,Mapping and Remote Sensing,Wuhan University,Wuhan 4.0079,china 3 state key laboratory of earthquake dynamics,institute of geology,china earthquake administration,beijing 1.0029,china Department of Geographic Information Science Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China state key laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing Wuhan University Wuhan 430079 China state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

Various methods have been developed to detect and assess building's damages due to earthquakes using remotely sensed *** the launch of the high resolution sensors such as IKONOS and QuickBird,it becomes realistic to identify damages on the scale of individual *** the low accuracy of the results has often led to the use of visual interpretation ***,it is very difficult to estimate the degree of building damage(*** damage,moderate damage,or severe damage) in detail using the existing ***,a novel approach integrating LiDAR data and high resolution optical imagery is proposed for evaluating building damage degree *** approach consists of two steps:3D building model reconstruction and rooftop patch-oriented 3D change ***,a method is proposed for automatically reconstructing 3D building models with precise geometric position and fine details,using pre-earthquake LiDAR data and high resolution ***,focusing on each rooftop patch of the 3D building models,the pre- and post-earthquake LiDAR points belonging to the patch are collected and compared to detect whether it was destroyed or not,and then the degree of building damage can be identified based on the ratio of the destroyed rooftop patches to all rooftop *** novelty of the proposed approach is to detect damages on the scale of building's rooftop patch and realize quantitative estimation of building damage degree.

关键词： post-earthquake assessment building damage degree rooftop patch LiDAR imagery

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Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2049-2060页

作者： DENG Shenghui1,2, LU Yuanzheng1,2,3 & XU Daoyi4.1. Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, beijing 100083, china 2. key {4. of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina, beijing 100083, china 3. china University of Geosciences, beijing 100083, china 4. institute of geology, china earthquake administration, beijing 1.0029, china 1. Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development 100083 Beijing China 2. key laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina 100083 Beijing China 3. china University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China 4. institute of geology China Earthquake Administration 100029 Beijing China

The mass extinction at the end-Triassic is one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic. However,it is the least well understood among these five events, and only till last decade it became a great academic interesting subject to geologists. The evidences for this event come obviously from bivalves, brachiopods, ammonites, corals, radiolaria, ostracods and foraminifera of marine habitats, and plants and tetrapods of terrestrial realm. By contrast, for some of other groups, such as marine gastropods and marine vertebrates, no mass extinction has been recog-nized yet. The extinction event is strongly marked at specific level but shown a complicated situa-tion at generic and family levels. Dramatic changing of the environment, such as the temperature raise due to the greenhouse effect, the marine anoxic habitats caused by a sudden transgression after the regression at the end of Triassic, has been claimed to be the main cause of the extinction. Many hypotheses have been suggested to demonstrate the mechanisms of the environment changing, among which two popular ones are the bolide impact and volcanic eruption. The Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) boundary mass extinction event is still poorly understood because no enough data have been obtained from the Tr-J boundary successional sections of both marine and terrestrial sediments, and most of these studies were regionally restricted. The basic aspects of the event and its associated environmental conditions remain poorly characterized and the causal mechanism or mechanisms are equivocal. Some authors even doubt its occurrence. china has many successionally developed terrestrial and marine Tr-J sections. Detailed studies of these sections may be important and significant for well understanding of the event.

关键词： progress, review, end-Triassic, mass extinction, mechanism, Tr-J boundary.

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Dynamic mechanisms of the post-seismic deformation following large events:Case study of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan of china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第11期52卷 1813-1824页

作者： ZHU ShouBiao1,2 & CAI YongEn2 1 institute of Crustal dynamics, china earthquake administration, beijing 100085, {4. 2 Department of Geophysics, Peking University, beijing 100871, {4. 1. institute of Crustal dynamics China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100085 China 2. Department of Geophysics Peking University Beijing 100871 China

The mechanism of postseismic deformation related to strong earthquakes is important in geodynamics, and presumably afterslip or viscoelastic relaxation is responsible for the postsesimic deformation. The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan of china, earthquake occurred in the region where GPS observation station is most densely deployed in the world. The unprecedented GPS data provides a unique opportunity to study the physical processes of postseismic deformation. Here we assume that the interactions of viscoelastic relaxation, afterslip, fault zone collapse, poroelastic rebound, flow of underground fluids, and all these combined contribute to the surface displacements following the main shock. In order to know the essence of the postseismic deformation after the strong event, fault zone collapse, poroelastic rebound, flow of underground fluids, and so on, are represented equivalently by the variations of the focal medium properties. Therefore, the viscoelastic relaxation, afterslip, and the variations of the equivalent focal medium properties are inverted by applying the GPS temporal series measurement data with viscoelastic finite element method. Both the afterslip rate distribution along the fault and the afterslip evolution with time are obtained by means of inversion. Also, the preliminary result suggests that viscosities of the lower crust and the upper mantle in Taiwan region is 2.7×1018 and 4.2×1020 Pa·s, respectively. Moreover, the inversion results indicate that the afterslip contributing to postseismic deformation of 4..6% in 4.0 days after the Chi-Chi earthquake, with 34.7% caused by the viscous relaxation and 20.7% by other factors such as fault zone collapse, poroelastic rebound, and the flow of liquids.

关键词： mechanism of postseismic deformation viscoelastic finite element method GPS temporal series data Chi-Chi earthquake

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Theoretical observation of hexaatomic molecules containing pentacoordinate planar carbon

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Science china Chemistry 2008年第11期51卷 1030-1035页

作者： LUO Qiong state key laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, beijing {4. of Technology, beijing 100081, china 1. state key laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China

The smallest molecules up to date containing a D5h pentacoordinate planar carbon (PPC) atom, CBe5 and CBe54., are presented by means of ab initio calculations. To gain a better understanding about which electronic factors contribute to their stabilization, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) were calculated. The data reported here suggest that D5h CBe5 is σ aromaticity in nature, while in D5h CBe54. π aromaticity is dominating. The classical octet rule is well satisfied in both molecules, and is one of the fundamental reasons to understand the stability of the pentagon structures. The Be5 ring serves as σ donor in D5h CBe5, and π-acceptor in D5h CBe54.. The D5h CBe54. possessing 18 valence electrons with a closed-shell electron configuration is the most plau-sible candidate for experimental detection.

关键词： pentacoordinate planar carbon Be5 ring ab initio

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Sensitivity of sea ice and ocean simulations to sea ice salinity in a coupled global climate model

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Science china Earth Sciences 2010年第6期53卷 911-918页

作者： LIU JiPing state key laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid dynamics, {4. of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing, 1.0029, china 1. state key laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

The impacts of the spatiotemporal variations of sea ice salinity on sea ice and ocean characteristics have not been studied in detail, as the existing climate models neglect or misrepresent this process. To address this issue, this paper formulated a parameterization with more realistic sea ice salinity budget, and examined the sensitivity of sea ice and ocean simulations to the ice salinity variations and associated salt flux into the ocean using a coupled global climate model. Results show that the inclusion of such a parameterization leads to an increase and thickening of sea ice in the Eurasian Arctic and within the ice pack in the Antarctic circumpolar region, and a weakening of the North Atlantic Deep Water and a strengthening of the Antarctic Bottom Water. The atmospheric responses associated with the ice changes were also discussed.

关键词： sea ice salinity coupled global climate model Arctic and Antarctic

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