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Designing Drill-in Fluids by Using Ideal Packing Technique

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petroleum Science 2007年第2期4卷 44-51页

作者： Feng Wenqiang and Yan Jienian (School of petroleum Engineering, china university of petroleum, beijing 102249, china) china Univ Petr Sch Petr Engn Beijing 102249 Peoples R China

Selecting bridging agents properly is a critical factor in designing non-damaging or low-damaging drill-in fluids. Historically, Abrams' rule has been used for this purpose. However, Abrams' rule only addresses the size of particle required to initiate a bridge. The rule does not give an optimum size nor an ideal packing sequence for minimizing fluid invasion and optimizing sealing. This paper elaborates an ideal packing approach to solving the sealing problem by sealing pores with different sizes, especially those large pores which usually make dominant contribution to permeability and thereby effectively preventing the solids and filtrate of drill-in fluids from invading into formations, compared with the conventionally used techniques. Practical software has been developed to optimize the blending proportion of several bridging agents, so as to achieve ideal packing effectiveness. The method and its use in selecting the best blending proportion of several bridging agents are also discussed in this paper. A carefully designed drill-in fluid by using the ideal packing technique (named the IPT fluid) for offshore drilling operations at the Weizhou Oilfield, Nanhai West Company, CNOOC is presented. The near 100% return permeabilities from the dynamic damage tests using reservoir cores demonstrated the excellent bridging effect provided by this drill-in fluid.

关键词： Drill-in fluid particle size distribution ideal packing theory dynamic damage test formation damage control

Magnetic mineralogy of the Hongqiling Cu-Ni sulphide deposit: Implications for ore genesis

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Progress in natural Science:Materials International 2007年第10期17卷 1192-1198页

作者： Xi Aihua1,2, Ge Yuhui1, Cai Yuanfeng2 and Zhang Xuefeng3(1. Faculty of resources & Environment, Southwest petroleum university, Chengdu 610500, china 2. State Key Laboratory for Endogenic Metal Deposit Research, Nanjing university, Nanjing 210093, china 3. Department of natural resources & technology information, china university of petroleum, beijing 102249, china) Faculty of resources and Environment Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 China State Key Laboratory for Endogenic Metal Deposit Research Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Department of natural resources and technology information China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Pyrrhotite is one of the common ore minerals in Cu-Ni sulphide deposits, but only monoclinic pyrrhotite is ferromagnetic at room temperature. X-ray and EPA analyses reveal that most pyrrhotite forming sideronitic texture in the Hongqiling Cu-Ni sulphide deposit is monoclinic, but that in the massive ore is a mixture of monoclinic and hexagonal pyrrhotites. Differential thermal and magnetic- thermogravimetric analyses of massive ore indicate a magnetic transition and heat absorption at 323℃, suggesting that this temperature is the thermomagnetic and phase transition point of pyrrhotite. For massive pyrrhotite ores heated at 400oC for 30 h and then quenched by cool water, the monoclinic pyrrhotite (mpo) transforms completely into the hexagonal pyrrhotite (hpo). However, all the pyrrhotites resulting from slow cooling of the sample in air are mpo. These results indicate that transformation between hpo and mpo depends upon the cooling rate. Therefore, massive ores in this deposit might have been formed via rapid cooling of ore melts. On the other hand, it is significant to study the effect of the ratio of the magnetite in total ores on the genesis of magmatic Cu-Ni suphide deposits.

关键词： pyrrhotite magnetite genesis of Cu-Ni sulphide deposit Hongqiling.

Structural characteristics of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Cenozoic basins offshore the Bohai Sea

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 20-31页

作者： QI JiaFu1,2,ZHOU XinHuai3,DENG RongJing4 & ZHANG KeXin2 1 State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting,china petroleum university,beijing 102249,china 2 Department of Earth Sciences,china petroleum university,beijing 102200,china 3 Tianjin Branch of CNOOC china Limited,Tianjin 300451,china 4 beijing Research Center of CNOOC china Limited,beijing100027,china State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting China Petroleum University Beijing China Department of Earth Sciences China Petroleum University Beijing China Tianjin Branch of CNOOC china Limited Tianjin China beijing Research Center of CNOOC china Limited Beijing China

The Tan-Lu fault zone across the eastern margin of the Cenozoic basins offshore the Bohai Sea is a NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault system developed in the Cenozoic basin cover. It cuts through NE-to NNE-striking major extensional faults that controlled the formation of Paleogene basins. Recent petroleum exploration indicates that Cenozoic structural activities of the Tan-Lu fault system have directly or indirectly affected oil and gas distribution offshore the Bohai Sea. As part of a deep fault zone the Tan-Lu fault zone has been activated since the Oligocene,and obviously affected the tectonic evolution of offshore Bohai basins since then. The formation of Paleogene rift basins offshore the Bohai Sea has utilized the pre-existing structural elements of the Tan-Lu fault zone that developed in the late Mesozoic.

