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Full 3-D numerical modeling of borehole electric image logging and the evaluation model of fracture

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 170-173页

作者： KE ShiZhen resource & information Collage of Chinese petroleum university,beijing 102249,china Chinese Petr Univ Resource & Informat Coll Beijing 102249 Peoples R China

A full 3-D finite element method numerical modeling program is written based on the principle and technical specification of borehole electric image well logging tool. The response of well logging is computed in the formation media model with a single fracture. The effect of changing fracture aperture and resistivity ratio to the logging response is discussed. The identification ability for two parallel fractures is also present. A quantitative evaluation formula of fracture aperture from borehole electric image logging data is set up. A case study of the model well is done to verify the accuracy of the for-mula. The result indicates that the formula is more accurate than the foreign one.

关键词： numerical modeling borehole electric image logging 3-D FEM full scope fracture

Flow imaging method of electromagnetic measurement in well logging

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 181-185页

作者： WU XiLing,WANG XiaoXing,ZHAO YanWei & YANG Mei school of resource and information Technology,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china china Univ Petr Sch Resource & Informat Technol Beijing 102249 Peoples R China

Multiphase flow in an oil well is a dynamic phenomenon of inhomogeneous medium,which should be studied in a nonlinear way. This paper presents an electromagnetic measurement method based on the electrical property differences between oil,gas and water to scan,inverse and show the distribution and condition of multiphase flow. Both numerical simulation and physical experiments have proved that clear images could be obtained by this way.

关键词： well multiphase flow electromagnetic wave flow imaging

Distribution,formation and evolution of sand ridges on the East china Sea shelf

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2010年第3期53卷 822-828页

作者： ZHAO RenBao 1,2,SUN HaiTao 3,WU YaSheng 3 &ZHAO ChuanFeng 1,2 1MOE Key Laboratory of petroleum Engineering,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 2 Enhanced Oil Recovering Research Center,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 3Faculty of Natural resource&information Technology,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 1. MOE Key Laboratory of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China2. Enhanced Oil Recovering Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China3. Faculty of Natural Resource & Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Influence of CO2 corrosion on reservoir mineralogical composition,pore structure and their mechanical characteristics was studied using XRD,SEM,rock tri-axial machine and core flow experimental *** was found that the corrosion effect was mainly attributed to rock texture and structure,fluid composition and external dynamical conditions in the experimental *** cores with bedding structures,their bedding surfaces were the preferential corrosion regions,because micro-cracks would evolve at these surfaces in the pressure-releasing ***,for cores with massive structures controlled by stable water environment,the CO2 corrosion would result in pore enlargement and secondary pore *** gas velocity from outlet showed sharp increase in the injection process of CO2-H2O *** could be explained by two changes caused by *** was the opening and closure of *** other was particle *** the corrosion time increased,both tensile strength and compressive strength decreased,which confirmed decrease of cementation *** should also be noted that permeability increase and micro-cracks generation would pose damage to the capacity of CO2 geological storage.

关键词： carbon dioxide geological storage mineralization enhanced oil recovery corrosion

Influence of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in Tarim Basin by faulting

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 53-60页

作者： L XiuXiang1,2,YANG Ning1,2,ZHOU XinYuan3,YANG HaiJun3 & LI JianJiao1,2 1 Faculty of Natural resource & information Technology,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 2 State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 3 Tarim Oilfield,Petrochina,Korla 841000,china china Univ Petr Fac Nat Resource & Informat Technol Beijing 102249 Peoples R China china Univ Petr State Key Lab Petr Resource & Prospecting Beijing 102249 Peoples R China Petrochina Tarim Oilfield Korla 841000 Peoples R China

The quality of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin is closely related to the development of secondary pores,fractures and cavities. Karstification is important in improving the properties of reservoir beds,and karstification related to unconformity has caught wide attention. Compared with the recent research on the unconformity karst reservoir bed improvement,this paper shows a new way of carbonate reservoir bed transformation. Based on field survey,core and slices observation,transformation of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds by faulting can be classified into three types: (1) Secondary faults and fracturs generated by faulting improved carbonate reservoir bed properties,which were named the Lunnan or Tazhong82 model; (2) upflow of deep geothermal fluids caused by faulting,with some components metasomatizing with carbonate and forming some secon-dary deposit,such as fluorite. It can improve carbonate reservoir bed properties obviously and is named the Tazhong 82 model; and (3) the faulting extending up to the surface increased the depth of supergene karstification and the thickness of reservoir bed. It is named the Hetianhe model. Trans-formation effect of carbonate reservoir beds by faulting was very significant,mainly distributed on the slopes or on the edge or plunging end of the uplift.

