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Mechanism for calcite dissolution and its contribution to development of reservoir porosity and permeability in the Kela 2 gas field,Tarim Basin,china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第4期51卷 567-578页

作者： YU BingSong1,3. DONG HailLiang2,3.& RUAN Zhuang1,3.1 State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, beijing 100083. {3. 2 Department of Geology, Miami university,Oxford, OH 45056, USA 3.geomicrobiology laboratory, china university of geosciences, beijing, 100083. {3. State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Department of Geology Miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA geomicrobiology laboratory China University of Geoscien

This study is undertaken to understand how calcite precipitation and dissolution contributes to depth-related changes in porosity and permeability of gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs in the Kela 2 gas field of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern china. Sandstone samples and pore water samples are col-lected from well KL201 in the Tarim Basin. Vertical profiles of porosity, permeability, pore water chem-istry, and the relative volume abundance of calcite/dolomite are constructed from 3.00 to 4000 m below the ground surface within major oil and gas reservoir rocks. Porosity and permeability values are in-versely correlated with the calcite abundance, indicating that calcite dissolution and precipitation may be controlling porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. Pore water chemistry exhibits a sys-tematic variation from the Na2SO4 type at the shallow depth (3.00-3.3. m), to the NaHCO3.type at the intermediate depth (3.3.―3.95 m),and to the CaCl2 type at the greater depth (3.28―3.3. m). The geochemical factors that control the calcite solubility include pH, temperature, pressure, Ca2+ concen-tration, the total inorganic carbon concentration (ΣCO2), and the type of pore water. Thermodynamic phase equilibrium and mass conservation laws are applied to calculate the calcite saturation state as a function of a few key parameters. The model calculation illustrates that the calcite solubility is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of pore water, mainly the concentration difference between the total dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved calcium concentration (i.e., [ΣCO2] -[Ca2+]). In the Na2SO4 water at the shallow depth, this index is close to 0, pore water is near the calcite solubility. Calcite does not dissolve or precipitate in significant quantities. In the NaHCO3.water at the intermedi-ate depth, this index is greater than 0, and pore water is supersaturated with respect to calcite. Massive calcite precipitation was observed at this depth interval and

关键词： calcite dissolution porosity thermodynamic Tarim Basin

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Petrogenesis of Songshugou dunite body in the Qinling orogenic belt, Central china: Constraints from geochemistry and melt inclusions

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1146-1157页

作者： SU Li1,2, SONG Shuguang3.& ZHOU Dingwu1 1. Key laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education, Department of Geology, Northwestern university, Xi’an 710069, china 2. The Geological Lab Center,{3. (beijing), beijing 100083. china 3. Key laboratory of Orogenic Belts of the Ministry of Education, Department of Geology, Peking university, beijing 100871, china 1. Key laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education Department of Geology Northwestern University 710069 Xi’an China 2. The Geological Lab Center China University of Geosciences 100083 (Beijing)Beijing China 3. Key laboratory of Orogenic Belts of the Ministry of Education Department of Geology Peking University 100871 Beijing China

The Songshugou dunite body, which occupies an area of about 20 km2, is the largest ultramafic massif in the eastern Qinling orogenic belt, Central china. The major compo-nent of this body is dunitic rocks including mylonitic dunite and coarse-grained dunite; they oc-cupy about 95 vol% of the total body. Petrography, mineral composition, major and trace ele-ments and primitive melt inclusions have been investigated in this paper; all revealed that this dunite body is the product of melt-rock interaction by porous percolation flow. In comparison with dunite sills or veins in harzburgite from the basal part of Oman ophiolite, this dunite body is characterized by lower contents of Al2O3. CaO and HREE but higher content of highly incom-patible elements and Zr and Hf. The LREE enriched patterns and primitive mantle normalized spidergrams of trace elements are also different from the Oman dunite. Combining with melt in-clusions observed in olivines, we conclude that this dunite body is the product of large- scale porous percolation flow of high-MgO melts within depleted mantle peridotites. The high-MgO magma, in essence, was most probably produced at the hot head of an upwelling mantle plume. The occurrence of the Songshugou dunite body is closely associated with the activity of mantle super-plume in Neo-Proterozoic era in the Yangtze Craton.

关键词： Songshugou dunite body, geochemistry, melt inclusion, mantle plume, Qinling orogenic belt.

