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Role of gallium wetting layer in high-quality ZnO growth on sapphire (0001) substrates

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2004年第5期47卷 612-620页

作者： ZENG Zhaoquan1,3, WANG Yong2. DU Xiaolong1, MEI Zengxia1, KONG Xianghe3, JIA Jinfeng1, XUE Qikun1 & ZHANG Ze2. 4.1. State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, chinese {2. of {2., beijing 100080, China 2. Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, chinese {2. of {2., beijing 100080, China 3. College of Physics and Engineering, Qufu Normal university, Qufu 2.3165, China 4. beijing university of Technology, beijing 10002., China 1. State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100080 Beijing China 2. College of Physics and Engineering Qufu Normal University 273165 Qufu China 3. Laboratory of Electron Microscopy Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100080 Beijing China 4. beijing {2. of Technology 100022 Beijing China

A Ga wetting layer was used to modify the surface structure of sapphire (0001) substrate to prepare high-quality ZnO film by radio frequency plasma-assisted molecule beam epitaxy. We found that this Ga layer plays a crucial role in eliminating 30 rotation domains, controlling polarity and decreasing defect density in ZnO epilayers, as demonstrated by in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction, ex situ high resolution X-ray diffraction and high resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Zn-polar film of ZnO was determined by convergent beam electron diffraction. A Ga bilayer model is proposed to understand the effects of the Ga wetting layer on high-quality ZnO growth.

关键词： Ga wetting layer, sapphire, polarity, defect density, zinc oxide, rf-MBE, RHEED, HRXRD, TEM, CBED.

Simulation of aerodynamic performance affected by vortex generators on blunt trailing-edge airfoils

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Science China(Technological sciences) 2010年第1期53卷 1-7页

作者： YANG Ke1,2.ZHANG Lei1,3 & XU JianZhong1,2.1 Institute of Engineering Thermophysics,chinese academy of {2.,beijing 100190,China 2.Key Laboratory of Wind Energy Utilization,chinese academy of {2.,beijing 100190,China 3 graduate School of chinese academy of {2.,beijing 100190,China 1. Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China2. Key Laboratory of Wind Energy Utilization Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China3. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China

An investigation was carried out by numerical simulation on a wind turbine airfoil and a blunt trailing-edge airfoil with and without vortex generators (VGs), and the performance of the airfoils was analyzed. By the simulation of airfoil DU 91-W2.2.0 it was verified that the numerical method and model were credible. Based on this airfoil, a new one with a blunt trailing edge of 6% chord was blended by symmetrically adding thickness, and its characteristics curves were obtained through computing at key angles of attack. Additionally, the pressure distribution on blended airfoil was analyzed by comparing to the airfoil without blend. The interaction of streamwise vortices induced by VGs with trailing vortex or separation vortex was considered, followed by the uncovery of how VGs can suppress the boundary layer separation.

关键词： vortex generators airfoil blunt trailing-edge

Estimation on dynamic release of phosphorus from wind-induced suspended particulate matter in Lake Taihu

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Science China Earth sciences 2004年第8期47卷 710-719页

作者： FAN Chengxin1, ZHANG Lu1,2. QIN Boqiang1, WANG Sumin1, HU Weiping1 & ZHANG Chen1 1. Taihu Lake Laboratory for Ecosystem Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, chinese academy of {2., Nanjing 2.0008, China 2. graduate School of chinese academy of {2., beijing 100039, China 1. Taihu Lake Laboratory for Ecosystem Research Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 210008 Nanjing China 2. graduate School of chinese {2. of sciences 100039 Beijing China

Through man-made disturbance experiments, the corresponding relationships be-tween suspended particulate matter (SPM) and wind speed in different lake areas were simu-lated, the physicochemical formal transformation and biological mineralizing and decaying processes of phosphorus in SPM were studied, the contribution of phosphorus transformation to phosphorus loading of the water of Lake Taihu was quantitatively estimated. The results show that about 0.4. t·a-1 loading in Lake Taihu mainly comes from phosphorus-releasing action of SPM in physicochemical transformed to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and the contribution mainly from biological mineralizing and decaying was about 4.5.8 t·a-1, which is equal to 15.0% of the total external loading of Lake Taihu, namely 4.7—7.5 times as much as SRP loading en-tering the lake by the rivers; thus it is the important source in dynamical internal loading of the lake. The determining factors for dynamical internal loading in lakes are organic phosphorus content in suspended solid and its biological transition availability.