关键词： carbonate faulting reservoir transformation Ordovician Tarim Basin

Anisotropic characteristics of electrical responses of fractured reservoir with multiple sets of fractures

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petroleum Science 2009年第2期6卷 127-138页

作者： Shen Jinsong Su Benyu Guo Naichuan Department of Geophysics School of Resource and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Key Laboratory of CNPC Geophysical Exploration China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

In fractured reservoirs, the fractures not but also form the main flow channels which connect productivity of reservoirs. However, because of the only provide the storage space for hydrocarbons, the pores of the matrix, so fractures dominate the heterogeneity and randomness of the distribution of fractures, exploration and evaluation of fractured reservoirs is still one of the most difficult problems in the oil industry. In recent years, seismic anisotropy has been applied to the assessment of fractured formations, whereas electrical anisotropy which is more intense in fractured formations than seismic anisotropy has not been studied or used so extensively. In this study, fractured reservoir models which considered multiple sets of fractures with smooth and partly closed, rough surfaces were established based on the fractures and pore network, and the vertical and horizontal electrical resistivities were derived as a function of the matrix and fracture porosities according to Ohm＇s law. By using the anisotropic resistivity equations, variations of the electrical anisotropy of three types of fractured models under the conditions of free pressure and confining pressure were analyzed through the variations of the exerted pressure, matrix porosity, fracture aperture and formation water resistivity. The differences of the vertical and horizontal resistivities and the anisotropy between the connected and non-connected fractures were also analyzed. It is known from the simulated results that an increase of the confining pressure causes a decrease of electrical anisotropy because of the elasticity of the closed fractures and the decrease of the fracture aperture. For a fixed fracture porosity, the higher the matrix porosity, the weaker the electrical anisotropy in the rock formation.

关键词： Fractured reservoir partly closed fracture electrical anisotropy fracture roughness

Numerical experiments for the conductive properties of saturated rock

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 174-180页

作者： YUE WenZheng & TAO Guo State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china china Univ Petr State Key Lab Petr Resource & Prospecting Beijing 102249 Peoples R China

The reservoir evaluation as a key technology in oil exploration and production is based on the electrical transport property (ETP) of saturated rock that is described in a mathematical form with Arhcie’s equa-tion. But there have been increasing cases observed in many researches indicating that the ETP is non-Archie especially for the complex reservoir with low porosity and permeability. In this paper,the numerical experiments based on the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) have been employed to study the effect of porous structure and fluids on the ETP for revealing the nature of non-Archie phenomenon in micro-scale. The results of numerical experiments have proved that the saturation exponent n is a function of water saturation and porosity instead of being a constant in Archie’s equation. And then,a new formula has been developed for the EPT through combining the result of numerical simulation with that of laboratory measurements. The calculations from the new formula show very good agreement with laboratory measurements to demonstrate the efficiency of the new formula over the conventional methods in non-Archie rock.

关键词： electrical transport property non-Archie phenomenon fluid saturation porous media Lattice Boltzmann method

Effects of abnormally high heat stress on petroleum in reservoir——An example from the Tazhong 18 Well in the Tarim Basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第4期51卷 515-527页

作者： ZHU DongYa1, JIN ZhiJun1, HU WenXuan2 & ZHANG XueFeng3 1 petroleum Exploration and Production Institute, china petroleum & Chemical Corporation, beijing 100083, china 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing university, Nanjing 210093, china 3.school of resource and information, china university of petroleum, beijing 102249, china petroleum Exploration and Production Institute China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Beijing China Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China school of resource and information China University of Petroleum Beijing China

