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Control of atmospheric CO_2.concentrations by 2.50: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

Science China Earth sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2. GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4.1 institute of Geology and Geophysics,{2., Beijing 10002., China 2.The General Office of{2., Beijing 100864. China 3 institute of Geographic {4. and Natural Resources Research,{2., Beijing 100101, China 4.The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, China institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China The General Office of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100864 China institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2.concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2.concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2.05, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2.06―2.50), a 4.0 ppmv atmospheric CO2.concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2.50, actual emissions from 1900 to 2.05, emissions levels in 2.05, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2.05―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2.05 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2.05 had already expended their 2.50 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (2. dollars per ton of CO2.. Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2.06 to 2.50 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

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Climate controls on dust storm occurrence in Maowusu Desert, Inner Mongolia, North China

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2001年第1期13卷 14-21页

作者： HUANG Fu xiang, GAO Qiong (Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, institute of botany,{2., Beijing 100093, China. E mail: hfx112.@***) Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China. hfx1121@***

Dust storms occurring in arid and semi-arid regions play a main role in the evolution of landscapes. Climate is generally regarded to be important factors influencing the occurrence of dust storm, however, the way of climate controlling dust storms had been poorly understood. In this paper, we present the Eω Index model to describe the relationship between climate variables and dust storm frequency using the available meteorological data from three meteorological stations in Maowusu Desert. This index model explains 83.6%, 69.5% and 65.09% of the variance of dust storm frequency in three regions from the north to the south, respectively and this difference is probably caused by the difference of the human disturbance. The Eω Index model is an effective predictor of dust storm frequency and provides us a quite good understanding on the occurrence of dust storms in Maowusu Desert.

关键词： Arid regions Dust Meteorology

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Environmental archaeology of the Dachang region in the Daning Valley,the Three Gorges reservoir region of the Yangtze River,China

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chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第S1期53卷 140-152页

作者： ZHANG Yun 1 &ZHU Cheng 2.1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,institute of botany,{2. academy of {4.,Beijing 100093, China 2.School of Geographic and Oceanographic {4.,Nanjing University,Nanjing 2.0093,China 1. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China 2. School of Geographic and Oceanographic sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

Environmental archaeology of archaeological sites on both sides of the Dachang section in the Daning River,the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River,shows that riverbed evolution has a great influence on the distribution of archaeological sites during the prehistorical and historical period,and it restricts human activity and the development of ancient *** investigation,dating data,paleocurrent analysis of 100 gravels on the riverbed and archaeological excavation reveal that the riverbed of the Dachang section developed in the Shuangyantang region during the early stage,after about 30 kaBP it shifted westward gradually and reached the present *** with the westward shift,the focus of ancient culture changed for several *** the Western Zhou Dynasty's period,the east riverbank of the Daning River was the main residential *** the Han Dynasty,along with the westward shift,the living space of ancient people was no longer confined to the east riverbank and the focus of culture moved *** the Zhangjiawan site became the main dwelling *** the late Han Dynasty, the villages were flooded and the ancients had to immigrate to a high *** of the Han and the Jin Dynasties outcropped on the flood plain of the east bank because their surface sediments were eroded by several flood events and the westward shift of the riverbed.

关键词： the Daning River environmental archaeology the Shuangyantang site the Zhangjiawan site tombs of the Han and the Jin Dynasties

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Growth characteristics and response to climate change of Larix Miller tree-ring in China

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Science China Earth sciences 2010年第6期53卷 871-879页

作者： SUN Yu1,4. WANG LiLi1,2.3, CHEN Jin5, DUAN JianPing1,4. SHAO XueMei1,2.& CHEN KeLong6 1 {2. of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2.{2. of Tibetan Plateau Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100085, China 3 {2. of Desert and Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002. China 4.Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10004., China 5 {2. of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10004., China 6 School of Life and Geography sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China 1. institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China4. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China2. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China3. Institute of Desert and Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Urumqi 830002 China5. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China6. School of Life and Geography Sciences Qinghai Normal University Xining 810008 China