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The equilibrium between diagenetic calcites and dolomites and its impact on reservoir quality in the sandstone reservoir of Kela 2 gas field

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第9期17卷 1051-1058页

作者： Gao Zhiqian1,Yu Bingsong2,3.and Lai Xingyun2,3.1.School of Energy Resources,china university of geosciences,{3. 100083.china 2.State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,china university of geosciences,{3. 100083.china 3.Ministry of Education Key laboratory of Lithosphere Structure,Deep Processes and Exploration Technique,china university of geosciences,{3. 100083.china) School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Ministry of Education Key laboratory of Lithosphere Structure Deep Processes and Exploration Technique China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

Based on the equilibrium theory of chemical reactions between water and rocks,this paper establishes a thermodynamic phase relationship diagram among calcites,dolomites and water solution under the condition of diagenesis based on the thermodynamic database of related minerals and fluids and dolomite's degree of order *** has been discovered that the equilibrium between calcites and dolomites in the diagenetic environment is strongly impacted by temperature and the Ca/Mg ratios in groundwater,and that the dolomite's degree of order in the diagenetic environment is a function of crystallization temperature and time,not controlled by water ***,the authors make a further analysis of the close relationship of chemical reaction between carbonate cements and pore water in the sandstone reservoirs of Kala 2 gas field in Kuche *** can be seen that there are different impacts on sandstone reservoir quality among the equilibrium system of calcites,dolomites and pore water at different depths of reservoirs.

关键词： diagenesis equilibrium between calcites and dolomites secondary pores Kela 2 gas field

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Indian Ocean-MORB-type isotopic signature of Yushigou ophiolite in North Qilian Mountains and its implications

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第6期49卷 561-572页

作者： HOU Qingye1,2, ZHAO Zhidan1,2, ZHANG Hongfei3. ZHANG Benren3.& CHEN Yuelong2 1. State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, beijing 100083. {3. 2. School of Earth Science and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, beijing 100083. {3. 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, china university of geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, {3. 1. State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 2. School of Earth Science and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

In order to explore the disputed issue concerning the tectonic affinity ofthe ancient ocean mantle of North Qilian Mountains (NQM), geochemical and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopiccompositions of pillow basalts of the Yushigou Ophiolite (YSGO) suite from NQM have been analyzedsystematically. The pillow basalts exhibit tholeiitic characteristics, with flatchondrite-normalized REE patterns ((La/Yb)_N = 0.98—1.27). They display no Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf negativeanomalies, and show MORB features in 2Nb-Zr/4-Y and Ti/100-Zr-YX3.tectonic discrimination *** results indicate that the Yushigou ophiolite is most likely to be formed in a mid-ocean ridgeor mature back-arc basin. Their isotopic data show a relatively broad and enriched ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr(0.70509 — 0.70700), restricted ^(143.Nd/^(144)Nd (0.512955-0.512978). Pb isotopes are in the rangeof ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb (18.054-20.562), ^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb (15.53.-15.743. and ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb(3..068-3..53.). These isotopic data imply that the basalts originated from the depleted mantle(DMM), with the involvement of enriched mantle components (mainly EMII). Geochemical comparisonsbetween the basalts in YSGO and the MORB-type basalts of ophiolite suites occurring in the knownancient Tethyan tectonic domain indicate that the ancient oceanic mantle represented by YSGO suiteforming in early Paleozoic in the North Qilian Moutains is very similar to the Tethyan mantle inboth trace elements and isotopic compositions. The North Qilian Mountains should be a part of theTethyan tectonic domain in early Paleozoic. This further implies that the Tethyan tectonic domaincan be deduced to early Paleozoic in the study area, which will be helpful to discussing thetectonic affinity and evolution of the North Qilian Mountains.

关键词： geochemistry, Indian Ocean-MORB-type isotopic signatures, Tethyan tectonic domain, Yushigou ophiolite, North Qilian Mountains.

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Dehydration melting of solid amphibolite at 2.0 GPa: Effects of time and temperature

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1120-1133页

作者： ZHOU Wenge1, XIE Hongsen1, LIU Yonggang1, ZHENG Xiaogang1, ZHAO Zhidan2 & ZHOU Hui3.1. laboratory of Material in the Earth’s Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, china 2. Department of Geology, china university of geosciences,{3. 100083. china 3. Department of Geology, Peking university,{3. 100871, china 1. laboratory of Material in the Earth’s Interior Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 550002 Guiyang China 2. Department of Geology China University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China 3. Department of Geology Peking University 100871 Beijing China