An igneous intrusion of 94m thick was discovered intruding into the Silurian sandstone from Tazhong 18 Well. The petroleum previously preserved in the Silurian sandstone reservoir was altered into black carbonaceous bitumen by abnormally high heat stress induced by the igneous intrusion. The reflec-tance of the carbonaceous bitumen reaches as high as 3.54%, indicating that the bitumen had evolved into a high thermal evolution level. Similar to the Silurian samples from the neighboring Tazhong 11, Tazhong 12, Tazhong 45 and Tazhong 47 wells, the distribution of C27, C28 and C29 steranes of the car-bonaceous bitumen is still "V" -shaped and can still be employed as an efficient parameter in oil source correlation. The "V" -shaped distribution indicates that the hydrocarbons from the Tazhong 18 and the neighboring wells were all generated from the Middle-Upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks. However, the oil source correlation parameters associated with and terpanes had been changed greatly by the high heat stress and can no longer be used in oil source correlation. The δ 13C values of the pe-troleum from the neighboring wells are between -32.53‰ and -33.37‰, coincident with those of the Paleozoic marine petroleum in the Tarim Basin. However, the δ 13C values of the carbonaceous bitumen from the Tazhong 18 Well are between -27.18‰ and -29.26‰, isotopically much heavier than the pe-troleum from the neighboring wells. The content of light hydrocarbons (nC14-nC20) of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction in the carbonaceous bitumen is extremely higher than the content of heavy hy-drocarbons. The light/heavy hydrocarbon ratios (ΣnC21-/ΣnC22+) are between 4.56 and 39.17. In the saturated fraction, the even numbered hydrocarbons are predominant to the odd numbered, and the OEP (Odd to Even Predominance) values are between 0.22 and 0.49. However, the content of light hy-drocarbons in the petroleum from the neighboring wells is relatively low and the content of the even numb

关键词： Tarim Basin igneous intrusive abnormally high heat stress bitumen carbon isotope PAH

Study on attribute characterization for reservoir dynamic monitoring by seismic

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 218-225页

作者： CHEN XiaoHong1,3,LI JingYe2,3 & ZHAO Wei4 1 Key Lab of Geophysical Exploration of CNPC,china petroleum university,beijing 102249,china 2 Basin & Reservoir Research Center,china petroleum university,beijing 102249,china 3 State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 4 Research Center of CNOOC,beijing 100027,china 1. Key Lab of Geophysical Exploration of CNPC China Petroleum University Beijing 102249 China 3. State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China 2. Basin & Reservoir Research Center China Petroleum University Beijing 102249 China 4. Research Center of CNOOC Beijing 100027 China

Study on characterizing reservoir parameters dynamic variations by time-lapse seismic attributes is the theoretical basis for effectively distinguishing reservoir parameters variations and conducting time-lapse seismic interpretation,and it is also a key step for time-lapse seismic application in real oil fields. Based on the rock physical model of unconsolidated sandstone,the different effects of oil saturation and effective pressure variations on seismic P-wave and S-wave velocities are calculated and analyzed. Using numerical simulation on decoupled wave equations,the responses of seismic amplitude with different offsets to reservoir oil saturation variations are analyzed,pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes differences for oil saturation and effective pressure variations of P-P wave and P-S converted wave are calculated,and time-lapse seismic AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) response rules of P-P wave and P-S converted wave to effective pressure and oil saturation variations are compared. The theoretical modeling study shows that it is feasible to distinguish different reservoir parameters dynamic variations by pre-stack time-lapse seismic information,including pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes and AVO information,which has great potential in improving time-lapse seismic interpreta-tion precision. It also shows that the time-lapse seismic response mechanism study on objective oil fields is especially important in establishing effective time-lapse seismic data process and interpreta-tion scheme.

关键词： time-lapse seismic dynamic monitoring rock physical model pre-stack attribute Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO)

Propagation characteristics of converted refracted wave and its application in static correction of converted wave

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 226-232页

作者： LIU Yang1,2 & WEI XiuCheng3 1 State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 2 CNPC Geophysical Exploration Key Laboratory,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 3 Exploration and Production Research Institute,SINOPEC,beijing 100083,china china Univ Petr State Key Lab Petr Resource & Prospecting Beijing 102249 Peoples R China china Univ Petr CNPC Geophys Explorat Key Lab Beijing 102249 Peoples R China SINOPEC Explorat & Prod Res Inst Beijing 100083 Peoples R China

Three-component seismic exploration through P-wave source and three-component geophone is an effective technique used in complicated reservoir exploration. In three-component seismic exploration data processing,one of the difficulties is static correction of converted wave. This paper analyzes propagation characteristics of non-converted and converted refracted waves,and discovers a favor-able condition for the formation of converted refracted wave,i.e. the velocity of overlaying medium S wave is much lower than that of underlying medium S wave. In addition,the paper proposes the static correction method of converted wave based on PPS converted refracted wave,and processes the real three-component seismic data with better results of static correction of converted wave.

关键词： PPS converted refracted wave converted wave static correction