As one of the earliest species used in dendrochronological studies, Larix responds sensitively to climate change. In this study, nine larch species and one variety from eleven sites were collected to study the growth characteristics of tree-ring width using dendrochronological methods. Ten residual tree-ring chronologies were developed to analyze their relationships with regional standardized anomaly series by Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results suggest that most of the chronologies had significantly positive correlations with the mean temperature and mean maximum temperature in May. The spring temperature evidently limited the radial growth of the larch species without precipitation control. The largest mean tree-ring width was found in Himalayan Larch in Jilong, whereas Master Larch in Si’er reflected the smallest mean value. Both species presented little climate information in this study. chinese, Potanin, and Tibetan larches are significantly correlated with climate change, implying a huge potential for climate history reconstruction. The elevation of the sampling sites appears to be an important condition for tree-ring growth of larches responding to climate factors.

关键词： Larix Miller tree-ring climate change mean temperature in May

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The gravitational gradient tensor’s invariants and the related boundary conditions

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Science China Earth sciences 2010年第5期53卷 781-790页

作者： YU JinHai1,2.3 & ZHAO DongMing4.1 College of Earth Science, Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10004., China 2.institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, Wuhan 4.0077, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics, Xi’an 71004., China 4.Zhengzhou institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 4.0052. China 1. College of Earth Science Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China2. Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430077 China3. State Key Laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics Xi’an 710043 China4. Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping Zhengzhou 450052 China

Here we report new approaches of recovering the Earth gravitational field from GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer) gradiometric data with the help of the gradient tensor’s invariants. Our results only depend on GOCE satellite’s position and gradiometry, in other words, they are completely independent of the satellite attitude. First, starting from the invariants, linearization models are established, which can be referred as the general boundary conditions on the satellite’s orbit. Then, the spherical approximation expressions for the models are derived, and the corresponding solving methods for them are discussed. Furthermore, considering effects of J2.term, the spherical approximation models are improved so that the accuracies of the boundary conditions can be theoretically raised to O ( J 2.2.T), which is approximately equivalent to O(T2.. Finally, some arithmetic examples are constructed from EGM96 model based on the derived theories, and the computational results illustrate that the spherical models have accuracies of 10-7 and the order recovering the gravitational field can reach up to 2.0, and the models with regard to effect of J2.term have accuracies of 10-8 and the order can reach up to 2.0.

关键词： the Earth’s gravitational field gravitational gravidiometry tensor’s invariant

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Forcing mechanism of the Pleistocene east Asian monsoon variations in a phase perspective

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Science China Earth sciences 2005年第10期48卷 1708-1717页

作者： TIAN Jun1,2. WANG Pinxian1, CHENG Xinrong1, WANG Rujian1 & SUN Xiangjun1,3 1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 2.0092. China 2. institute of Geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10002., China 3. institute of botany, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100093, China State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai China institute of Geology and Geophysics chinese academy of sciences Beijing China institute of botany{2. Beijing China

The deep sea records from the ODP Sites 114. and 114. in the northern and southern South China Sea (SCS), including foraminiferal δ 18O and δ 13C, Opal% and pollen percentage, reveal that the variations of the east Asian monsoon have been closely correlated with the variations of the Earth’s orbital parameters (eccentricity, obliquity and precession) and the global ice volume on orbital scale. All the monsoonal proxies show strong 100 ka, 4. ka and 2. ka cycles. Although G. ruber δ 13C of Site 114. is coherent with the ETP (ETP= normalized (eccentricity + obliquity-precession) at eccentricity, obliquity and precession bands, most of the coherent relationship focuses on the precession band, and the other monsoonal proxies are coherent with the ETP only at the precession band, which indicate that precession dominates the Pleistocene tropical climate changes. The phase relationship of the monsoonal proxies with the foraminiferal δ 18O implies that the global ice volume changes have played a significant role in modulating the east Asian monsoon climate, at least dominating the winter monsoon. This forcing mechanism of the east Asian monsoon is apparently different from that of the Indian ocean mon-soon. The variations of the east Asian monsoon at the precession band, at least that of the winter monsoon, have been controlled not only by the sensible heating but also by the latent heating of the surface water in the South China Sea.

