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Accumulation of Organic Matter in Infertile Red soils and Its Ecological Importance

Pedosphere 2000年第2期10卷 149-158页

作者： LI ZHONGPEI CHENG LILI and LIN XINXIONG(institute of soil Science, the chinese academy of sciences, P.O. Box 821, Naroing 210008 china) 中科院南京土壤所江苏南京 210008

Field experiments on the decomposition of organic materials and the accumulation of organic carbon ininfertile red soils were conducted at the Ecological Experimental Station of Red soil, the chinese academyof sciences, and the potential of CO2 sequestration by reclamation and improving the fertility of these soils was estimated. Results showed that in infertile red soils, the humification coefficients of organic materials were rather high, ranging from 0.28 to 0.63 with an average of 0.43, which was 41% higher than those incorresponding red soils with medium fertility. This was mainly attributed to the high clay content, highacidity and low native organic matter content of infertile red soils. Compared to those in correspondingnormal red soils, the decomposition rates of organic materials were significantly lower in infertile red soilsin the first 2 yearst thereafter no significant difference was observed between those in the two kinds of *** on the kind and amount of organic manure applied, the soil properties and the rotation systems,annual application of organic manure with a rate of 4500 to 9000 kg ha-1 increased the organic carboncontent in surface 20 cm of infertile red soils by 2.1~7.5 g kg-1 with an average of 4.7 g kg-1 within the first5 years. The organic carbon content in infertile red soils which received organic manure annually increasedlinearly in the first 10 years, thereafter it slowed down, implying that the fertility of the infertile red soilscould reach middle or high level in 1O years if the soil was managed properly It was estimated that throughexploitation of wastelands, re-establishment of fuel forests and improvement of soil fertility, soils in red soilregion of china could sequester an extra 1.50 × 1015 g of atmospheric CO2.

关键词： accumulation ecological importance infertile red soils organic carbon

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Composition of Sulphur Pool in Selected Upland soils inNorth china

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Pedosphere 1999年第2期9卷 123-130页

作者： ZHOU WEI LIN BAO WANG HONG LI SHUTIAN and HE PING(institute of soil and Fertilizer, chinese academy of Agriculturol sciences, Beijing 100081(china)) 中国农业科学院土壤肥料所北京 100081 中国农业科学院土壤肥料所北京

soil sulfur fractions, including monocalcium phosphate-extractable S, slowly soluble inorganic S, C- O-S ,C-bonded S and unidentified organic S, were analyzed for 48 soils, as representatives of 6 major groups ofupland soils, fiuvisol, cinnamon soil, loessial soil, chestnut soil, black soil and brown soil, in North *** contemns of total S and monocalcium phosphate-extractable S in the above 48 soils ranged from 234 to860 and 5.1 to 220.3 mg kg--1 , respectively, and each of 6 soil groups contained the samples with a low level ofphosph ate-extractable S. Great differences in the average contents of each fraction of S were observed amongthe above 6 soil groups. Expressed as average percentage of the total S in soils, fiuvisols, cinnamon soils,loessial soils, chestnut soils, black soils and brown soils contained 6.1%, 9.5%, 5.7%, 13.2%, 3.5% and 6.8%monocalcium phosphate-extractable S, 5. 7%, 3. 0%, 9. 3%, 1 0. 4%, 3. 2% and 3. 1 % slowly soluble inorganic S ,51.6%, 26.7%, 17.4%, 31.2%, 28.9% and 22.7% C-O-S, 11.0%, 9.1%, 6.6%, 6.8%, 9.7% and 9.4% in C-bondedS, and 25.6%, 51.7%, 60.8%, 38.4%, 54.7% and 53.0% unidentified organic S, respectively. For the above 6groups of soils, the mean C/N ratios were remarkably similar, ranging from 9.7 to 10.7, while the mean N/Sratios ranged from 1.16 to 3.12. The highest ratios of C/N, C/C-O-S and C/C-bonded S were found in blacksoils, averaging 30.4, 104.9 and 314.7, respectively, while the lowest ratios arose in chestnut soil, averaging12.4, 39.7 and 183.3, respectively.