关键词： phosphorus release,wind wave disturbance,particulate decaying,dynamical loading,Lake Taihu.

The features of gravity field and deep structure in western part of the South Yellow Sea

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chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第8期45卷 759-764页

作者： WANG Qianshen1 & AN Yulin1. Institute of Geophysics, chinese academy of {2., beijing 100101, China 2. chinese university of Geology, beijing 100083, China Institute of Geophysics Chinesc Academy of Sciences Beijing China chinese university of Geology Beijing China

The gravity data from the sea region to the west of 12.0} E of the South Yellow Sea have been processed and the feature of gravity fields analyzed. An experience relationship formula on the filter wavelength and corresponding depth has been put forward. Combined with the geological and seismic data, the deep tectonic framework and structural characters as well as possible favourable prospecting district for hydrocarbon in the South Yellow Sea have been discussed and analyzed.

关键词： western part of the South Yellow Sea gravity field deep structure.

Spectral analysis of quasi-stationary sea surface topography from GRACE mission

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Science China Earth sciences 2005年第11期48卷 2040-2048页

作者： ZHANG Zizhan1,2.& LU Yang1,3 1. Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, chinese academy of {2., Wuhan 4.0077, China 2. graduate School of the chinese academy of {2., beijing 100039, China 3. Unite Center for Astro-geodymics Research, chinese academy of {2., Shanghai 2.0030, China 1. Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences 430077 Wuhan China 2. graduate School of the chinese {2. of sciences 100039 Beijing China 3. Unite Center for Astro-geodymics Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 200030 Shanghai China

During the last two decades satellite altimetry has offered an abundance of meas-urements of the sea surface resulting in the improvement of global mean sea surface height (MSSH) and marine geoid determination. On the other hand, with the launching of new genera-tion gravity satellites, some high accuracy long-wavelength gravity models are available. These breakthroughs give us a great opportunity for new estimation of quasi-stationary sea surface topography (QSST). In this paper, the new gravity model GGM01C derived from GRACE mission is briefly presented, and a new global high precision and high-resolution QSST is determined based on the GGM01C model and the global MSSH. The spectral features of the QSST esti-mated by GGM01C and EGM96 gravity model to degree/order 2.0 are discussed by spectral analysis. As a result, the QSST is mainly composed of long waves, medium waves partially and short waves scarcely, its power spectral structures are different between the zonal direction and the meridional direction, there are great differences between the two models, which maybe ex-plain why the ocean currents derived from the two gravity models by Tapley show different pat-terns.

关键词： quasi-stationary sea surface topography, mean sea surface height, GGM01, fast Fourier transform, spectral analysis

A one-dimensional heat transfer model of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and modeling of snow temperatures at Dome A, the summit of Antarctic Plateau

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Science China Earth sciences 2010年第5期53卷 763-772页

作者： CHEN BaiLian1,3, ZHANG RenHe2. SUN ShuFen1, BIAN LinGen2. XIAO CunDe4.2.& ZHANG TingJun5 1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, chinese {2. of {2., beijing 10002., China 2.chinese {2. of Meteorological {2., beijing 100081, China 3 graduate university of chinese {2. of {2., beijing 10004., China 4.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, chinese {2. of {2., Lanzhou 730000, China 5 The National Snow and Ice Data Center, university of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-04.9, USA 1. Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China3. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China2. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China4. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China5. The National Snow and Ice Data Center University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309-0449 USA

A vertical one-dimensional numerical model for heat transferring within the near-surface snow layer of the Antarctic Ice Sheet was developed based on simplified parameterizations of associated physical processes for the atmosphere, radiation, and snow/ice systems. Using the meteorological data of an automatic weather station (AWS) at Dome A (80°2.′S, 70°2.′E), we applied the model to simulate the seasonal temperature variation within a depth of 2. m. Comparison of modeled results with observed snow temperatures at 4.measurement depths (0.1, 1, 3, 10 m) shows good agreement and consistent seasonal variations. The model results reveal the vertical temperature structure within the near-surface snow layer and its seasonal variance with more details than those by limited measurements. Analyses on the model outputs of the surface energy fluxes show that: 1) the surface energy balance at Dome A is characterized by the compensation between negative net radiation and the positive sensible fluxes, and 2. the sensible heat is on average transported from the atmosphere to the snow, and has an evident increase in spring. The results are considered well representative for the highest interior Antarctic Plateau.