关键词： South China Sea, ODP, east Asian monsoon, orbital forcing, global ice volume.

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β-delayed proton decays near the proton drip line

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2005年第3期48卷 257-267页

作者： XU Shuwei 1 , LI Zhankui 1 , XIE Yuanxiang 1 , HUANG Wenxue 1 , SHU Nengchuan 2., CHEN Yongshou 2., XU Furong 3 , WANG Kun 4., PAN Qiangyan 1 , WANG Xudong 1 , YU Yong 1 & XING Yebing 1 1. institute of Modern Physics,{2., Lanzhou 730000, China 2. Nuclear Physics Department, China institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102.0}3, China 3. Department of Technical Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 4. Shanghai institute for Nuclear Research, Shanghai 2.1800, China 1. institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 730000 Lanzhou China 2. Nuclear Physics Department China Institute of Atomic Energy 102413 Beijing China 3. Department of Technical Physics Peking University 100871 Beijing China 4. Shanghai institute for Nuclear Research 201800 Shanghai China

We briefly reviewed the experimental study on a-delayed proton decays near the proton drip line published by our group during the period of 1996―2.04. namely the first observation of the a-delayed proton decays of 9 new nuclides in the rare-earth region and the new measurements of a-delayed proton decays of 5 nuclides in the mass ～90 region near the N = Z line with the aid of the “p-?” coincidence in combination with a He-jet tape transport system. In the meantime some important experimental technique details were supplemented. The experimental results, including the half -lives, spins, parities, deformations and production reaction cross sections for the 14.nuclei were summarized and compared with the current nuclear-model predictions, and then the following points were represented. (1) The experimental half-lives for 85Mo and 92.h as well as the predicted “waiting point” nuclei 89Ru and 93Pd are 5―10 times longer than the theoretical predictions given by M?ller et al. using a macroscopic-microscopic model. It considerably influences the predictions of the abundances of the nuclides produced in the rp-process. (2. The current-model predictions are not consistent with the experimental assignments of the spins and parities for the proton drip-line nuclei 14.Ho and 12.Pm. However, the nuclear potential energy surface (PES) calculated by using a Woods- Saxon-Strutinsky method reproduced the experimental results. (3) The Alice code overestimated the production reaction cross sections of the studied 9 rare-earth nuclei by one order of magnitude or two, while HIVAP code overestimated them by one order of magnitude approximately.

关键词： proton drip line, β-delayed proton decay, He-jet tape transport system, "p-γ" coincidence, spin, parity, deformation, production reaction cross section.

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Alterations in DNA methylation and genome structure in two rice mutant lines induced by high pressure

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Science China(Life sciences) 2006年第2期49卷 97-104页

作者： SHEN Sile1,3, WANG Zhenwei3, SHAN Xiaohui2. WANG Hua3, LI Ling3, LIN Xuyun2. LONG Likun2. WENG Kenan4. LIU Bao2.& ZOU Guangtian1 1. National Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012. China 2. institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 13002.0} China 3. College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012. China 4. Guangzhou institute of Geochemistry, chinese academy of sciences, Guangzhou 51064., China 1. National Laboratory of Superhard Materials Jilin University Changchun 130012 China 3. College of Life Science Jilin University Changchun 130012 China 2. institute of Genetics and Cytology Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China 4. Guangzhou institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

By using high-pressure treatment, two mutant lines were obtained from agenetically stable japonica rice cultivar Bijing38. Genomic DNA of the mutant lines, together withthe original line (Bijing38), was either undigested or digested by Hpa ⅡIMspⅠ, and then subjectedto molecular analysis using two markers, ISSR and RAPD. Results indicated that changes in the PCRamplification profiles of both markers are apparent in the two mutant lines compared with theoriginal rice cultivar, suggesting that there had been both sequence changes and DNA methylationmodifications in the mutant lines. Southern blot analysis using diverse sequences, including twocellular genes (S2.and S3), a set of retrotransposons (Osr7, Osr36, Tos19 and more), and a MITEtransposon family (mPing and Pong), confirmed the results, and indicated that changes in DNAmethylation pattern, genomic structure, and possible activation of some transposons indeed occurredin the mutant lines. Moreover, these changes are stably maintained through selfed generations and indifferent organs. Thus, our results indicate that it is possible to obtain stable mutants in riceby high pressure treatments, and the molecular basis of the mutants may include both genetic andepigenetic changes. Therefore, high hydrostatic pressure seems a promising approach for plantmutagenesis.