关键词： strike-slip fault extensional structure Tan-Lu fault zone Bohaiwan basin

Investigation of effects of clay content on F-Ф relationship by Lattice gas automation using digital rock model

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petroleum Science 2011年第2期8卷 170-176页

作者： Yue Wenzheng Tao GUo Chai Xiyuan Jiang Hongxiu Mu Hongwu State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Key Laboratory of Earth Prospecting and information technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China CNPC Key Laboratory of Well Logging China University of Petroleum B eijing 102249 China Bohai Drilling Engineering Company LTD Logging Company Tianjin 300280 China

The Lattice Gas Automation （LGA） method, which is improved by introducing a reflection coefficient for the border between phases to show its effect on current path, is used in this paper to simulate the current flow in digital rock for investigating the effects of clay content and clay distribution types on the relationship between formation factor（F） and rock porosity（φ）. The digital rock model is constructed by simulating a natural deposit of matrix particles with different shapes and radius. Based on the simulation results, it was found that both dispersed clay and laminated clay can lead to a non-Archie relationship of F-φ. The non-Archie effect of laminated clay on the F-φ relationship was more significant than that of dispersed clay. Moreover, a realistic model is developed in this work for quantitatively describing the effect of clay content （Denoted as Vsh） on parameters a and m. These study results have further demonstrated the validity of LGA in study of electrical transport properties at a pore scale.

关键词： Formation factor non-Archie Lattice gas automation porosity clay content claydistribution

Impact of rock anisotropy on fracture development

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Progress in natural Science:Materials International 2008年第11期18卷 1403-1408页

作者： Lianbo Zeng~(a,b,*) Jiyong Zhao~c Shengju Zhu~c Weiliang Xiong~c Yonghong He~c Jianwen Chen~c a Key State Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting in china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china b resources and information Faculty,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china c Exploration and Development Research Institute,Changqing Oilfield Branch,Xi’an 710021,china Key State Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting in china university of petroleum Beijing 102249 China resources and information Faculty China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Exploration and Development Research Institute Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi’an 710021 China

Experiments on uniaxial and triaxial rock mechanics and rock acoustic emissions have been conducted for research on the impact of rock anisotropy on the development of the fractures of different directions by taking as an example the ultra-low-permeability sandstone reservoir in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation within the Ordos *** experimental results prove the existence of anisotropy of the rock mechanical property in the different directions on the plane,which is the chief reason for the production of impacts on the development of different assemblages of fractures in the geological *** rock anisotropy usually restricts the development of one assemblage of conjugate shear *** fractures in the Yanchang Formation within the Ordos Basin are mainly shear fractures that formed under two tectonic ***,here,four assemblages of shear fractures should have developed,but due to the effect of a strong rock anisotropy,in each period one assemblage of fractures chiefly ***,two assemblages of fractures are usually developed in every part at present.

关键词： Fracture Rock anisotropy Rock mechanical experiments Acoustic emission experiments

Episodic fluid movements in superimposed basin:Combined evidence from outcrop and fluid inclusions of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir,Guizhou Province

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 78-87页

作者： XIANG CaiFu1,2,TANG LiangJie1,2,LI RuFeng1,2 & PANG XiongQi1,2 1 Basin and Reservoir Research Center,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 2 State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china Basin and Reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing China State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing China

Combined evidence from the outcrop and the fluid inclusion assemblage (FIA) analysis indicates that there exist two episodes of fluid flow controlled by the tectonic activity. The first episode was recorded mainly in the reservoir rock of the Honghuayuan Formation,representing the fluid flow of hydrocarbon charging. The second episode occurred mainly along the fault systems,representing the fluid move-ment when the ancient oil reservoir was destroyed. The host mineral morphology,homogeneous tem-perature,and salinity of the FIAs record an episodic fluid movement. Characters of high homogenous temperature,low salinity and a quick temperature variation of the first episode fluid flow may indicate an early-stage fluid eruption,and correspondingly,fine-grained calcite was formed. Temperature of the erupted fluid tended to decrease during its mixing with the upper formation fluid and finally had the same temperature as the upper formation. From then on,the temperature was rather steady and fa-vored the growth of the coarse calcite. Due to this character of the temperature variation of the episodic fluid flow,we can use the homogenous temperature of the FIA of the coarse calcite to date the forma-tion and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir. Episodic fluid flow was known for its inhomogeneous trapping,which resulted in the failure of dating according to the burial history. But taking a close look at its temperature variation,we think that the latest stage of fluid flow,characterized by steady state temperature and grow of the coarser crystals,can be used for dating. It will be of great value if this method is proved to be effective. The formation and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir were dated to be in the Indosinian Period and the late Yanshan-early Hymalayan Period respectively. This conclusion is in great discrepancy with the common accepted idea that the Majiang ancient oil reservoir was formed and destroyed during the Cal