Two sets of dehydration-melting with a natural solid amphibolite, collected from North Himalayan structure zone, Tibet, have been carried out in multi-anvil apparatus at 2.0 GPa and 800―1000℃, for 12―200 h. One is keeping the pressure at 2.0 GPa and the annealing time of 12 h, changing the temperature (800―1000℃). The other is keeping the pressure at 2.0 GPa and temperature at 850℃, varying the annealing time (12―200 h). The products are inspected with microscope and electron probe. The results indicate that at 2.0 GPa, annealing time of 12 h, garnets, melts and clinopyroxenes occur in amphibolite gradually with increasing temperature and the chemical compositions of melt vary from tonalite to granodiorite, and then to tonalite. However, at 2.0 GPa and 850℃, with the annealing time increasing, the garnets, melts and cli-nopyroxenes also occur in amphibolite gradually and the chemical compositions of melt vary from tonalite to granodiorite. In both cases, melts interconnect with each other when the contents of melt are over the 5 vol.%. the viscosities of the melt produced in amphibolite at temperature higher than 850℃ are on a level with 104 Pa·s. The interconnected melt with such a viscosity may segregate from the source rock and form the magma over reasonable geological time. Therefore, it is believed that at the lower part of the overthickened crust, the tonlitic and grano-dioritic magma may be generated through the dehydration melting of amphibolite.

关键词： solid amphibolite, high pressure, high temperature, time, partial melting.

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The role of aerial algae in the formation of the landscape of the Yunnan Stone Forest,Yunnan Province, china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第9期47卷 846-864页

作者： TIAN Youping1,3. ZHANG Jie2, SONG Linhua1 & BAO Haosheng2 1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china 2. Department of Geography, Nanjing university, Nanjing 210093. china 3. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, china university of geosciences, beijing 100083. china Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Department of Geography Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

Aerial algae on the surface of carbonate rocks at the Stone Forest, Shilin County, Yunnan Province, china, and their bioerosion were investigated in the field and studied in the laboratory in detail. Through the observation, identification and statistics of more than one hun- dred algal samples and rock samples with the optical microscopes (stereomicroscope, biological microscope) and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM), the relationships between erosional forms on the surface of the Stone Forest and algae and/or algal communities and the genetic mechanism for the formation of erosional forms were analyzed. It is suggested that aerial algae play an active role in bioerosive processes that may affect the formation of karst erosional forms. These effects include both direct and indirect ones. The direct effect is the initiative control (algal shape-controlling role) of algae on the formation of karst forms of various scales, mostly mi- cro-scale (3.) and minor-scale (10-3.10-1m) erosional forms. The algal shape-controlling roles can be divided into the algal individual shape-controlling role and the algal community shape-controlling role. The former mostly controls the formation of micro-scale erosional forms, while the latter mostly controls the formation of micro-scale and smaller minor-scale erosional forms. The indirect effect refers to the promoting role of algae in the formation of karst forms, which may affect the formation of karst forms of all types and scales. The bioerosion of algae accelerates the weathering process of the whole Stone Forest karst landforms.

关键词： aerial algae, bioerosion, the Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, china.

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Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2049-2060页

作者： DENG Shenghui1,2, LU Yuanzheng1,2,3.& XU Daoyi4 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, beijing 100083. china 2. Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina, beijing 100083. china 3. china university of geosciences, beijing 100083. china 4. Institute of Geology, china Earthquake Administration, beijing 100029, china 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development 100083 Beijing China 2. Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina 100083 Beijing China 3. china university of geosciences 100083 Beijing China 4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration 100029 Beijing China

The mass extinction at the end-Triassic is one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic. However,it is the least well understood among these five events, and only till last decade it became a great academic interesting subject to geologists. The evidences for this event come obviously from bivalves, brachiopods, ammonites, corals, radiolaria, ostracods and foraminifera of marine habitats, and plants and tetrapods of terrestrial realm. By contrast, for some of other groups, such as marine gastropods and marine vertebrates, no mass extinction has been recog-nized yet. The extinction event is strongly marked at specific level but shown a complicated situa-tion at generic and family levels. Dramatic changing of the environment, such as the temperature raise due to the greenhouse effect, the marine anoxic habitats caused by a sudden transgression after the regression at the end of Triassic, has been claimed to be the main cause of the extinction. Many hypotheses have been suggested to demonstrate the mechanisms of the environment changing, among which two popular ones are the bolide impact and volcanic eruption. The Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) boundary mass extinction event is still poorly understood because no enough data have been obtained from the Tr-J boundary successional sections of both marine and terrestrial sediments, and most of these studies were regionally restricted. The basic aspects of the event and its associated environmental conditions remain poorly characterized and the causal mechanism or mechanisms are equivocal. Some authors even doubt its occurrence. china has many successionally developed terrestrial and marine Tr-J sections. Detailed studies of these sections may be important and significant for well understanding of the event.