关键词： C-bonded S C-O-S sulphate upland soil

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^(15)N NMR Spectroscopic Study on Nitrogen Forms in Humic Substances of soils

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Pedosphere 2001年第1期11卷 1-9页

作者： WEN QIXIAO, ZHUO SUNENG and CHENG LILI (institute of soil Science, the chinese academy of sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008 (china)) 中科院南京土壤所江苏南京 210008

Nitrogen forms of humic substances from a subalpine meadow soil, a latentic red soil and a weathered coal and the effect of acid hydrolysis on N structures of soil humic substances were studied by using 15N cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy. Of the detectable 15N-signal intensity in the spectra of soil humic substances 71%-79% may be attributed to amide groups, 10%-18% to aromatic/aliphatic amines and 6%~11% to indole- and pyrrole-like N. Whereas in the spectrum of the fulvic acid from weathered coal 46%, at least, of the total 15N-signal intensity might be assigned to pyrrole-like N, 14% to aromatic/aliphatic ammes, and the remaining intensities could not be assigned with certainty. Data on nonhydrolyzable residue of protein-sugar mixture and a 15N-labelled soil fulvic acid confirm the formation of nonhydrolyzable heterocyclic N during acid hydrolysis. Project (No. 39790100) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of china.

关键词： forms of N humic substances mineral soils 15N CPMAS NMR weathered coal

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Effect of Sulphur in Rainfall, Irrigation Waterand Perco colating Water on soil Sulphur in Jiangxi Province

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Pedosphere 2000年第2期10卷 177-182页

作者： LIU CHONGQUN CAO SHUQING and XU JUNXIANG(institute of soil Science, the chinese academy of sciences, P.O. Box 821, Narolng 210008 china) institute of soil Science the Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 821 Nanjing 210008 China

Ten rainfall and irrigation water-collecting posts were set up in different ecotype districts of JiangxiProvince, china, to quarterly measure S content in rainfall and irrigation water. A rainwater chemicalcomposition- collecting device was used to collect the sulphur in rainfall land the amount of sulphur adsorbedon the resin column in the device was determined. The soil percolating water was gathered using 6 lysimeters,built up according to the profile sequence of the red soil derived from red sandstone and the red soil derivedfrom Quaternary red clay, separately. On the lysimeters peanuts, soybean and radish were grown in *** treatments were designed: without S addition and with S addition at a rate of 14 kg S ha-1. The SO24contents in rainfall, irrigation water and soil percolating water were determined by the *** results in 1997 showed that the average annual S content in rainwater was 28.13 kg S ha-1, theaverage S content in irrigation water was 1.7 mg S L-1 , and the average content of in soil percolationwater was 2.30 kg S ha-1 year-1 and 4.70 kg S ha-l year-1 in treatments without and with sulphurapplication, respectively. In Jiangxi Province, apart from the losses by runoff and leaching, the sulphur inrainfall available to crops is 7.3 kg S ha-1 year-1 and additional S application is required. When rice isgrown , however, irrigation water can supply 6.9 kg S ha-1, which, along with the sulphur in rainfall, canalmost meet the S requirement of one cropping of rice.

关键词： irrigation water Jiangxi Province rainfall soil percolation water sulphur

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CH_4 uptake flux of Leymus chinensis steppe during rapid growth season in Inner Mongolia,china

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第7期53卷 977-983页

作者： GENG YuanBo1, LUO GuangQiang1,2 & YUAN GuoFu1 1 institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100101, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, china 1. institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The influence of near ground atmosphere CH4 concentration, soil water content, soil Eh, plants, soil temperature, and pH on CH4 uptake flux of Leymus chinensis steppe during rapid growth season was studied using field in-situ measurement in Xilin River basin of Inner Mongolia, china. The results showed that CH4 uptake flux was positively correlated with near ground atmosphere CH4 concentration and soil Eh but negatively correlated with soil water content. Precipitation may decrease the CH4 flux by increasing the soil water content. The average fluxes of three treatments during the observation period were 1.52 (natural conditions, 1.51 (aboveground plants were excluded), and 2.00 mg m?2 d?1 (all plants were removed), respectively. The difference between the CH4 flux of natural condition treatment and that of removing aboveground plants treatment is small, whereas the flux of removing all plants treatment is larger than the other two treatments. This means that the contribution of aboveground plants to CH4 uptake flux is smaller than that of roots or roots-removing process. CH4 uptake flux is not sensitive to soil temperature and the narrow-ranged soil pH (6.36–7.86). The Leymus chinensis steppe acts as a sink for CH4, and thus more studies should be focused on its affecting factors and related mechanisms.