关键词： Majiang ancient oil reservoir episodic fluid flow marine carbonate rocks superimposed basin

Numerical simulation of non-Archie electrophysical property of saturated rock with lattice Boltzmann method

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petroleum Science 2009年第1期6卷 24-28页

作者： Yue Wenzheng Tao Guo Liu Dongming Yang Wendu State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Key Laboratory of Earth Prospecting and information technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Research Centre of Well Logging CNPC Key Laboratory of Well Logging China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China CNPC Logging Changqing Business Division Xi＇an Shaanxi 710201 China Sichuan petroleum Administration Logging Company Ltd. CNPC Chongqing 401147 China

The electrophysical property of saturated rocks is very important for reservoir identification and evaluation. In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） was used to study the electrophysical property of rock saturated with fluid because of its advantages over conventional numerical approaches in handling complex pore geometry and boundary conditions. The digital core model was constructed through the accumulation of matrix grains based on their radius distribution obtained by the measurements of core samples. The flow of electrical current through the core model saturated with oil and water was simulated on the mesoscopic scale to reveal the non-Archie relationship between resistivity index and water saturation （I-Sw）. The results from LBM simulation and laboratory measurements demonstrated that the I-Sw relation in the range of low water saturation was generally not a straight line in the log-log coordinates as described by the Archie equation. We thus developed a new equation based on numerical simulation and physical experiments. This new equation was used to fit the data from laboratory core measurements and previously published data. Determination of fluid saturation and reservoir evaluation could be significantly improved by using the new equation.

关键词： Non-Archie relation digital core model lattice Boltzmann method numerical simulation rock physical experiment

Micro-geological causes and macro-geological controlling factors of low-resistivity oil layers in the Puao Oilfield

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petroleum Science 2009年第3期6卷 246-253页

作者： Tan Fengqi Li Hongqi Liu Hongtao Jiang Fucong Yu Hongyan School of resource and information technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China State Key Laboratory of petroleum resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China The No.7 Oil Production Factory Daqing Oilfield Company PetroChina Heilongjiang 163515 China

Low-resistivity oil layers are often missed in logging interpretation because of their resistivity close to or below the resistivity of nearby water layers. Typical low-resistivity oil layers have been found in the past few years in the Putaohua reservoir of the Puao Oilfield in the south of the Daqing placanticline by detailed exploration. Based on a study of micro-geological causes of low-resistivity oil layers, the macro-geological controlling factors were analyzed through comprehensive research of regional depositional background, geological structure, and oil-water relations combined with core, water testing, well logging, and scanning electron microscopy data. The results showed that the formation and distribution of Putaohua low-resistivity oil layers in the Puao Oilfield were controlled by depositional environment, sedimentary facies, diagenesis, motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation, and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid. The low-resistivity oil layers caused by high bound-water saturation were controlled by deposition and diagenesis, those caused by high free-water saturation were controlled by structural amplitude and motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation. Those caused by formation water with high salinity were controlled by the ancient saline water depositional environment and faulted structure and those caused by additional conductivity of shale were controlled by paleoclimate and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid. Consideration of both micro-geological causes and macro-geological controlling factors is important in identifying low-resistivity oil layers.

关键词： Daqing placanticline Puao Oilfield Putaohua oil layer low-resistivity oil layers microgeological causes macro-geological controlling factors

The role of the catalysts with highly dispersed and isolated active sites in the selective oxidation of light hydrocarbons

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Progress in natural Science:Materials International 2005年第12期15卷 1066-1072页

作者： WANG Hongxuan and ZHAO Zhen State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,china university of petroleum,beijing 102249,china State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

This review summarizes the role of catalysts with highly dispersed and isolated active sites (active sites:supported atoms f≤0.5 %) in the selective oxidation of light hydrocarbons,such as methane,ethane and propane,into oxygenates and the epoxidation of *** plausible structures of the highly dispersed and isolated active species,as well as their effects on the catalytic performances are *** special physico-chemical properties and the functional mechanism of the catalysts with highly dispersed and isolated active sites,as well as the preparation,characterization of the catalysts with highly dispersed and isolated active sites and their applications in other types of reactions of lower hydrocarbons are summarized.

关键词： selective oxidation light hydrocarbons highly dispersed isolated active sites oxygenates catalyst methane ethane propane