关键词： DNA methylation, genomic changes, high pressure, mutagenesis, rice.

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Features and distribution patterns of chinese endemic seed plant species

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2011年第2期49卷 81-94页

作者： 1,2.3 Ji-Hong HUANG 1,4.Jian-Hua CHEN 5 Jun-Sheng YING 1 Ke-Ping MA 1 (State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, institute of {2., chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100093, China) 2.(Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10004., China) 3 (Center for Documentation and Information, institute of {2., chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100093, China) 4.(Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 32.004. China) 5 (Research Center of Systematic and Evolutionary {2., institute of {2., chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100093, China) (State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China) (Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China) (Center for Documentation and Information Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China) (Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China) (Research Center of Systematic and Evolutionary botany Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China) *Correspondence: Ke-Ping MA *Correspondence: Author for correspondence. Email: kpma@*** Tel.: 86-10-62.362.3 Fax: 86-10-82.99518.

We compiled and identified a list of chinese endemic seed plant species based on a large number of published references and expert reviews. The characters of these seed plant species and their distribution patterns were described at length. China is rich in endemic seed plants, with a total of 14.939 species (accounting for 52.1% of its total seed plant species) belonging to 1584.genera and 191 families. Temperate families and genera have a significantly higher proportion of endemism than cosmopolitan and tropical ones. The most primitive and derived groups have significantly higher endemism than the other groups. The endemism of tree, shrub, and liana or vine is higher than that of total species; in contrast, the endemism of herb is lower than that of total species. Geographically, these chinese endemic plants are mainly distributed in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, southwest China. Species richness and proportion of these endemic plants decrease with increased latitude and have a unimodal response to altitude. The peak value of proportion of endemism is at higher altitudes than that of total species and endemic species richness. The proportions of endemic shrub, liana or vine, and herb increase with altitude and have a clear unimodal curve. In contrast, the proportion of tree increases with altitude, with a sudden increase at ～4.00 m and has a completely different model. To date, our study provides the most comprehensive list of chinese endemic seed plant species and their basic composition and distribution features.

关键词： biodiversity conservation distribution pattern endemism flora of China seed plants.

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Anticoagulation property and security of artificial heart valve material

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Science China(Technological sciences) 2005年第2期48卷 145-162页

作者： WANG Xianghui1, , LIU Xianghuai1,2., 3, ZHANG Feng2. LI Changrong2. YU Liujiang2. ZHENG Zhihong2. WANG Xi2. JIANG Zhenbin4. CHEN Anqing4.& XU Jingfang3 1. Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 2.0062. China 2. Ion Beam Lab, Shanghai {2. of Mini-system and information, chinese academy of sciences,Shanghai 2.0050, China 3. Department of Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology, East China Normal Univer- sity, Shanghai 2.0062. China 4. Shanghai Cardiovascular {2., Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 2.0032. China 1. Department of Physics East China Normal University 200062 Shanghai China 2. Ion Beam Lab Shanghai Institute of Mini-system and information Chinese Academy of Sciences 200050 Shanghai China 3. Department of Electronics School of Information Science and Technology East China Normal University 200062 Shanghai China 4. Shanghai Cardiovascular institute Zhongshan Hospital 200032 Shanghai China

Heart valve diseases threaten human health. One reliable way to save lives of such patients is to replace the pathologically changed heart valves by artificial ones. Over 2.million patients have received LTI-carbon heart valve’s implantation. However, the thrombosis after the implantation is one of the difficulties that need to be solved. In order to improve the blood compatibility and security of mechanical heart valves, ion beam technology was used to modify the surface properties of the materials. The investigation results have been summarized in this paper.

关键词： artificial heart valve, ion implantation, plasma immersed ion implantation, ion beam enhanced deposition.

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