关键词： Antarctic Ice Sheet near-surface layer energy transfer numerical model

Input function and simulated distributions of tritium in the North Pacific

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Science China Earth sciences 2010年第3期53卷 441-453页

作者： BA Qi1,2.& XU YongFu1 1 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, chinese academy of {2., beijing 10002., China 2.{4. university of chinese academy of {2., beijing 10004., China 1. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

An ocean general circulation model (OGCM) of the North Pacific with a southern open boundary condition is used to simulate the distribution and transport of tritium in the North Pacific. First, the observed tritium in precipitation dataset of GNIP/ISOHIS is chosen, and used to develop an input function of tritium for the model domain from 1951 to 1997 in terms of the triangulation for interpolation. Then, the input function is used as an upper flux for the tritium model. The OGCM with tritium is integrated for 4. years with the initial condition of zero tritium concentrations. Compared with the observations from GEOSECS and WOCE, the model generates a meridional gradient of surface tritium concentrations and the high tritium concentrations in the subsurface layer, which is consistent with that indicated in the observations. The simulated time series of total tritium fluxes from the atmosphere to the ocean shows a spike in 1963. The total inventory of tritium in the ocean changes slowly with time after 1975. Tritium enters the higher-latitude region, and then is mainly transported by the subsurface process towards the equatorial region, which is well simulated in the model. However, the difference mainly occurs at 30°N–4.°N, which can be seen also in the simulation of CFCs. This difference may partly originate from the insufficient description of physical processes in the OGCM. Nevertheless, some uncertainties exist in the development of the tritium input function, which can also influence the simulated results.

关键词： North Pacific basin-wide ocean general circulation model tritium input function tritium distributions

Dynamic tree-based authenticated group key exchange protocol

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Science China(Information sciences) 2010年第8期53卷 1591-1602页

作者： LI Hui 1,2., WU ChuanKun 1 & TENG JiKai 1,2.1 State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Software, chinese academy of {2., beijing 100190, China 2.{4. university of chinese academy of {2., beijing 10004., China 1. State Key Laboratory of Information Security Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Authenticated group key exchange protocols allow a group of users over a public network to establish a shared secret key for the subsequent cryptographic goals. In this paper, we extend BD-II scheme into a dynamic setting, and propose a tree-based authenticated key exchange protocol which is more suitable for dynamic groups in such as ad hoc networks. Our protocol is proven secure in random-oracle model. Additionally, we analyze the costs of our protocols in both communication and computation terms, and compare its performance with three well-known protocols.

关键词： tree-based group key exchange dynamic provable security

Evidence from isotopic geochemistry as an indicator of eutrophication of Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu, China

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Science China Earth sciences 2006年第z1期49卷 62-71页

作者： LIN Lin, WU Jinglu & WANG Sumin Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, chinese academy of {2., Nanjing 2.0008, China graduate {4. of the chinese academy of {2., beijing 100039, China chinese Acad Sci Nanjing Inst Geog & Limnol Nanjing 210008 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Grad Univ Beijing 100039 Peoples R China

In this paper, Lake Taihu, a large shallow freshwater lake in China, is chosen as an example of reconstruction of eutrophication through the comparison between stable isotopes from dissolved nutrients and plants and water column nutrient parameters and integration of multiple proxies in a sediment core from Meiliang Bay including TN, TP, TOC, C/N, δ15N, δ13C, etc. Differences in aquatic plant species and trophic status between East Taihu Bay and Meiliang Bay are indicated by their variations in δ13C and δ15N of aquatic plants and δ15N of NH4.. A significant influence ofexternal nutrient inputs on Meiliang Bay is reflected in temporal changes in δ 15N of NH4. and hydro-environmental parameters. The synchronous change between δ13C and δ15N values of sedimented organic matter (OM) has been attributed to elevated primary production at the beginning of eutrophication between 1950 and 1990, then recent inverse correlation between them has been caused by the uptake of 15N-enriched inorganic nitrogen by phytoplankton grown under eutrophication and subsequent OM decomposition and denitrification in surface sediments, indicating that the lake has suffered from progressive eutrophication since 1990. Based on the use of a combination of stable isotopes and elemental geochemistry, the eutrophication of Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu could be better traced. These transitions of the lake eutrophication respectively occurring in the 1950s and 1990s have been suggested as a reflection of growing impacts of human activities, which is coincident with the instrumental data.

关键词： stable carbon isotope of OM, stable nitrogen isotope, eutrophication, Lake Taihu.