关键词： progress, review, end-Triassic, mass extinction, mechanism, Tr-J boundary.

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Optimal reactions for the synthesis of superheavy nucleus ^(270)Hs

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Science china(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2006年第6期49卷 641-648页

作者： LIU Zuhua1,3.& BAO Jingdong1,2 1. Key laboratory of Beam Technology and Material Modification of Ministry of Education, beijing Normal university, beijing 100875, china 2. Physics Department, beijing Normal university, beijing 100875, china 3. china Institute of Atomic Energy, beijing 102413. china Key laboratory of Beam Technology Material Modification of Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China Physics Department Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China china Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China

The superheavy nucleus 270Hs is expected to be a “double-magic” deformed nucleus. We have calculated its cross sections of evaporation residue for the reactions 248Cm(26Mg,4n)270Hs, 244Pu(3.Si,4n)270Hs, 23.U(3.S,4n)270Hs and 226Ra(48Ca,4n)270Hs using a two-parameter Smoluchowski equation. It is found from our results that 226Ra(48Ca,4n)270Hs and 23.U(3.S,4n)270Hs are two optimal reactions for the synthesis of the superheavy nucleus 270Hs due to their large negative Q-values.

关键词： diffused fusion barrier,Smoluchowski equation,superheavy nuclei.

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Petrogenesis and dating of the Kangding complex,Sichuan Province

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第5期48卷 622-634页

作者： CHEN Yuelong 1 , LUO Zhaohua 1 , ZHAO Junxiang, LI Zhihong, ZHANG Hongfei & SONG Biao 3.1. Faculty of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources, china university of geosciences, beijing 100083. china 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences, china university of geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, china 3. beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, beijing 10003., china 1. Faculty of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources China University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China 3. beijing SHRIMP Center Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 100037 Beijing China

An analysis of major and trace element geochemistry and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks from the Mianning metamorphic complex of Si- chuan Province was conducted. One of our conclusions is that a majority of the zircons crystal- lized between 721 and 773.Ma in a magmatic regime. The complexes contain early to late Pa- leo-proterozoic relict zircons from ancient continental crust. The oldest age, 2468 Ma, may rep- resent the basement of the Yangtze block. Overgrowth zircon rims and palingenetic zircons have been observed and dated, and are believed to have formed after crystallization, during Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic-anatexis. We also conclude that depletion of Nb, Ta, HREE, in a spider-diagram normalized to primitive mantle and calc-alkaline association, implies that they formed in island-arc or under-plating settings.

关键词： Kangding complex, zircons, SHRIMP, tectonic setting.

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Study on the two and three-parameter working stability regions of 3.-TZP suspension

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2006年第5期49卷 547-568页

作者： CHEN Youqiang1, 2, ZHANG Xinni3. CHEN Sha’ou3.& QI Ping3.1. Department of Chemistry, Qingdao university, Qingdao 266071, china 2. Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua university,{3. 100084, china 3. Department of Physics, Qingdao university, Qingdao 266071, china 1. Department of Chemistry Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China 2. Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China 3. Department of Physics Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China

We determined the variation tendency of viscosity (η) at various solids load- ing (α) for 3.-TZP suspension as a function of dispersant concentration (Cw) using vis- cosity measurement, measured the diameter of particles as a function of Cw in very dilute suspension using light scattering method, and obtained the surface features of the sedi- ment of suspension with different Cw using SEM. We also discussed the influence of the microstructure of adsorbed polymer layers on particles and their interactions in the dis- persing medium on the stability of suspension. Then two different stable states and two different unstable states for 3.-TZP suspension were given. Accordingly, the (Cw, η), (Cw, α), and (α, η) two-parameter, and (Cw, α, η) three-parameter stability maps were con- structed. Based on the DLVO theory calculations, the dispersant concentration, particle distance (r), and interparticle potential energy (VT) maps with various solids loading for 3.-TZP aqueous suspension were also constructed. In (Cw, r) two-parameter coordinate system, the stable motion region map for particles was established. The Cw, α, and VT,max (the highest potential energy) surface of the potential barrier map was obtained through calculation and simulation on the basis of the surfaces of Cw, r, VT maps introduced above. The (Cw, α) two-parameter stability map was then obtained from the Cw, α, VT,max map. The results showed that this theoretical map can qualitatively prove the experimentally obtained results—the existence of different dispersed states of particles in suspension system and the variation tendency of suspension stability with changing each parame- ter—were reasonable.

关键词： 3.-TZP, suspension, stability, DLVO theory, interparticle potential energy.

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