关键词： CH4 uptake flux Leymus chinensis steppe affecting factors static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method

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Lithospheric seismic fabrics of Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第5期48卷 585-600页

作者： YANG Wencai 1 , YANG Wuyang 1 , JIN Zhenmin 2 & CHENG Zhenyan 1 1. institute of Geology, chinese academy of Geological sciences, Beijing 100037, china 2. china University of Geosciences, wuhan 430074, china 1. chinese academy of Geological sciences Institute of Geology 100037 Beijing China 2. china University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China

Calibration of seismic reflectors appearing in the crust of the chinese continent sci- entific drilling site can be completed through the correlation studies between direct evidences, such as the drill cores, and geophysical signatures; therefore the interpretation of geophysical data could produce reliable results of crustal structure and composition. On the other hand, there are two Cenozoic volcanoes close to the scientific drilling site; analyzing composition of xenoliths existent in the volcanoes and evaluating their seismic velocities can also offer information about the mantle and lower crust. After the calibration via cores and well-logging data, the seismic re- flectors appearing in the UHP belt can be caused by lithological changes within the UHP rock slice, ductile shearing rock-suites, and later fracture zones. Among these sources, ductile shearing resulted in displacement and detachment of original rock-sheets, producing some rock-interbeds of several hundred meters thick that are named the ductile shearing rock-suites. A suite consists of mylonized gneiss and eclogite slices that underwent shearing, becoming the major mechanism responsible to generate regional strong reflections. The UHP rock-slice is characterized by complicated structures and high density, high seismic velocity and high electri- cal resistivity, its thickness is usually less than 11 km. Velocity and density of the gneiss-layer beneath gradually tend to normal with increasing depth. Based on the xenoliths we can infer that the middle crust contains a lot of gneisses, and the lower crust consists of different granulites. The lithospheric mantle has multi-layer structures and consists mainly of spinal lherzolite and harzburgite, implying late Mesozoic lithospheric thinning. The seismic fabrics with different ori- gins were possible products of different geodynamic processes. For instance, the UHP rock-slice was produced by the UHP metamorphic process and the exhumation of subducted supe

关键词： deep seismic reflection, ultrahigh-pressure belt, Sulu china, calibration of reflectors, lithospheric fabrics.

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Organic Matter Enrichment and Aggregate Stabilization in a Severely Degraded Ultisol After Reforestation

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Pedosphere 2006年第6期16卷 699-706页

作者： ZHANG Bin PENG Xin-Hua institute of soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008China

Three types of soils： an eroded barren soil under continuous fallow, an eroded soil transplanted with Lespedeza shrubs （Lespedeza bieolor）, and an eroded soil transplanted with camphor tree （Cinnaraomum camphora） were investigated to quantify organic matter pools and aggregates in reforested soils using physical fractionation techniques and to determine aggregate stability in relation to the enrichment of soil organic carbon （SOC）. soil organic matter （SOM） was physically fractionalized into free particulate organic matter （fPOM）, occluded particulate organic matter （oPOM）, and mineralassociated organic matter （mOM）. The SOM was concentrated on the surface soil （0 5 cm）, with an average C sequestration rate of 20-25 g C m^-2 year^-1 over 14 years. As compared to the eroded barren land, organic C content of fPOM, oPOM, and mOM fractions of the soil under Lespedeza and under camphor tree increased 12-15, 45-54, and 3.1-3.5 times, respectively. A linear relationship was found between aggregate stability and organic C （r^2 = 0.45, P 〈 0.01）, oPOM （r^2 = 0.34, P 〈 0.05）, and roOM （r^2 = 0.46, P 〈 0.01） of aggregates. The enrichment of organic C improved aggregate stability of the soil under Lespedeza but not that under camphor tree. However, further research is needed on the physical and biological processes involved in the interaction of soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in ecosystem.

关键词： aggregate stability reforestation organic matter fractions soil C sequestration

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Characterization of Humic Fractions in a ^(15)N-labelled soil by Solid-State ^(13)C and ^(15)N NMR

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Pedosphere 2001年第2期11卷 151-157页

作者： CHENG LILI, WEN QIXIAO and CHEN BIYUN institute of soil Science, the chinese academy of sciences, Nanjing 210008 (china)

Five humic fractions were obtained from a uniformly 15N-labelled soil by extraction with 0.1 mol L-1 Na4P207, 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH, and HF/HCI-0.1 mol L-1 NaOH, consecutively, and analyzed by 13C and 15N CPMAS NMR (cross polarization and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance). Compared with those of native soils humic fractions studied as a whole contained more alkyls, methoxyls and O-alkyls, being 27%-36%, 17%-21% and 36%-40%, respectively, but fewer aromatics and carboxyls (being 14%-20% and 13%-90%, respectively). Among those humic fractions, the humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) extracted by 0.1 mol L-1 Na4P207 contained slightly more carboxyls than corresponding humic fractions extracted by 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH, and the HA extracted by 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH after treatment with HF/HCI contained the least aromatics and carboxyls. The distribution of nitrogen functional groups of soil humic fractions studied was quite similar to each other and also quite similar to that of humic fraction from native soils. More than 75% of total N in each fraction was in amide form, with 9%-13% present as aromatic and/or aliphatic amines and the remainder as hoterocyclic N.

关键词： aromaticity 13C CPMAS NMR humic substances 15N CPMAS NMR nitrogen forms

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Occurrence of nitrification-denitrification and gaseous nitrogen loss process in flooded rice soil

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第1期17卷 6-10页

作者： NI Wuzhong, LI Jianping and ZHU Zhaoliang (College of Environmental and Resource sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, china College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, china institute of soil Science, chinese academy of sciences, Nanjing 210008, china) [a]Gllege of Environmental and Resmirce sciences Zheiang University Hangzhou China [b]Gllege of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zheiang University Hangzhou China [c]institute of soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Naning China

Flooding in wetland rice fields soon after transplanting results in displacement of soil air (including O2). Thus any dissolved O2 in the pore water is consumed out by microbial respiration in a short period. Supply of O2 to the flooded rice soil is by diffusion of O2 through the standing floodwater and consumption at the soil-water interface, and by exudation of O2 by rice roots and subsequent diffusion of O2 into the rhizosphere. The greater potential consumption of O2 compared to the renewal rate results in the development of distinct soil layers: oxidized soil layers under soil-water interface and in the rhizosphere, and reduced soil layers or reduced bulk soil. Nitrification in oxidized soils and denitrification in reduced soils have been known. Currently, denitrification in oxidized soils, even in standing floodwater, has also been identified. In this article, we present a modified nitrification and denitrification occurring mechanism in flooded rice soil.

关键词： denitrification flooded rice soil gaseous nitrogen loss nitrification.

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Effect of Heavy Metals on Phosphorus Retention by Typic Udic Ferrisols: Equilibrium and Kinetics

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Pedosphere 2002年第1期12卷 15-24页

作者： TU CONG, ZHENG CHUNRONG and CHEN HUAIMAN LMCP, institute of soil Science, the chinese academy of sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008 (china) Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University P.O. Box 7616 RaleighNC 27695-7616 USA 中科院南京土壤所 LMCP CAS Nanjing 210008

A study was conducted to examine the effect of heavy metals (Cu,Pb, Zn and Cd in combination or alone) on the equilibrium andkinetics of phosphorus (P) retention in typic udic ferrisols by usingboth equilibrium and flow techniques. Fourteen soil samples withvarying artificial contamination of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were *** metal pollution led to increases in retention capacity andmaximum buffering capacity (MBC) of soil P. The rate of P retentionwas also increased and the time to reach equilibrium was advanced byheavy metals addition.

关键词： equilibrium kinetics heavy metlas phosphorus retention

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